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Zhao XL, Guo ZL, Qi KL, Zhou QS, Liu YM, Xiong LX, Zhang J, Zhang J, Zhang WJ. The Polysaccharides from Pinellia ternata and Their Derivatives: Preparation, Structure Characteristics, and Activities in Vitro. Chem Biodivers 2024:e202400596. [PMID: 38804585 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Three polysaccharides, PTC, PTH, and PTB, were extracted from Pinellia ternata using three different extraction conditions: room temperature water, hot water, and 2 % Na2CO3 solution. PTC and PTH were composed of rhamnose, glucose, galactose, mannose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, and arabinose, which combine to form complex structures. PTB was composed solely of glucose and rhamnose. Further analysis indicated that PTC and PTB exhibited triple-helix structures. PTC showed the highest scavenging capacity against DPPH, superoxide anion, and hydroxyl radicals, with half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 1004.1, 1584.1, and 1584.1 μg/mL, respectively. Additionally, PTC, PTH, and PTB were subjected to sulfation, phosphorylation, and selenization, resulting in the production of nine derivates. The distinctive absorptive bands of these derivates were determined through infrared spectroscopy. Selenized and sulfated derivates have shown significant antitumor and immunoenhancing properties. Our findings revealed that at 400 μg/mL, the inhibition rate of selenated PTB on HeLa cells was 54.2 % and that on HepG2 cells was 43.1 %. Additionally, selenized PTC displayed significant immunoenhancing activity, with a proliferation rate of 63.7 % at 400 μg/mL in RAW264.7 cells. These results provide valuable evidence supporting the consideration of polysaccharides from Pinellia ternata as a potential candidate for the development of antineoplastic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Liang Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Screening and Deep Processing for Traditional Chinese and Tibetan Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
| | - Zheng-Lei Guo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
| | - Kai-Li Qi
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
| | - Qing-Song Zhou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
| | - Yan-Mei Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
| | - Li-Xia Xiong
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Screening and Deep Processing for Traditional Chinese and Tibetan Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
| | - Ji Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Wei-Jie Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Screening and Deep Processing for Traditional Chinese and Tibetan Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730050, PR China
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Geng J, Wang G, Guo J, Han X, Qu Y, Zhou Y, Tai G, Sun L, Cheng H. Preparation and structural analysis of fucomannogalactan and β-1,6-glucan from Grifola frondosa mycelium. Front Chem 2023; 11:1227288. [PMID: 37608863 PMCID: PMC10441114 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1227288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Polysaccharides, key components present in Grifola frondosa, can be divided into those derived from fruiting bodies, mycelium, and fermentation broth based on their source. The structure of G. frondosa fruiting body-derived polysaccharides has been fully characterized. However, the structure of G. frondosa mycelium-derived polysaccharides remains to be elucidated. Methods: In this study, we obtained mycelia from G. frondosa by liquid fermentation and extracted them with water and alkaline solution. Then, the mycelia were isolated and purified to obtain homogeneity and systematically characterized by methylation and FT infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Results and discussion: Structural analysis showed that two neutral fractions (WGFP-N-a and AGFP-N-a1) have a common backbone composed of α-1,6-D-Me-Galp and α-1,6-D-Galp that were substituted at O-2 by 1,2-Manp, α-1,3-L-Fucp, and α-T-D-Manp and thus are identified as fucomannogalactans. WGFP-A-a, AGFP-A-b, and AGFP-A-c are β-1,6-glucans with different molecular weights and are branched with β-1,3-D-Glcp and T-D-Glcp at the O-3 of Glc. Our results provide important structural information about G. frondosa mycelium-derived polysaccharides and provide the basis for their further development and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Geng
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, Glycoconjugate Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Guining Wang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, Glycoconjugate Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, Glycoconjugate Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, Glycoconjugate Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yunhe Qu
- Central Laboratory, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yifa Zhou
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, Glycoconjugate Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Guihua Tai
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, Glycoconjugate Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, Glycoconjugate Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Hairong Cheng
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, Glycoconjugate Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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3
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Characterization of Novel Exopolysaccharides from Enterococcus hirae WEHI01 and Its Immunomodulatory Activity. Foods 2022; 11:foods11213538. [DOI: 10.3390/foods11213538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Exopolysaccharide (EPS) from probiotic Enterococcus hirae WEHI01 was isolated and purified by anion exchange chromatography and gel chromatography, the results of which show that the EPS consists of four fractions, namely I01-1, I01-2, I01-3, and I01-4. As the main purification components, I01-2 and I01-4 were preliminarily characterized for their structure and their immunomodulatory activity was explored. The molecular weight of I01-2 was 2.28 × 104 Da, which consists mainly of galactose, and a few other sugars including glucose, arabinose, mannose, xylose, fucose, and rhamnose, while the I01-4 was composed of galactose only and has a molecular weight of 2.59 × 104 Da. Furthermore, the results of an evaluation of immunomodulatory activity revealed that I01-2 and I01-4 could improve the viability of macrophage cells, improve phagocytosis, boost NO generation, and encourage the release of cytokines including TNF-α and IL-6 in RAW 264.7 macrophages. These results imply that I01-2 and I01-4 could improve macrophage-mediated immune responses and might be useful in the production of functional food and medications.
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Guan X, Wang Q, Lin B, Sun M, Zheng Q, Huang J, Lai G. Structural characterization of a soluble polysaccharide SSPS1 from soy whey and its immunoregulatory activity in macrophages. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 217:131-141. [PMID: 35835298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A soluble soybean polysaccharide SSPS1 with a molecular weight of 2737 kDa was extracted and purified from soy whey. SSPS1 was composed of glucose (97.3 %) and a small amount of mannose (2.7 %). Structural analysis results suggested that SSPS1 had a → 6)-α-d-Glcp-(1 → glucan structure, with a trace amount of α-d-Glcp-(1 → connected to the main chain via O-3. In vitro immunological experiments suggested that SSPS1 enhanced the growth rate and phagocytic activity of RAW 264.7 macrophages. In addition, SSPS1 stimulated the secretion of cytokines (TNF-α, INF-β, IL-6 and IL-1β) as well as nitric oxide (NO) production through upregulating the expression of the related genes and proteins in RAW 264.7 cells. This study provided a new method for efficient utilization of soy whey, and the results indicate that SSPS1 extracted from soy whey could be used as a novel immunomodulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefang Guan
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product (Food) Processing, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product (Food) Processing, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China.
| | - Bin Lin
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Meiling Sun
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Juqing Huang
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product (Food) Processing, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Gongti Lai
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
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Pan Q, Sun Y, Li X, Zeng B, Chen D. Extraction, structural characterization, and antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities of a polysaccharide from Notarchus leachii freeri eggs. Bioorg Chem 2021; 116:105275. [PMID: 34601298 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The crude polysaccharides (NLCEP) were extracted from Notarchus leachii freeri eggs strings by the saltextractionmethod. The extraction conditions were optimized using the single-factorexperimentmethod and response surface method (RSM). The results showed that the maximum extraction yield of NLCEP was obtained under the following conditions: NaCl solution concentration of 2.96 %, raw material to liquid ratio of 1: 40 g/mL, extraction time of 2 h and extraction temperature of 69 °C. A new novel pure polysaccharide fraction named as NLCEPs-1 was fractionated from NLCEP by using DEAE-Cellulose 52 and Sephadex G-100. Its structure and immunomodulatory and antioxidant activities were analyzed. The results exhibited that the molecular weight of NLCEPs-1 was 31.4 kDa and it was composed of rhamnose, glucose, galactose, xylose and arabinose in the molar percentage of 11.128: 63.770: 5.439: 6.585: 13.077. The backbone of NLCEPs-1 was mainly consisted of → )4-α-d-Glcp (1→, →6)-α-d-Glcp (1→, →1)-β-d-Galp and β-d-Galp-(1→. NLCEPs-1 exhibited the strong antioxidant activity in scavenging ability of various free radicals and immunomodulatory activity by the enhancement of the pinocytic capacity, nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiting Pan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510640, China
| | - Yulin Sun
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province 524048, China
| | - Xuyan Li
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province 524048, China
| | - Buyan Zeng
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province 524048, China
| | - Daohai Chen
- Western Guangdong Engineering Research Center on Sustainable Utilization of Seafood Resources, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province 524048, China; Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province 524048, China.
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da Silva Campelo M, Neto JFC, Lima ABN, das Chagas Neto FC, da Costa Gonzaga ML, de Aguiar Soares S, Leal LKAM, Ribeiro MENP, Ricardo NMPS. Polysaccharides and extracts from Agaricus brasiliensis Murill - A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:1697-1714. [PMID: 34022313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Edible mushrooms have been increasingly introduced into the human diet, which has driven research into their functional properties. Thus, Agaricus brasiliensis Murill or Agaricus blazei Murill (ABM) is a species native to the Brazilian biome, whose fruiting body has been used not only for dietary purposes, but also in the development of functional foods or as source of molecules of pharmacological interest. The bioactivity of ABM has been related to the presence of polysaccharides, although the contribution of other metabolites cannot be discharged. This work describes the polysaccharides isolation methodology and preparation of the extracts of ABM and their biological activities. Furthermore, it presents a general outline of its characterizations regarding composition, chemical structure and properties in solution. The ABM and its chemical constituents exhibit several biological activities that support their potential use for prevention or treatment of diseases with inflammatory background, such as cancer, diabetes and atherosclerosis. The mechanism of action of the extracts and polysaccharides from ABM is mainly related to a modulation of immune system response or reduction of inflammatory response. This review shows that the ABM has great potential in the pharmaceutical, biotechnological and food sectors that deserves additional research using standardized products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus da Silva Campelo
- Laboratório de Polímeros e Inovação de Materiais, Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza - CE, CEP: 60455-760, Brasil
| | - João Francisco Câmara Neto
- Laboratório de Polímeros e Inovação de Materiais, Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza - CE, CEP: 60455-760, Brasil
| | - Ana Beatriz Nogueira Lima
- Laboratório de Polímeros e Inovação de Materiais, Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza - CE, CEP: 60455-760, Brasil
| | - Francisco Cirineu das Chagas Neto
- Centro de Estudos Farmacêuticos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza - CE, CEP: 60430-160, Brasil
| | - Maria Leônia da Costa Gonzaga
- Laboratório de Polímeros e Inovação de Materiais, Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza - CE, CEP: 60455-760, Brasil
| | - Sandra de Aguiar Soares
- Laboratório de Polímeros e Inovação de Materiais, Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza - CE, CEP: 60455-760, Brasil
| | - Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal
- Centro de Estudos Farmacêuticos e Cosméticos, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza - CE, CEP: 60430-160, Brasil.
| | - Maria Elenir Nobre Pinho Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Polímeros e Inovação de Materiais, Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza - CE, CEP: 60455-760, Brasil.
| | - Nágila Maria Pontes Silva Ricardo
- Laboratório de Polímeros e Inovação de Materiais, Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza - CE, CEP: 60455-760, Brasil.
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7
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Wang YX, Zhang T, Huang XJ, Yin JY, Nie SP. Heteroglycans from the fruiting bodies of Agrocybe cylindracea: Fractionation, physicochemical properties and structural characterization. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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8
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Barbosa JR, Carvalho Junior RND. Occurrence and possible roles of polysaccharides in fungi and their influence on the development of new technologies. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 246:116613. [PMID: 32747253 PMCID: PMC7293488 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The article summarizes the roles of polysaccharides in the biology of fungi and their relationship in the development of new technologies. The comparative approach between the evolution of fungi and the chemistry of glycobiology elucidated relevant aspects about the role of polysaccharides in fungi. Also, based on the knowledge of fungal glycobiology, it was possible to address the development of new technologies, such as the production of new anti-tumor drugs, vaccines, biomaterials, and applications in the field of robotics. We conclude that polysaccharides activate pathways of apoptosis, secretion of pro-inflammatory substances, and macrophage, inducing anticancer activity. Also, the activation of the immune system, which opens the way for the production of vaccines. The development of biomaterials and parts for robotics is a promising and little-explored field. Finally, the article is multidisciplinary, with a different and integrated approach to the role of nature in the sustainable development of new technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhonatas Rodrigues Barbosa
- LABEX/FEA (Extraction Laboratory/Faculty of Food Engineering), ITEC (Institute of Technology), UFPA (Federal University of Para), Rua Augusto Corrêa S/N, Guamá, 66075-900 Belém, PA, Brazil.
| | - Raul Nunes de Carvalho Junior
- LABEX/FEA (Extraction Laboratory/Faculty of Food Engineering), ITEC (Institute of Technology), UFPA (Federal University of Para), Rua Augusto Corrêa S/N, Guamá, 66075-900 Belém, PA, Brazil.
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9
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Abstract
Fungal bioactive polysaccharides are well known and have been widely used in Asia as a part of the traditional diet and medicine. In fact, some biopolymers (mainly β-glucans or glycoconjugate) have already made their way to the market as antitumor or immunostimulating drugs. In the last decades, the relationship between structure and activity of polysaccharides and their detailed mode of action have been the core of intense research to understand and utilize their medicinal properties. Most of the antitumor polysaccharides belong to conserved β-glucans, with a linear β-(1→3)-glucan backbone and attached β-(1→6) branch. Structurally different β-glucans appear to have different affinities toward their receptors and thus generate markedly different host responses. However, their antitumor activities are mainly influenced by molecular mass, degree of branching, conformation, and structure modification of the polysaccharides. β-Glucans act on several immune receptors including Dectin-1, complement receptor (CR3) and TLR-2/6, then trigger both innate and adaptive response and enhance opsonic and nonopsonic phagocytosis. Various receptor interactions explain the possible mode of actions of polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Xiao
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxia Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxiang Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China.
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Ramos M, Burgos N, Barnard A, Evans G, Preece J, Graz M, Ruthes AC, Jiménez-Quero A, Martínez-Abad A, Vilaplana F, Ngoc LP, Brouwer A, van der Burg B, Del Carmen Garrigós M, Jiménez A. Agaricus bisporus and its by-products as a source of valuable extracts and bioactive compounds. Food Chem 2019; 292:176-187. [PMID: 31054663 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Edible mushrooms constitute an appreciated nutritional source for humans due to their low caloric intake and their high content in carbohydrates, proteins, dietary fibre, phenolic compounds, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins and minerals. It has been also demonstrated that mushrooms have health-promoting benefits. Cultivation of mushrooms, especially of the most common species Agaricus bisporus, represents an increasingly important food industry in Europe, but with a direct consequence in the increasing amount of by-products from their industrial production. This review focuses on collecting and critically investigating the current data on the bioactive properties of Agaricus bisporus as well as the recent research for the extraction of valuable functional molecules from this species and its by-products obtained after industrial processing. The state of the art regarding the antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-allergenic and dietary compounds will be discussed for novel applications such as nutraceuticals, additives for food or cleaning products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ramos
- University of Alicante, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition & Food Sciences, ES-03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - Nuria Burgos
- University of Alicante, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition & Food Sciences, ES-03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - Almero Barnard
- Neem Biotech Ltd. Units G&H, Abertillery NP13 1SX, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Evans
- Neem Biotech Ltd. Units G&H, Abertillery NP13 1SX, United Kingdom
| | - James Preece
- Neem Biotech Ltd. Units G&H, Abertillery NP13 1SX, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Graz
- Neem Biotech Ltd. Units G&H, Abertillery NP13 1SX, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Caroline Ruthes
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amparo Jiménez-Quero
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Martínez-Abad
- University of Alicante, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition & Food Sciences, ES-03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain; Neem Biotech Ltd. Units G&H, Abertillery NP13 1SX, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco Vilaplana
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Long Pham Ngoc
- BioDetection Systems b.v, Science Park, 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abraham Brouwer
- BioDetection Systems b.v, Science Park, 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart van der Burg
- BioDetection Systems b.v, Science Park, 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - María Del Carmen Garrigós
- University of Alicante, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition & Food Sciences, ES-03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - Alfonso Jiménez
- University of Alicante, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition & Food Sciences, ES-03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain.
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Yang Q, Wang Q, Deng W, Sun C, Wei Q, Adu-Frimpong M, Shi J, Yu J, Xu X. Anti-hyperuricemic and anti-gouty arthritis activities of polysaccharide purified from Lonicera japonica in model rats. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 123:801-809. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Luo Q, Yan L, Xu P, Xiong C, Yang Z, Hu P, Hu H, Hong R. Discovery of a polysaccharide from the fruiting bodies of Lepista sordida as potent inhibitors of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) in HepG2 cells via blocking of STAT1-mediated JAK-PKC-δ signaling pathways. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 197:540-547. [PMID: 30007645 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the role of a polysaccharide (LSP, 25 and 100 μg/ml) from the fruiting bodies of Lepista sordid on the immunosuppressive enzyme indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) in HepG2 cells, and the possible mechanism of action. IDO expression and kynurenine production from LSP-treated HepG2 cells following IFN-γ stimulation were dramatically inhibited by LSP treatment. In line with this, the medium of HepG2 cells pretreated with LSP improved the survival rate of primary CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as compared with IFN-γ-treated control cells. Moreover, tyrosine 701 and serine 727 phosphorylation of STAT1 were dramatically reduced by LSP pretreatment in IFN-γ-stimulated HepG2 cells. Furthermore phosphorylation of JAK-1 and JAK-2 was also inhibited by LSP. Additionally, two IDO promoters (GAS and ISRE) were inhibited in cells pretreated with LSP prior to IFN-γ exposure. These findings suggest that LSP exerts antitumor effects on HepG2 cells by inhibiting IDO via JAK-PKC-δ-STAT1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Luo
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Liang Yan
- Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Pan Xu
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Chuan Xiong
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610061, China
| | - Zhirong Yang
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Nature Resources Microbiology and Technique, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Huidong Hu
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Ren Hong
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
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13
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Mushrooms: Isolation and Purification of Exopolysaccharides. Fungal Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-02622-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Li L, Huang T, Lan C, Jia A, Mao Y. The growth inhibitory effects of garlic polysaccharide combined with cis-dichlorodiamine platinum on human HepG2 cells. Biologia (Bratisl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2017-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Li Q, Feng Y, He W, Wang L, Wang R, Dong L, Wang C. Post-screening characterisation and in vivo evaluation of an anti-inflammatory polysaccharide fraction from Eucommia ulmoides. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 169:304-314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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16
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Xie X, Zou G, Li C. Purification, characterization and in vitro antioxidant activities of polysaccharide from Chaenomeles speciosa. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 92:702-707. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.07.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Meng X, Liang H, Luo L. Antitumor polysaccharides from mushrooms: a review on the structural characteristics, antitumor mechanisms and immunomodulating activities. Carbohydr Res 2016; 424:30-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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18
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Ruthes AC, Smiderle FR, Iacomini M. Mushroom heteropolysaccharides: A review on their sources, structure and biological effects. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 136:358-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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19
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Antitumor and immunomodulatory activities of a water-soluble polysaccharide from Chaenomeles speciosa. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 132:323-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Characterization and antitumor activities of a water-soluble polysaccharide from Ampelopsis megalophylla. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 129:55-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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A polysaccharide from Polygonatum sibiricum attenuates amyloid-β-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 117:879-886. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Kozarski M, Klaus A, Jakovljevic D, Todorovic N, Niksic M, Vrvic MM, van Griensven LJLD. Dietary polysaccharide extracts of Agaricus brasiliensis fruiting bodies: chemical characterization and bioactivities at different levels of purification. Food Res Int 2014; 64:53-64. [PMID: 30011685 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides of the European strain of A. brasiliensis were obtained by hot water extraction and ethanol precipitation (HWPE I) of fruiting bodies, and further purified by dialysis (HWPE II) and pronase incubation (PPE). These polysaccharides consisted mainly of (1→6)-β-d-glucans. PPE was free of proteins and polyphenols as demonstrated by quantitative assays and NMR profiling. They showed a clear IFN-γ inducing activity in human PBMCs, which suggests these polysaccharides to have proinflammatory effects. Treatment by β-glucosidase caused the polysaccharides to be degraded into smaller fragments and at the same time increased their IFN-γ inducing activity in PBMCs fourfold. In vitro, PPE showed a dose-dependent inhibition of the proliferation of the human leukemia Jurkat cell. At 100μg/mL the cells' viability was decreased by appr. 51% compared to the control. EPR spin trapping demonstrated a high antioxidative activity against •OH and •O2- radicals of HWPE I and PPE. Further, the results of the antioxidant assays indicated that antioxidant activity against •OH radicals in the Fenton system was achieved through scavenging or through chelating iron mechanisms. The good immunomodulating and antioxidative properties of A. brasiliensis polysaccharide extract obtained by hot water extraction and ethanol precipitation make it suitable for everyday use as an inexpensive dietary supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Kozarski
- Department for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, Belgrade 11080, Serbia
| | - Anita Klaus
- Department for Industrial Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, Belgrade 11080, Serbia
| | - Dragica Jakovljevic
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoseva 12, Belgrade 11001, Serbia
| | - Nina Todorovic
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoseva 12, Belgrade 11001, Serbia
| | - Miomir Niksic
- Department for Industrial Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, Belgrade 11080, Serbia
| | - Miroslav M Vrvic
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoseva 12, Belgrade 11001, Serbia; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Leo J L D van Griensven
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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23
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Isolation, characterization and antioxidant activity of polysaccharide from Schisandra sphenanthera. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 105:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Delayed growth of glioma by a polysaccharide from Aster tataricus involve upregulation of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, activation of caspase-3/8/9, and downregulation of the Akt. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:1819-25. [PMID: 24081677 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1243-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a homogeneous polysaccharide (ATP-II), with a molecular weight of 3.4 × 10(4) Da, was successfully purified from Aster tataricus by DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B ion exchange and Sepharose CL-6B gel filtration chromatography. Monosaccharide component analysis indicated that ATP-II was composed of glucose, galactose, mannose, rhamnose, and arabinose in molar ratios of 2.1:5.2:2.1:1.0:1.2. We evaluated the anticancer efficacy and associated mechanisms of ATP-II on glioma C6 cells in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that treatment of C6 cells with ATP-II inhibited cell proliferation and this biological response came from induction of DAN damage and consequent inducing apoptosis. Likewise, oral ATP-II administration resulted in consistent regression of glioma tumors and induced apoptosis of transplanted tumor tissues by increasing the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and activation of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 cascade. Importantly, the efficient downregulation of Akt, which is successfully detected in tumor tissues, is a unique contribution to retard the tumor growth by ATP-II. These data suggest that ATP-II may be a potential candidate for glioma treatment.
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25
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Anti-tumor activity of the regenerated triple-helical polysaccharide from Dictyophora indusiata. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 61:453-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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26
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Villares A, García-Lafuente A, Guillamón E, Mateo-Vivaracho L. Separation and characterization of the structural features of macromolecular carbohydrates from wild edible mushrooms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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Villares A. Polysaccharides from the edible mushroom Calocybe gambosa: structure and chain conformation of a (1→4),(1→6)-linked glucan. Carbohydr Res 2013; 375:153-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Cardozo FTGS, Camelini CM, Cordeiro MNS, Mascarello A, Malagoli BG, Larsen IV, Rossi MJ, Nunes RJ, Braga FC, Brandt CR, Simões CMO. Characterization and cytotoxic activity of sulfated derivatives of polysaccharides from Agaricus brasiliensis. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 57:265-72. [PMID: 23511057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Agaricus brasiliensis cell-wall polysaccharides isolated from fruiting body (FR) and mycelium (MI) and their respective sulfated derivatives (FR-S and MI-S) were chemically characterized using elemental analysis, TLC, FT-IR, NMR, HPLC, and thermal analysis. Cytotoxic activity was evaluated against A549 tumor cells by MTT and sulforhodamine assays. The average molecular weight (Mw) of FR and MI was estimated to be 609 and 310 kDa, respectively. FR-S (127 kDa) and MI-S (86 kDa) had lower Mw, probably due to hydrolysis occurring during the sulfation reaction. FR-S and MI-S presented ~14% sulfur content in elemental analysis. Sulfation of samples was characterized by the appearance of two new absorption bands at 1253 and 810 cm(-1) in the infrared spectra, related to S=O and C-S-O sulfate groups, respectively. Through (1)H and (13)C NMR analysis FR-S was characterized as a (1→6)-(1→3)-β-D-glucan fully sulfated at C-4 and C-6 terminal and partially sulfated at C-6 of (1→3)-β-D-glucan moiety. MI-S was shown to be a (1→3)-β-D-gluco-(1→2)-β-D-mannan, partially sulfated at C-2, C-3, C-4, and C-6, and fully sulfated at C-6 of the terminal residues. The combination of high degree of sulfation and low molecular weight was correlated with the increased cytotoxic activity (48 h of treatment) of both FR-S (EC₅₀=605.6 μg/mL) and MI-S (EC₅₀=342.1 μg/mL) compared to the non-sulfated polysaccharides FR and MI (EC₅₀>1500 μg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- F T G S Cardozo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88.040-900, Brazil
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29
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Antitumor effects of a purified polysaccharide from Rhodiola rosea and its action mechanism. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 90:296-300. [PMID: 24751044 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the last three decades, numerous polysaccharides and polysaccharide-protein complexes have been isolated from plant or animal and used as a promising source of therapeutic agents for cancer. In this study, we prepared a homogeneous polysaccharide (RRP-ws) from Rhodiola rosea and tested its immunomodulation and anti-cancer activity in vitro and in vivo experiments using Sarcoma 180 (S-180) cells. Preliminary physicochemical analysis identified that RRP-ws was composed of Glc, Gal, Man and Rha with a relative molar ratio of 4.2:2.4:1.6:1.0, and contained 95.14% of total carbohydrate, 2.08% of protein and no sulfate. In vitro experiment showed that RRP-ws exerted a direct cytotoxic effect on the growth of S-180 cells. In vivo experiment, RRP-ws could inhibit tumor growth of S-180 tumor transplanted in mice, and increase the relative spleen/thymus indexes and body weight. Furthermore, RRP-ws also increased the production of IL-2, TNF-α and IFN-γ in serum, and elevated the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ on peripheral blood T-lymphocyte in tumor bearing mice. The overall findings indicated that RRP-ws could be used as a novel promising immunotherapeutic agent in cancer treatment.
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Wisitrassameewong K, Karunarathna SC, Thongklang N, Zhao R, Callac P, Moukha S, Férandon C, Chukeatirote E, Hyde KD. Agaricus subrufescens: A review. Saudi J Biol Sci 2012; 19:131-46. [PMID: 23961172 PMCID: PMC3730566 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal mushrooms have currently become a hot issue due to their various therapeutic properties. Of these, Agaricus subrufescens, also known as the "almond mushroom", has long been valued by many societies (i.e., Brazil, China, France, and USA). Since its discovery in 1893, this mushroom has been cultivated throughout the world, especially in Brazil where several strains of A. subrufescens have been developed and used as health food and alternative medicine. This article presents up-to-date information on this mushroom including its taxonomy and health promoting benefits. Medicinal properties of A. subrufescens are emphasized in several studies which are reviewed here. In addition, safety issues concerning the use of this fungus will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komsit Wisitrassameewong
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Mushroom Research Foundation, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand
| | - Samantha C. Karunarathna
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Mushroom Research Foundation, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand
| | | | - Ruilin Zhao
- Faculty of Biology Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Bailongsi, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China
| | - Philippe Callac
- INRA, UR1264, Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments, BP81, 33883 Villenave d Ornon, France
| | - Serge Moukha
- INRA, UR1264, Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments, BP81, 33883 Villenave d Ornon, France
- Department of Toxicology, UFR des Sciences, Pharmaceutiques-Université Bordeaux Segalen, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Cyril Férandon
- Department of Toxicology, UFR des Sciences, Pharmaceutiques-Université Bordeaux Segalen, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | | | - Kevin D. Hyde
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Mushroom Research Foundation, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand
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