Antibiotic loaded carboxymethylcellulose/MCM-41 nanocomposite hydrogel films as potential wound dressing

Functional network copolymeric hydrogels derived from moringa gum: Physiochemical, drug delivery and biomedical properties

The article explores the synthesis of network hydrogels derived from moringa gum (MG) through a grafting reaction with poly (vinylsulfonic acid) and carbopol. These hydrogels are designed for use in drug delivery (DD) and wound hydrogels dressing (HYDR) applications. The copolymers were characterized by FESEM, EDX, AFM, FTIR, 13C NMR, XRD and DSC. Tetracycline release from hydrogel occurred gradually with a non-Fickian diffusion and was best described by the Hixson-Crowell kinetic model in artificial wound fluid. The HYDR demonstrated compatibility with blood, exhibited antioxidant properties and possessed tensile strength, in addition to their mucoadhesive characteristics. The copolymer dressings absorbed approximately 7 g of simulated fluid. The copolymers exhibited significant antioxidant activity, measuring at 84 % free radicals scavenging, during DPPH assay. These dressings demonstrated permeability to H2O and O2,. The hydrogel alone did not reveal antibacterial activities; however, when combined with antibiotic drug tetracycline, the dressings revealed notable antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The observed biomedical properties suggested that these hydrogels could serve as promising materials for drug delivery HYDR applications.

Polymer-Based Wound Dressings Loaded with Essential Oil for the Treatment of Wounds: A Review

Wound healing can result in complex problems, and discovering an effective method to improve the healing process is essential. Polymeric biomaterials have structures similar to those identified in the extracellular matrix of the tissue to be regenerated and also avoid chronic inflammation, and immunological reactions. To obtain smart and effective dressings, bioactive agents, such as essential oils, are also used to promote a wide range of biological properties, which can accelerate the healing process. Therefore, we intend to explore advances in the potential for applying hybrid materials in wound healing. For this, fifty scientific articles dated from 2010 to 2023 were investigated using the Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, and PubMed databases. The principles of the healing process, use of polymers, type and properties of essential oils and processing techniques, and characteristics of dressings were identified. Thus, the plants Syzygium romanticum or Eugenia caryophyllata, Origanum vulgare, and Cinnamomum zeylanicum present prospects for application in clinical trials due to their proven effects on wound healing and reducing the incidence of inflammatory cells in the site of injury. The antimicrobial effect of essential oils is mainly due to polyphenols and terpenes such as eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol, and thymol.

l-Carnosine loaded on carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogels for promoting wound healing

Wound management remains a challenge in clinical practice. Nowadays, patients have an increasing demand for wound repair with enhanced speed and quality; therefore, there is a great need to seek therapeutic strategies that can promote rapid and effective wound healing. In this study, we developed a carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogel loaded with l-carnosine (CRN@hydrogel) for potential application as a wound dressing. In vitro experiments confirmed that CRN@hydrogel can release over 80% of the drug within 48 h and demonstrated its favorable cytocompatibility and blood compatibility, thus establishing its applicability for safe utilization in clinical practice. Using a rat model, we found that this hydrogel could promote and accelerate wound healing more effectively. These results indicate that the novel hydrogel can serve as an efficient therapeutic strategy for wound treatment.

Design and synthesis of drug hydrogels containing carboxymethylcellulose with honeycomb structure and pH-sensitivity as drug delivery systems for adriamycin, metformin, and naproxen

The aim of this research is to prepare and identify functionalized carboxymethylcellulose/mesoporous silica nanohydrogels (CMC/NH2-MCM-41) for obtaining a pH-sensitive system for the controlled release of drugs. The beads of CMC/NH2-MCM-41 nanocomposites were prepared by dispersing NH2-MCM-41 in a CMC polymer matrix and crosslinking with ferric ions (Fe3+). The SEM analysis of samples revealed enhancement in surface porosity of the functionalized nanohydrogel beads compared to the conventional beads. Swelling of the prepared functionalized nanohydrogels was evaluated at various pH values including pH = 7.35-7.45 (simulated body fluid or healthy cells), pH = 6 (simulated intestinal fluid), and pH = 1.5-3.5 (simulated gastric fluid). The swelling of CMC/MCM-41 and CMC/NH2-MCM-41 nanohydrogels at the pH values of simulated body fluid and simulated intestinal fluid is much higher than that of simulated gastric fluid, indicating successful synthesis of pH-sensitive nanohydrogels for drug delivery. The drug loading results showed that drug release in the CMC/NH2-MCM-41 system is much slower than that in the CMC/MCM-41 system. The results of the survival studies for the manufactured systems showed a very good biocompatibility of the designed drug delivery systems for biological applications. By coating the surface of functionalized mesopores with CMC hydrogel, we were able to develop a pH-sensitive intelligent drug delivery system.

Synergistic amalgamation of shellac with self-antibacterial hydroxyapatite and carboxymethyl cellulose: An interactive wound dressing for ensuring safety and efficacy in preliminary in vivo studies

This study focuses on the synergistic formulation of environmentally friendly blended materials based on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) for advanced interactive wound dressing. New CMC hydrogels were prepared with two degrees of functionalization and chemically crosslinked with citric acid (CA) to fine-tune their properties. Additionally, CMC-based hybrids were created by blending with shellac (SHL) and incorporating self-antibacterial hydroxyapatite (HA) to inhibit bacterial growth and promote wound healing. The results demonstrate the successful production of superabsorbent hydrogels with typical swelling degrees ranging from 81% in water to 82% in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). These hydrogels exhibit distinct morphological features and remarkable improvements in surface mechanical properties, specifically in their tensile properties, which show a significant increase from approximately 0.03 to 2.2 N/mm2 due to the formation of CMC-SHL-HA hybrid nanostructures. Furthermore, the cytocompatibility of these CMC-based hydrogels was investigated by assessing the in vitro cell viability responses of human skin fibroblasts. The results reveal the cell viability responses over 91%, indicating their biocompatibility with human cells. Moreover, the characteristics of surgical wounds were assessed before and after the application of the hydrogel on dogs, and no signs of infection were observed at any of the surgical sites post-surgery.

Alginate-modulated continuous assembly of iron/tannic acid composites as photothermally responsive wound dressings for hemostasis and drug resistant bacteria eradication

Multifunctional dressing materials are highly required to combat multidrug resistant bacteria in wound infections. Here an alginate-based aerogel dressing is reported that combines photothermal bactericidal activity, hemostatic property, and free radical scavenging for skin wound disinfection and accelerated wound healing. The aerogel dressing is facilely constructed by immersing a clean nail (Fe) in a mixed solution of sodium alginate (Alg) and tannic acid (TA), followed by freezing, solvent replacement, and air drying. The Alg matrix plays an essential role in modulating the continuous assembly process between TA and Fe to allow the homogenous distribution of TA-Fe metal-phenolic networks (MPN) in the resulting composite, without forming aggregates. The photothermally responsive Nail-TA/Alg aerogel dressing is successfully applied in a murine skin wound model infected with Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). This work provides a facile strategy to integrate MPN with the hydrogel/aerogel matrix through in situ chemistry, which is promising for developing multifunctional biomaterials and biomedicine.

Carboxymethyl cellulose/poloxamer gels enriched with essential oil and Ag nanoparticles: promising wound dressings

Aim: Essential oils are promising antibacterial and wound-healing agents that should be explored for the design of wound dressings. Materials & methods: Topical gels prepared from a combination of carboxymethyl cellulose and poloxamer were incorporated with tea tree and lavender oil together with Ag nanoparticles. In vitro release, cytotoxicity, antibacterial, and wound healing studies were performed. Results: The gels displayed good spreadability with viscosity in the range of 210-1200 cP. The gels displayed promising antibacterial activity against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria used in the study. The % cell viability of the gels was more than 90.83%. Conclusion: The topical gels displayed excellent wound closure in vitro revealing that they are potential wound dressings for bacteria-infected wounds.

Synergistic Antimicrobial Activity of Magnetite and Vancomycin-Loaded Mesoporous Silica Embedded in Alginate Films

The aim of the present study was to obtain a hydrogel-based film as a carrier for the sustained and controlled release of vancomycin, an antibiotic commonly used in various types of infections. Considering the high-water solubility of vancomycin (>50 mg/mL) and the aqueous medium underlying the exudates, a prolonged release of vancomycin from an MCM-41 carrier was sought. The present work focused on the synthesis of malic acid coated magnetite (Fe3O4/malic) by co-precipitation, synthesis of MCM-41 by a sol-gel method and loading of MCM-41 with vancomycin, and their use in alginate films for wound dressing. The nanoparticles obtained were physically mixed and embedded in the alginate gel. Prior to incorporation, the nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopy, TGA-DSC and DLS. The films were prepared by a simple casting method and were further cross-linked and examined for possible heterogeneities by means of FT-IR microscopy and SEM. The degree of swelling and the water vapor transmission rate were determined, considering their potential use as wound dressings. The obtained films show morpho-structural homogeneity, sustained release over 48 h and a strong synergistic enhancement of the antimicrobial activity as a consequence of the hybrid nature of these films. The antimicrobial efficacy was tested against S. aureus, two strains of E. faecalis (including vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, VRE) and C. albicans. The incorporation of magnetite was also considered as an external triggering component in case the films were used as a magneto-responsive smart dressing to stimulate vancomycin diffusion.

Dissolvable sodium alginate-based antibacterial wound dressing patches: Design, characterization, and in vitro biological studies

The treatment of infected wounds in patients with highly sensitive skin is challenging. Some of the available wound dressings cause further skin tear and bleeding upon removal thereby hindering the healing process. In this study, dissolvable antibacterial wound dressing patches loaded with cephalexin monohydrate were prepared from different amounts of sodium alginate (SA) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) by the solvent casting evaporation technique. The patches displayed good tensile strength (3.83-13.83 MPa), appropriate thickness (0.09 to 0.31 mm) and good flexibility (74-98 %) suitable for the skin. The patches displayed good biodegradability and low moisture uptake suitable to prevent microbial invasion on the wound dressings upon storage. The release profile of the drug from the patches was sustained in the range of 47-80 % for 48 h, revealing their capability to inhibit bacterial infection. The biological assay showed that the patches did not induce cytotoxic effects on HaCaT cells, revealing good biocompatibility. The antimicrobial effect of the patches on the different strains of bacteria used in the study was significant. The cell migration (66.7-74.3 %) to the scratched gap was promising revealing the patches' capability to promote wound closure. The results obtained show that the wound dressings are potential materials for the treatment of infected wounds.

Mesoporous Materials Make Hydrogels More Powerful in Biomedicine

Scientists have been attempting to improve the properties of mesoporous materials and expand their application since the 1990s, and the combination with hydrogels, macromolecular biological materials, is one of the research focuses currently. Uniform mesoporous structure, high specific surface area, good biocompatibility, and biodegradability make the combined use of mesoporous materials more suitable for the sustained release of loaded drugs than single hydrogels. As a joint result, they can achieve tumor targeting, tumor environment stimulation responsiveness, and multiple therapeutic platforms such as photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy. Due to the photothermal conversion ability, mesoporous materials can significantly improve the antibacterial ability of hydrogels and offer a novel photocatalytic antibacterial mode. In bone repair systems, mesoporous materials remarkably strengthen the mineralization and mechanical properties of hydrogels, aside from being used as drug carriers to load and release various bioactivators to promote osteogenesis. In hemostasis, mesoporous materials greatly elevate the water absorption rate of hydrogels, enhance the mechanical strength of the blood clot, and dramatically shorten the bleeding time. As for wound healing and tissue regeneration, incorporating mesoporous materials can be promising for enhancing vessel formation and cell proliferation of hydrogels. In this paper, we introduce the classification and preparation methods of mesoporous material-loaded composite hydrogels and highlight the applications of composite hydrogels in drug delivery, tumor therapy, antibacterial treatment, osteogenesis, hemostasis, and wound healing. We also summarize the latest research progress and point out future research directions. After searching, no research reporting these contents was found.

Turmeric Herb Extract-Incorporated Biopolymer Dressings with Beneficial Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties for Wound Healing

Bacterial infection and inflammation caused by excess oxidative stress are serious challenges in chronic wound healing. The aim of this work is to investigate a wound dressing based on natural- and biowaste-derived biopolymers loaded with an herb extract that demonstrates antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities without using additional synthetic drugs. Turmeric extract-loaded carboxymethyl cellulose/silk sericin dressings were produced by esterification crosslinking with citric acid followed by freeze-drying to achieve an interconnected porous structure, sufficient mechanical properties, and hydrogel formation in situ in contact with an aqueous solution. The dressings exhibited inhibitory effects on the growth of bacterial strains that were related to the controlled release of the turmeric extract. The dressings provided antioxidant activity as a result of the radical scavenging effect on DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP radicals. To confirm their anti-inflammatory effects, the inhibition of nitric oxide production in activated RAW 264.7 macrophages was investigated. The findings suggested that the dressings could be a potential candidate for wound healing.

Drug Delivery System Based on Carboxymethyl Cellulose Containing Metal-Organic Framework and Its Evaluation for Antibacterial Activity

A novel drug delivery system based on carboxymethyl cellulose containing copper oxide at melamine and zinc oxide at melamine framework (CMC-Cu-MEL and CMC-Zn-MEL) was prepared by the hydrothermal route. Synthesized nanocomposites were characterized by FTIR, SEM, and Raman spectroscopy. In addition, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) images were applied to confirm the particle size and diffraction pattern of the prepared nanocomposites. Furthermore, the crystallinity of the synthesized CMC, CMC-Cu-MEL, and CMC-Zn-MEL materials was studied via X-ray diffraction (XRD). Estimating the transport exponent, which discloses the solvent diffusion and chain relaxation processes, and the Ritger–Peppas kinetic model theory were used to control the TC release mechanism from CMC-Cu-MEL and CMC-Zn-MEL. Additionally, the CMC-Cu-MEL and CMC-Zn-MEL containing TC had the highest activity index percents of 99 and 106% against S. aureus and 93 and 99% against E. coli, respectively. The tailored CMC-Cu-MEL and CMC-Zn-MEL for drug delivery systems are expected to be feasible and efficient.

Modulatory Contribution of Oxygenating Hydrogels and Polyhexamethylene Biguanide on the Antimicrobial Potency of Neutrophil-like Cells

Neutrophils are a first line of host defense against infection and utilize a series of oxygen-dependent processes to eliminate pathogens. Research suggests that oxygen availability can improve anti-infective mechanisms by promoting the formation of reactive oxygen species. Also, oxygen can synergistically upregulate the antibacterial properties of certain antibiotics against bacteria by altering their metabolism and causing an increase in the antibiotic uptake of bacteria. Therefore, understanding the effects of oxygen availability, as provided via a biomaterial treatment alone or along with potent antibacterial agents, on neutrophil functions can lead us to the development of new anti-inflammatory and anti-infective approaches. However, the study of neutrophil functions in vitro is often limited by their short life span and nonreproducibility, which suggests the need for cell line-based models as a substitute for primary neutrophils. Here, we took advantage of the differentiated human leukemia-60 cell line (HL-60), as an in vitro neutrophil model, to test the effects of local oxygen and antibacterial delivery by fluorinated methacrylamide chitosan (MACF) hydrogels incorporated with polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) antibacterial agent. Considering the natural modes of neutrophil actions to combat bacteria, we studied the impact of our dual functioning oxygenating-antibacterial platforms on neutrophil phagocytosis and antibacterial properties as well as the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our results demonstrated that supplemental oxygen and antibacterial delivery from MACF-PHMB hydrogel platforms upregulated neutrophil antibacterial properties and ROS production. NET formation by neutrophils upon treatment with MACF and PHMB varied when chemical and biological stimuli were used. Overall, this study presents a model to study immune responses in vitro and lays the foundation for future studies to investigate if similar responses also occur in vivo.

High efficiency of in-situ cross-linking and acid triggered drug delivery by introducing tobramycin into injectable and biodegradable hydrogels

High efficiency of in-situ cross-linking and acid triggered drug delivery is realized by introducing tobramycin into the hydrogels. Injectable and biodegradable hydrogels are prepared through two steps: First generation of reactive aldehyde groups in the sodium alginate (A-Alg) and then introduction of antibiotic tobramycin as cross-linker. Due to the formation of dynamic Schiff base bonds between the amino groups in tobramycin and aldehyde groups in A-Alg, the gelation of hydrogels can be realized immediately. Thus, tobramycin acts well as the first role cross-linker and the hydrogels containing tobramycin can be injected into the wound during the treatment. In addition, the acid from the decomposition of organic compounds by the bacteria can break the cross-linking points previously formed by tobramycin in the hydrogels. Therefore, tobramycin can be released and act as the second role model drug to kill the bacteria. Because the hydrogels network is broken, the release of tobramycin is more efficient than the traditional drug delivery from hydrogels by diffusion. Based on these unique properties, the present hydrogels containing tobramycin exhibit a good injectable and biodegradable capability. In addition, due to the existence of the reversible acid-labile linkages in the hydrogels, the hydrogels containing tobramycin are also self-healing, which additionally is favorable for the application of wound dressing. More importantly, the antibacterial hydrogels also demonstrate good biocompatibility in vitro and significantly therapeutic effects on an infected mice model in vivo. Based on the above special properties, the hydrogels cross-linked by tobramycin indicate a new approach to prepare hydrogel dressings with low-cost, non-toxicity and good anti-bacterial performance in the treatment of infectious wounds.

Multifunctional chitosan/gelatin@tannic acid cryogels decorated with in situ reduced silver nanoparticles for wound healing

Background

Most traditional wound dressings only partially meet the needs of wound healing because of their single function. Patients usually suffer from the increasing cost of treatment and pain resulting from the frequent changing of wound dressings. Herein, we have developed a mutifunctional cryogel to promote bacterial infected wound healing based on a biocompatible polysaccharide.

Methods

The multifunctional cryogel is made up of a compositive scaffold of chitosan (CS), gelatin (Gel) and tannic acid (TA) and in situ formed silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). A liver bleeding rat model was used to evaluate the dynamic hemostasis performance of the various cryogels. In order to evaluate the antibacterial properties of the prepared cryogels, gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) were cultured with the cryogels for 12 h. Meanwhile, S. aureus was introduced to cause bacterial infection in vivo. After treatment for 2 days, the exudates from wound sites were dipped for bacterial colony culture. Subsequently, the anti-inflammatory effect of the various cryogels was evaluated by western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Finally, full-thickness skin defect models on the back of SD rats were established to assess the wound healing performances of the cryogels.

Results

Due to its porous structure, the multifunctional cryogel showed fast liver hemostasis. The introduced Ag NPs endowed the cryogel with an antibacterial efficiency of >99.9% against both S. aureus and E. coli. Benefited from the polyphenol groups of TA, the cryogel could inhibit nuclear factor-κB nuclear translocation and down-regulate inflammatory cytokines for an anti-inflammatory effect. Meanwhile, excessive reactive oxygen species could also be scavenged effectively. Despite the presence of Ag NPs, the cryogel did not show cytotoxicity and hemolysis. Moreover, in vivo experiments demonstrated that the biocompatible cryogel displayed effective bacterial disinfection and accelerated wound healing.

Conclusions

The multifunctional cryogel, with fast hemostasis, antibacterial and anti-inflammation properties and the ability to promote cell proliferation could be widely applied as a wound dressing for bacterial infected wound healing.

Recent Advances in Nano-Formulations for Skin Wound Repair Applications

Skin injuries caused by accidents and acute or chronic diseases place a heavy burden on patients and health care systems. Current treatments mainly depend on preventing infection, debridement, and hemostasis and on supplementing growth factors, but patients will still have scar tissue proliferation or difficulty healing and other problems after treatment. Conventional treatment usually focuses on a single factor or process of wound repair and often ignores the influence of the wound pathological microenvironment on the final healing effect. Therefore, it is of substantial research value to develop multifunctional therapeutic methods that can actively regulate the wound microenvironment and reduce the oxidative stress level at the wound site to promote the repair of skin wounds. In recent years, various bioactive nanomaterials have shown great potential in tissue repair and regeneration due to their properties, including their unique surface interface effect, small size effect, enzyme activity and quantum effect. This review summarizes the mechanisms underlying skin wound repair and the defects in traditional treatment methods. We focus on analyzing the advantages of different types of nanomaterials and comment on their toxicity and side effects when used for skin wound repair.

Development of responsive chitosan-based hydrogels for the treatment of pathogen-induced skin infections

Vancomycin (Van) remains one of the first-line drugs for the treatment of wound infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). However, the unsatisfactory bioavailability of vancomycin alone has greatly limited its potential health benefits. Here a responsive chitosan-based hydrogel was developed as the delivery system which not only would reduce this side effect but also increase efficacy of vancomycin. The hydrogel was prepared by grafting chitosan and cinnamaldehyde-based thioacetal (CTA) together with ginipin (G) as the crosslinker. Upon exposure to reactive oxygen species which were enriched in the bacterial wound, the hydrogel can locally degrade and sustainably release the loaded vancomycin near the lesion to compete with the troubling MRSA. Compared with vancomycin alone, the chitosan-based hydrogel loaded with vancomycin demonstrated accelerated acute wound healing. This achievement reveals that this multi-functional hydrogel may be a promising drug-delivery device for improving the efficacy of local antibiotic therapy.

Amphiphilic Alkylated Pectin Hydrogels for Enhanced Topical Delivery of Fusidic Acid: Formulation and In Vitro Investigation

Hydrogels constructed of amphiphilically modified polysaccharides have attracted a lot of interest because of their potential to augment drug diffusion over the skin. This research describes the synthesis of amphiphilic alkylated pectin via glycidyl tert-butyl ether modification (alkylation degree 15.7%), which was characterized using spectroscopic and thermal analysis techniques and then formulated into hydrogels for the study of their potential in regulating fusidic acid diffusion topically. The hydrogels were formulated by the ionic interaction of negatively charged pectin and positively charged crosslinker CaCl2, with a reported fusidic acid loading degree of 93–95%. Hydrogels made of alkylated pectin showed a lower swelling percentage than that of native pectin, resulting in a slower fusidic acid release. The influence of pH on the swelling percentage and drug release was also investigated, with results revealing that greater pH enhanced swelling percentage and drug release. The in vitro interactions with HaCaT cells revealed negligible cytotoxicity under application-relevant settings. Utilizing Franz diffusion cells, the alkylated pectin hydrogels caused fusidic acid to penetrate the Strat-M® membrane at a 1.5-fold higher rate than the native pectin hydrogels. Overall, the in vitro results showed that alkylated pectin hydrogels have a lot of promise for topical distribution, which needs further investigation.

An Overview of Cellulose Derivatives-Based Dressings for Wound-Healing Management

Presently, notwithstanding the progress regarding wound-healing management, the treatment of the majority of skin lesions still represents a serious challenge for biomedical and pharmaceutical industries. Thus, the attention of the researchers has turned to the development of novel materials based on cellulose derivatives. Cellulose derivatives are semi-synthetic biopolymers, which exhibit high solubility in water and represent an advantageous alternative to water-insoluble cellulose. These biopolymers possess excellent properties, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, sustainability, non-toxicity, non-immunogenicity, thermo-gelling behavior, mechanical strength, abundance, low costs, antibacterial effect, and high hydrophilicity. They have an efficient ability to absorb and retain a large quantity of wound exudates in the interstitial sites of their networks and can maintain optimal local moisture. Cellulose derivatives also represent a proper scaffold to incorporate various bioactive agents with beneficial therapeutic effects on skin tissue restoration. Due to these suitable and versatile characteristics, cellulose derivatives are attractive and captivating materials for wound-healing applications. This review presents an extensive overview of recent research regarding promising cellulose derivatives-based materials for the development of multiple biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, such as wound dressings, drug delivery devices, and tissue engineering.

Preparation of triamcinolone acetonide-loaded chitosan/fucoidan hydrogel and its potential application as an oral mucosa patch

Oral inflammatory diseases (OIDs) are among the most common lesions in the oral cavity, affecting the quality of human life and even causing oral cancer. However, most of the current oral mucosa patches still have some limitations, particularly instant, poor mechanical strength and conformability, low adhesion to tissue, and foreign body sensation. Herein, triamcinolone acetonide (TA)-loaded chitosan/fucoidan (CF) composite hydrogels were prepared via chemical crosslinking. The macro/microscopic morphologies and (bio)physicochemical properties of composite hydrogels were investigated. Incorporating fucoidan in chitosan hydrogels greatly enhanced their swelling behavior, mechanical strength, and adhesion properties. Further, the addition of TA in CF hydrogels improved their elastic feature, inhibited inflammatory response, and promoted the formation of mature and well-organized collagen fibers. The developed composite hydrogels displayed not only good antibacterial properties but also good cytocompatibility and histocompatibility. Thus, the designed hydrogels allow the development of oral mucosa patches as a potential treatment for OIDs.

Cefuroxime-Loaded Hydrogels for Prevention and Treatment of Bacterial Contamination of Open Wounds

Dextran/Sulfodextran-graft-polyacrylamide- and polyacrylamide-based hydrogels were synthesized by radical polymerization and loaded with cefuroxime to obtain antimicrobial wound dressings. Antibiotic release from the antibiotic-loaded hydrogels into an aqueous solution was studied by the HPLC-UV method. It is shown that cefuroxime-loaded Dextran/Sulfodextran-graft-polyacrylamide hydrogels release the antibiotic more slowly compared to polyacrylamide hydrogel with the same density of cross-links. Antibacterial activity of the synthesized materials was tested in vitro against wild strains of S. aureus, E. coli, and Klebsiella spp. The possibility of using the obtained antimicrobial hydrogels for the treatment of infected wounds was confirmed in vivo in a rat model.

Silica/Protein and Silica/Polysaccharide Interactions and Their Contributions to the Functional Properties of Derived Hybrid Wound Dressing Hydrogels

Multifunctional and biocompatible hydrogels are on the focus of wound healing treatments. Protein and polysaccharides silica hybrids are interesting wound dressing alternatives. The objective of this review is to answer questions such as why silica for wound dressings reinforcement? What are the roles and contributions of silane precursors and silica on the functional properties of hydrogel wound dressings? The effects of tailoring the porous, morphological, and chemical characteristics of synthetic silicas on the bioactivity of hybrid wound dressings hydrogels are explored in the first part of the review. This is followed by a commented review of the mechanisms of silica/protein and silica/polysaccharide interactions and their impact on the barrier, scaffold, and delivery matrix functions of the derived hydrogels. Such information has important consequences for wound healing and paves the way to multidisciplinary researches on the production, processing, and biomedical application of this kind of hybrid materials.

Application or function of citric acid in drug delivery platforms

Nontoxic materials with natural origin are promising materials in the designing and preparation of the new drug delivery systems (DDSs). Today's, citric acid (CA) has attracted a great deal of attention because of its special features; green nature, biocompatibility, low price, biodegradability, and commercially available property. So, CA has been employed in the preparation of the various platforms to induce a suitable property on their structure. Recently, several research groups investigated the CA-based platforms in different forms like tablets, dendrimers, hyperbranched polymers, (co)polymer, hydrogels, and nanoparticles as efficient DDSs. By considering an increasing amount of published articles in this field, for the first time, in this review, an overview of the published works regarding CA applications in the design of various DDSs is presented with a detailed and insightful discussion.

Antibacterial and osteogenic activities of clindamycin-releasing mesoporous silica/carboxymethyl chitosan composite hydrogels

Conventional treatment of jaw bone infection is often ineffective at controlling bacterial infection and enhancing bone regeneration. Biodegradable composite hydrogels comprised of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) and clindamycin (CDM)-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MCM-41), possessing dual antibacterial activity and osteogenic potency, were developed in the present study. CDM was successfully loaded into both untreated and plasma-treated MCM-41 nanoparticles, denoted as (p)-MCM-41, followed by the incorporation of each of CDM-loaded (p)-MCM-41 into CMCS. The resulting CDM-loaded composite hydrogels, (p)-MCM-41-CDM-CMCS, demonstrated slow degradation rates (about 70% remaining weight after 14-day immersion), while the CDM-free composite hydrogel entirely disintegrated after 4-day immersion. The plasma treatment was found to improve drug loading capacity and slow down initial drug burst effect. The prolonged releases of CDM from both (p)-MCM-41-CDM-CMCS retained their antibacterial effect against Streptococcus sanguinis for at least 14 days in vitro. In vitro assessment of osteogenic activity showed that the CDM-incorporated composite hydrogel was cytocompatible to human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and induced hMSC mineralization via p38-dependent upregulated alkaline phosphatase activity. In conclusion, novel (p)-MCM-41-CDM-CMCS hydrogels with combined controlled release of CDM and osteogenic potency were successfully developed for the first time, suggesting their potential clinical benefit for treatment of intraoral bone infection.

Frog nest foams exhibit pharmaceutical foam-like properties

Foams have frequently been used as systems for the delivery of cosmetic and therapeutic molecules; however, there is high variability in the foamability and long-term stability of synthetic foams. The development of pharmaceutical foams that exhibit desirable foaming properties, delivering appropriate amounts of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and that have excellent biocompatibility is of great interest. The production of stable foams is rare in the natural world; however, certain species of frogs have adopted foam production as a means of providing a protective environment for their eggs and larvae from predators and parasites, to prevent desiccation, to control gaseous exchange, to buffer temperature extremes, and to reduce UV damage. These foams show great stability (up to 10 days in tropical environments) and are highly biocompatible due to the sensitive nature of amphibian skin. This work demonstrates for the first time that nests of the túngara frog (Engystomops pustulosus) are stable ex situ with useful physiochemical and biocompatible properties and are capable of encapsulating a range of compounds, including antibiotics. These protein foam mixtures share some properties with pharmaceutical foams and may find utility in a range of pharmaceutical applications such as topical drug delivery systems.

Functional Hydrogels as Wound Dressing to Enhance Wound Healing

Hydrogels, due to their excellent biochemical and mechnical property, have shown attractive advantages in the field of wound dressings. However, a comprehensive review of the functional hydrogel as a wound dressing is still lacking. This work first summarizes the skin wound healing process and relates evaluation parameters and then reviews the advanced functions of hydrogel dressings such as antimicrobial property, adhesion and hemostasis, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation, substance delivery, self-healing, stimulus response, conductivity, and the recently emerged wound monitoring feature, and the strategies adopted to achieve these functions are all classified and discussed. Furthermore, applications of hydrogel wound dressing for the treatment of different types of wounds such as incisional wound and the excisional wound are summarized. Chronic wounds are also mentioned, and the focus of attention on infected wounds, burn wounds, and diabetic wounds is discussed. Finally, the future directions of hydrogel wound dressings for wound healing are further proposed.

Recent Advances in Cellulose-Based Structures as the Wound-Healing Biomaterials: A Clinically Oriented Review

Application of wound-healing/dressing biomaterials is amongst the most promising approaches for wound repair through protection from pathogen invasion/contamination, maintaining moisture, absorbing exudates, modulating inflammation, and facilitating the healing process. A wide range of materials are used to fabricate wound-healing/dressing biomaterials. Active wound-healing/dressings are next-generation alternatives for passive biomaterials, which provide a physical barrier and induce different biological activities, such as antibacterial, antioxidant, and proliferative effects. Cellulose-based biomaterials are particularly promising due to their tunable physical, chemical, mechanical, and biological properties, accessibility, low cost, and biocompatibility. A thorough description and analysis of wound-healing/dressing structures fabricated from cellulose-based biomaterials is discussed in this review. We emphasize and highlight the fabrication methods, applied bioactive molecules, and discuss the obtained results from in vitro and in vivo models of cellulose-based wound-healing biomaterials. This review paper revealed that cellulose-based biomaterials have promising potential as the wound-dressing/healing materials and can be integrated with various bioactive agents. Overall, cellulose-based biomaterials are shown to be effective and sophisticated structures for delivery applications, safe and multi-customizable dressings, or grafts for wound-healing applications.

Carboxymethyl cellulose/tetracycline@UiO-66 nanocomposite hydrogel films as a potential antibacterial wound dressing

Designing an antibacterial agent with a suitable water vapor permeability, good mechanical properties, and controlled antibiotic release is a promising method for stopping bacterial infection in wound tissue. In this respect, this work aims to prepare novel flexible polymeric hydrogel films via integrating UiO-66 into the polymeric carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) hydrogel for improving the mechanical and antibiotic release performances. First, we performed a green hydrothermal synthetic method to synthesis UiO-66 and followed by encapsulating Tetracycline (TC) through immersion in its aqueous solution. Also, the casting technique was utilized to integrate different concentrations of the TC-encapsulated UiO-66 (TC@UiO-66, 5% to 15%) in the polymeric CMC matrix (CMC/TC@UiO-66) cross-linked by citric acid and plasticized by glycerol. The release performance showed a low initial burst release with a controlled release over 72 h in the artificial sweat and simulated wound exudate (PBS, pH 7.4) media. The in vitro cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity results revealed a good cytocompatibility toward Human skin fibroblast (HFF-1) cells and a significant activity against both E. coli and S. aureus with 1.3 and 1.7 cm inhibition zone, respectively. The obtained results recommend CMC/TC@UiO-66 films as a potential antibacterial wound dressing.

Skin wounds, the healing process, and hydrogel-based wound dressings: a short review

Skin wounds are damage to the epithelial layer and the integrity of living tissue. The healing mechanism is dynamic and complex, and often treatments with wound dressings help in tissue regeneration, reducing the risk of infections. Polymeric hydrogels become good candidates for wet curing process. These materials prevent dehydration of the tissue and avoid discomfort to the patient when changing the dressing. In this short review, we demonstrate the importance of the healing process, the types of skin wounds, and the hydrogels that are potentially attractive as wound dressings.

Recent Progress on Cellulose-Based Ionic Compounds for Biomaterials

Glycans play important roles in all major kingdoms of organisms, such as archea, bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. Cellulose, the most abundant polysaccharide on the Earth, plays a predominant role for mechanical stability in plants, and finds a plethora of applications by humans. Beyond traditional use, biomedical application of cellulose becomes feasible with advances of soluble cellulose derivatives with diverse functional moieties along the backbone and modified nanocellulose with versatile functional groups on the surface due to the native features of cellulose as both cellulose chains and supramolecular ordered domains as extractable nanocellulose. With the focus on ionic cellulose-based compounds involving both these groups primarily for biomedical applications, a brief introduction about glycoscience and especially native biologically active glycosaminoglycans with specific biomedical application areas on humans is given, which inspires further development of bioactive compounds from glycans. Then, both polymeric cellulose derivatives and nanocellulose-based compounds synthesized as versatile biomaterials for a large variety of biomedical applications, such as for wound dressings, controlled release, encapsulation of cells and enzymes, and tissue engineering, are separately described, regarding the diverse routes of synthesis and the established and suggested applications for these highly interesting materials.

Theoretical interpretation of the adsorption of amoxicillin on activated carbon via physical model

The paper describes a theoretical analysis of the adsorption of amoxicillin (AMX) onto two activated carbons pyrolysed at either 600 or 700 °C (PAC-600 and PAC-700). Series of experimental data are carried out at different temperatures ranging from 10 to 45 °C, as this is the first key factor to explain the adsorption mechanism of this pollutant. AMX adsorption capacity varied from 275 to 450 mg/g and between 276 and 454 mg/g for PAC-600 and PAC-700, respectively. It can be deduced that the pyrolysis temperature does not play a crucial role in AMX removal capacity of the adsorbents. A comparison with literature data shows that the retrieved adsorption capacities of both the adsorbents are very competitive for an effective water treatment. Physical models are applied to the two experimental data sets showing that a monolayer model with single energy is the best option to explain the AMX adsorption mechanism on both PAC-600 and PAC-700 adsorbents. The interpretation of the theoretical results points out that the AMX was not aggregated during the adsorption process. Under these experimental working conditions, it is noted that AMX is adsorbed almost via a parallel orientation on PAC-600 and PAC-700 adsorbents, reflecting that the adsorption is a multi-interaction mechanism. The model provides an estimation of the adsorption energy that allows the quantification of the interactions between the AMX and both PAC-600 and PAC-700 adsorbent surfaces; in both the cases, physical bindings are involved in AMX adsorption.

Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Inner Ear Infections

The inner ear is sensitive to various infections of viral, bacterial, or fungal origin, which, if left untreated, may lead to hearing loss or progress through the temporal bone and cause intracranial infectious complications. Due to its isolated location, the inner ear is difficult to treat, imposing an acute need for improving current therapeutic approaches. A solution for enhancing antimicrobial treatment performance is the use of nanoparticles. Different inorganic, lipidic, and polymeric-based such particles have been designed, tested, and proven successful in the controlled delivery of medication, improving drug internalization by the targeted cells while reducing the systemic side effects. This paper makes a general presentation of common inner ear infections and therapeutics administration routes, further focusing on newly developed nanoparticle-mediated treatments.

Recent Developments of Carboxymethyl Cellulose

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is one of the most promising cellulose derivatives. Due to its characteristic surface properties, mechanical strength, tunable hydrophilicity, viscous properties, availability and abundance of raw materials, low-cost synthesis process, and likewise many contrasting aspects, it is now widely used in various advanced application fields, for example, food, paper, textile, and pharmaceutical industries, biomedical engineering, wastewater treatment, energy production, and storage energy production, and storage and so on. Many research articles have been reported on CMC, depending on their sources and application fields. Thus, a comprehensive and well-organized review is in great demand that can provide an up-to-date and in-depth review on CMC. Herein, this review aims to provide compact information of the synthesis to the advanced applications of this material in various fields. Finally, this article covers the insights of future CMC research that could guide researchers working in this prominent field.

Evaluation of hyaluronic acid nanoparticle embedded chitosan-gelatin hydrogels for antibiotic release

The development of chitosan-gelatin (CS-G) hydrogels embedded with ampicillin-loaded hyaluronic acid nanoparticles (HA-NPs) for wound dressing is proposed. It was aimed to provide controlled ampicillin delivery by incorporation of HA-NPs into biocompatible CS-G hydrogel structure. According to in vitro ampicillin release studies, 55% of ampicillin was released from CS-G/HA-NPs hydrogels after 5 days. Antibacterial performance of CS-G/HA-NPs hydrogels was proven with agar disc diffusion test. For cytotoxicity assay, fibroblast cell viability increased in CS-G/HA-NPs hydrogels compared with CS-G group after 24 hr incubation. Consequently, the potential ability of CS-G/HA-NPs hydrogels as a controlled drug delivery system has been verified.

Nanotechnology Development for Formulating Essential Oils in Wound Dressing Materials to Promote the Wound-Healing Process: A Review

Wound healing refers to the replacement of damaged tissue through strongly coordinated cellular events. The patient’s condition and different types of wounds complicate the already intricate healing process. Conventional wound dressing materials seem to be insufficient to facilitate and support this mechanism. Nanotechnology could provide the physicochemical properties and specific biological responses needed to promote the healing process. For nanoparticulate dressing design, growing interest has focused on natural biopolymers due to their biocompatibility and good adaptability to technological needs. Polysaccharides are the most common natural biopolymers used for wound-healing materials. In particular, alginate and chitosan polymers exhibit intrinsic antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, useful for guaranteeing efficient treatment. Recent studies highlight that several natural plant-derived molecules can influence healing stages. In particular, essential oils show excellent antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties that can be amplified by combining them with nanotechnological strategies. This review summarizes recent studies concerning essential oils as active secondary compounds in polysaccharide-based wound dressings.

Nanomaterials Versus The Microbial Compounds With Wound Healing Property

Age and diabetes related slow-healing or chronic wounds may result in morbidity and mortality through persistent biofilms infections and prolonged inflammatory phase. Nano-materials [metal/metal oxide NPs (39%), lipid vehicles (21%), polymer NPs (19%), ceramic nanoparticles (NPs) (14%), and carbon nanomaterials (NMs) (7%)] can be introduced as a possible next-generation therapy because of either their intrinsic wound healing activity or via carrying bioactive compounds including, antibiotics, antioxidants, growth factor or stem cell. The nanomaterials have been shown to implicate in all four stages of wound healing including hemostasis (polymer NPs, ceramic NPs, nanoceria-6.1%), inflammation (liposome/vesicles/solid lipid NPs/polymer NPs/ceramic NPs/silver NPs/gold NPs/nanoceria/fullerenes/carbon-based NPs-32.7%), proliferation (vesicles/liposome/solid lipid NPs/gold NPs/silver NPs/iron oxide NPs/ceramic NPs/copper NPs/self-assembling elastin-like NPs/nanoceria/micelle/dendrimers/polymer NPs-57.1%), remodeling (iron oxide NPs/nanoceria-4.1%). Natural compounds from alkaloids, flavonoids, retinoids, volatile oil, terpenes, carotenoids, or polyphenolic compounds with proven antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, or antimicrobial characteristics are also well known for their potential to accelerate the wound healing process. In the current paper, we survey the potential and properties of nanomaterials and microbial compounds in improving the process of wound and scar healing. Finally, we review the potential biocompounds for incorporation to nano-material in perspective to designate more effective or multivalent wound healing natural or nano-based drugs.

Semi-Solid Pharmaceutical Formulations for the Delivery of Papain Nanoparticles

Papain is a therapeutic enzyme with restricted applications due to associated allergenic reactions. Papain nanoparticles have shown to be safe for biomedical use, although a method for proper drug loading and release remains to be developed. Thus, the objective of this work was to develop and assess the stability of papain nanoparticles in a prototype semi-solid formulation suitable for dermatological or topical administrations. Papain nanoparticles of 7.0 ± 0.1 nm were synthesized and loaded into carboxymethylcellulose- and poly(vinyl alcohol)-based gels. The formulations were then assayed for preliminary stability, enzyme activity, cytotoxicity studies, and characterized according to their microstructures and protein distribution. The formulations were suitable for papain nanoparticle loading and provided a stable environment for the nanoparticles. The enzyme distribution along the gel matrix was homogeneous for all the formulations, and the proteolytic activity was preserved after the gel preparation. Both gels presented a slow release of the papain nanoparticles for four days. Cell viability assays revealed no potential cytotoxicity, and the presence of the nanoparticles did not alter the microstructure of the gel. The developed systems presented a potential for biomedical applications, either as drug delivery systems for papain nanoparticles and/or its complexes.

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of gellan gum hydrogel films: Assessing the co impact of therapeutic oils and ofloxacin on wound healing

Herein, we report co-encapsulation of ofloxacin with tea tree or lavender oil in gellan gum based hydrogel films by solvent casting ionotropic gelation method as wound dressing. Prepared films were transparent, flexible, and displayed antioxidant activity with superior antibacterial response against common inhabitants of wound i.e. gram positive and negative bacteria. Solid-state characterization of optimized formulation (OL3 and OT3) revealed successful incorporation of drug and oils in hydrogel structure without any noticeable interaction. In vitro release studies showed an initial burst release but remaining portion released in controlled manner over 48 h from the films and furthermore, presence of oils did not affected the ofloxacin release. Optimized formulation containing ofloxacin and 25% w/w lavender/tea tree oil showed 98% wound contraction in rats after ten days of treatment. Histological images displayed completely healed epidermis. Taken together, our prepared hydrogel films demonstrated favorable features with appreciable antibacterial, wound healing activity and could be useful for the treatment of full thickness wounds.

Polydeoxyribonucleotide-delivering therapeutic hydrogel for diabetic wound healing

Patients with diabetes experience delayed wound healing because of the uncontrolled glucose level in their bloodstream, which leads to impaired function of white blood cells, poor circulation, decreased production and repair of new blood vessels. Treatment using polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN), which is a DNA extracted from the sperm cells of salmon, has been introduced to accelerate the healing process of diabetic wounds. To accelerate the wound-healing process, sustained delivery of PDRN is critical. In this study, taking advantage of the non-invasive gelation property of alginate, PDRN was loaded inside the hydrogel (Alg-PDRN). The release behavior of PDRN was altered by controlling the crosslinking density of the Alg hydrogel. The amount of PDRN was the greatest inside the hydrogel with the highest crosslinking density because of the decreased diffusion. However, there was an optimal degree of crosslinking for the effective release of PDRN. In vitro studies using human dermal fibroblasts and diabetes mellitus fibroblasts and an in ovo chorioallantoic membrane assay confirmed that the Alg-PDRN hydrogel effectively induced cell proliferation and expression of angiogenic growth factors and promoted new blood vessel formation. Its effectiveness for accelerated diabetic wound healing was also confirmed in an in-vivo animal experiment using a diabetic mouse model.

Enhancement of α-Mangostin Wound Healing Ability by Complexation with 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin in Hydrogel Formulation

α-Mangostin (α-M), one of the active compounds in Garcinia mangostana peel, has been effectively used in wound healing. However, its poor solubility in aqueous solution causes low bioavailability for skin ulcers, hindering its application in wound healing. The aim of this study was to improve the solubility of α-M through complex formation with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (α-M/HP-β-CD CX) and to evaluate the healing activity of the complex. The α-M/HP-β-CD CX was incorporated in a sodium carboxymethylcellulose hydrogel (α-M/HP-β-CD CX HG), and the in vivo healing activity was examined in mice. Evaluation of α-M/HP-β-CD CX HG, including organoleptic evaluation, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, swelling ratio, consistency, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and in vitro drug release, was carried out. The complex formation of α-M/HP-β-CD CX was confirmed by FTIR and PXRD analysis. The solubility of the α-M/HP-β-CD CX in water linearly increased about 11.7-fold compared to α-M alone, and by 3.5-fold compared to the α-M/HP-β-CD physical mixture (α-M/HP-β-CD CX PM). The α-M/HP-β-CD CX HG was homogenous, the pH was found to be in the neutral range, the spread area was 5 cm, and the consistency was stable until 14 days. SEM analysis showed that α-M/HP-β-CD CX HG surged due to the porous structure of the HG. In addition, in vitro release of α-M from α-M/HP-β-CD CX HG was considerably increased compared to α-M/HP-β-CD PM HG and α-M HG. Notably, in vivo evaluation in mice showed that α-M/HP-β-CD CX HG significantly accelerated the wound healing ability compared to other HGs. Thus, α-M/HP-β-CD CX HG has potential as a new formulation of α-M for wound healing therapy.

Mesoporous Silica Platforms with Potential Applications in Release and Adsorption of Active Agents

In recent years, researchers focused their attention on mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) owing to the considerable advancements of the characterization methods, especially electron microscopy methods, which allowed for a clear visualization of the pore structure and the materials encapsulated within the pores, along with the X-ray diffraction (small angles) methods and specific surface area determination by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) technique. Mesoporous silica gained important consideration in biomedical applications thanks to its tunable pore size, high surface area, surface functionalization possibility, chemical stability, and pore nature. Specifically, the nature of the pores allows for the encapsulation and release of anti-cancer drugs into tumor tissues, which makes MSN ideal candidates as drug delivery carriers in cancer treatment. Moreover, the inner and outer surfaces of the MSN provide a platform for further functionalization approaches that could enhance the adsorption of the drug within the silica network and the selective targeting and controlled release to the desired site. Additionally, stimuli-responsive mesoporous silica systems are being used as mediators in cancer therapy, and through the release of the therapeutic agents hosted inside the pores under the action of specific triggering factors, it can selectively deliver them into tumor tissues. Another important application of the mesoporous silica nanomaterials is related to its ability to extract different hazardous species from aqueous media, some of these agents being antibiotics, pesticides, or anti-tumor agents. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the methods of MSN synthesis and related characteristics, the available surface functionalization strategies, and the most important applications of MSN in adsorption as well as release studies. Owing to the increasing antibiotic resistance, the need for developing materials for antibiotic removal from wastewaters is important and mesoporous materials already proved remarkable performances in environmental applications, including removal or even degradation of hazardous agents such as antibiotics and pesticides.

Poly (ε-Caprolactone)/Cellulose Nanofiber Blend Nanocomposites Containing ZrO2 Nanoparticles: A New Biocompatible Wound Dressing Bandage with Antimicrobial Activity

Purpose: In the present study, the poly (ε-caprolactone)/cellulose nanofiber containing ZrO₂ nanoparticles (PCL/CNF/ZrO₂ ) nanocomposite was synthesized for wound dressing bandage with antimicrobial activity.

Methods: PCL/CNF/ZrO₂ nanocomposite was synthesized in three different zirconium dioxide amount (0.5, 1, 2%). Also the prepared nanocomposites were characterized by Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In addition, the morphology of the samples was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Results: Analysis of the XRD spectra showed a preserved structure for PCL semi-crystalline in nanocomposites and an increase in the concentrations of ZrO₂ nanoparticles, the structure of nanocomposite was amorphous as well. The results of TGA, DTA, DSC showed thermal stability and strength properties for the nanocomposites which were more thermal stable and thermal integrate compared to PCL. The contact angles of the nanocomposites narrowed as the amount of ZrO₂ in the structure increased. The evaluation of biological activities showed that the PCL/CNF/ZrO₂ nanocomposite with various concentrations of ZrO₂ nanoparticles exhibited moderate to good antimicrobial activity against all tested bacterial and fungal strains. Furthermore, cytocompatibility of the scaffolds was assessed by MTT assay and cell viability studies proved the non-toxic nature of the nanocomposites.

Conclusion: The results show that the biodegradability of nanocomposite has advantages that can be used as wound dressing.

Carboxymethyl cellulose-based materials for infection control and wound healing: A review

The development of ideal wound dressing materials with excellent characteristics is currently a major demand in wound therapy. In recent years, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-based wound dressing materials have been of immense attraction due to their noble properties, such as: biocompatibility, biodegradability, tissue resembling, low cost and non-toxic. It is used extensively, in a variety of applications in the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields. The hydrophilic nature of CMC, makes it possible to blend and cross-link with other materials, such as: synthetic polymers, natural polymers and inorganic materials and it enables the preparation of innovative wound dressing biomaterials. Hence, this review, focuses on the intrinsic characteristics of CMC-based wound dressing materials, including hydrogels, films, 3D printing, fibres, gauzes and their recent advancements in chronic wound healing.