Preparation of chondroitin sulfate nanocapsules for use as carries by the interfacial polymerization method

A Review of Chondroitin Sulfate's Preparation, Properties, Functions, and Applications

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a natural macromolecule polysaccharide that is extensively distributed in a wide variety of organisms. CS is of great interest to researchers due to its many in vitro and in vivo functions. CS production derives from a diverse number of sources, including but not limited to extraction from various animals or fish, bio-synthesis, and fermentation, and its purity and homogeneity can vary greatly. The structural diversity of CS with respect to sulfation and saccharide content endows this molecule with distinct complexity, allowing for functional modification. These multiple functions contribute to the application of CS in medicines, biomaterials, and functional foods. In this article, we discuss the preparation of CS from different sources, the structure of various forms of CS, and its binding to other relevant molecules. Moreover, for the creation of this article, the functions and applications of CS were reviewed, with an emphasis on drug discovery, hydrogel formation, delivery systems, and food supplements. We conclude that analyzing some perspectives on structural modifications and preparation methods could potentially influence future applications of CS in medical and biomaterial research.

Biomedical application of chondroitin sulfate with nanoparticles in drug delivery systems: systematic review

Chondroitin sulphate captured an increasing amount of attention in the field of drug delivery systems. Nanoparticles and chondroitin sulphate were combined in different ways to form effective target nanocarriers. The study aimed to evaluate the biomedical application of chondroitin sulphate with nanoparticles in drug delivery systems. We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and MEDLINE for studies that included data for the application of chondroitin sulphate and nanoparticles in targeting drug delivery published in English up to 25 February 2020. OHAT (Office of Health Assessment and Translation) Risk-of-Bias Tool was used to assessing the quality and risk of bias of each study. We performed a qualitative synthesis of findings from included studies. The toxicity of developed drugs has been evaluated using cell viability percentage and 50% inhibitory concentration of drugs. Twenty original articles reported the application of chondroitin sulphate on drug delivery systems were selected. Drug loading and encapsulation efficiency were from 2% to 16.1% and from 39.50% to 93.97%, respectively. The drug release was fast at start time and followed by a slow and sustain released stage. The risk of bias was rated as high in two out of twenty studies. Most of the studies presented baseline characteristics and outcomes appropriately.

Utilization of Glycosaminoglycans/Proteoglycans as Carriers for Targeted Therapy Delivery

The outcome of patients with cancer has improved significantly in the past decade with the incorporation of drugs targeting cell surface adhesive receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, and modulation of several molecules of extracellular matrices (ECMs), the complex composite of collagens, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans that dictates tissue architecture. Cancer tissue invasive processes progress by various oncogenic strategies, including interfering with ECM molecules and their interactions with invasive cells. In this review, we describe how the ECM components, proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans, influence tumor cell signaling. In particular this review describes how the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) and its major receptor CD44 impact invasive behavior of tumor cells, and provides useful insight when designing new therapeutic strategies in the treatment of cancer.

Hydroxyapatite nanowhiskers embedded in chondroitin sulfate microspheres as colon targeted drug delivery systems

An inorganic/organic hybrid material with a triggering mechanism for specific drug delivery at the colon is synthesized.

Chondroitin sulfate functionalized mesostructured silica nanoparticles as biocompatible carriers for drug delivery

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have garnered a great deal of attention as potential carriers for therapeutic payloads. Here, we report a pH-responsive drug-carrier based on chondroitin sulfate functionalized mesostructured silica nanoparticles (NMChS-MSNs) ie, the amidation between NMChS macromer and amino group functionalized MSNs. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized using dynamic light scattering, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The resultant NMChS-MSNs were uniform spherical nanoparticles with a mean diameter of approximately 74 nm. Due to the covalent graft of hydrophilic and pH responsive NMChS, the NMChS-MSNs could be well dispersed in aqueous solution, which is favorable to being utilized as drug carriers to construct a pH-responsive controlled drug delivery system. Doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX), a well-known anticancer drug, could be effectively loaded into the channels of NMChS-MSNs through electrostatic interactions between drug and matrix. The drug release rate of DOX@NMChS-MSNs was pH dependent and increased with the decrease of pH. The in vitro cytotoxicity test indicated that NMChS-MSNs were highly biocompatible and suitable to use as drug carriers. Our results imply that chondroitin sulfate functionalized nanoparticles are promising platforms to construct the pH-responsive controlled drug delivery systems for cancer therapy.

Formation of methotrexate-PLLA-PEG-PLLA composite microspheres by microencapsulation through a process of suspension-enhanced dispersion by supercritical CO2

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to improve the drug loading, encapsulation efficiency, and sustained-release properties of supercritical CO(2)-based drug-loaded polymer carriers via a process of suspension-enhanced dispersion by supercritical CO(2) (SpEDS), which is an advanced version of solution-enhanced dispersion by supercritical CO(2) (SEDS).

METHODS

Methotrexate nanoparticles were successfully microencapsulated into poly (L-lactide)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(L-lactide) (PLLA-PEG-PLLA) by SpEDS. Methotrexate nanoparticles were first prepared by SEDS, then suspended in PLLA-PEG-PLLA solution, and finally microencapsulated into PLLA-PEG-PLLA via SpEDS, where an "injector" was utilized in the suspension delivery system.

RESULTS

After microencapsulation, the composite methotrexate (MTX)-PLLA-PEG-PLLA microspheres obtained had a mean particle size of 545 nm, drug loading of 13.7%, and an encapsulation efficiency of 39.2%. After an initial burst release, with around 65% of the total methotrexate being released in the first 3 hours, the MTX-PLLA-PEG-PLLA microspheres released methotrexate in a sustained manner, with 85% of the total methotrexate dose released within 23 hours and nearly 100% within 144 hours.

CONCLUSION

Compared with a parallel study of the coprecipitation process, microencapsulation using SpEDS offered greater potential to manufacture drug-loaded polymer microspheres for a drug delivery system.