Anti-amyloidogenic behavior and interaction of Diallylsulfide with Human Serum Albumin

Explore the toxicological mechanism of 6PPD-Q on human health through a novel perspective: The interaction between lactate dehydrogenase and 6PPD-Q

N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-Q), an oxidative derivative of tire anti-degradant, has been linked to mortality in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and has exhibited potential human toxicity. Hence, exploring how 6PPD-Q interacts with biomacromolecules like enzymes is indispensable to assess its human toxicity and elucidate its mechanism of action. This investigation aims to explore the impact of 6PPD-Q on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) through various methods. The findings indicate that 6PPD-Q can spontaneously embed in the coenzyme site of LDH and obviously change the biological activity of LDH by non-competitive inhibition. Simultaneously, this inhibitory effect is concentration-dependent. 6PPD-Q can affect both the level of LDH and the transcription of Ldha in AML-12 cells. Hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces serve as the primary driving forces in LDH-6PPD-Q combination process. The apparent binding constant (Ka) value is (9.773 ± 0.699) × 103 L/mol (298 K). The presence of 6PPD-Q alters the conformation of LDH and decreases its structural stability. Moreover, the results of molecular docking indicate that the interaction of 6PPD-Q with Asp51 and Arg98 of LDH may be the reason that 6PPD-Q inhibits the biological activity of LDH. Meanwhile, the energy decomposition of residue analyses for LDH-6PPD-Q formation further highlight the energy contribution of Asp51 and Arg98 in this combination process.

Enhancement of mannosylerythritol lipid-A on physicochemical stability, antioxidant activity, and bioavailability of bovine lactoferrin emulsion under different pH conditions

This study systematically explored the enhancement of mannosylerythritol lipid-A (MEL-A) on physicochemical stability, antioxidant activity, and bioavailability of bovine lactoferrin (BLF) emulsion under different pH conditions by spectroscopic techniques, molecular simulation, and simulated in vitro digestion model. The bovine lactoferrin-MEL-A (BLF-MEL-A) emulsions were prepared and characterized with the Fourier infrared, of which results showed that high concentration MEL-A (1.00 mg/mL) changed the secondary structure of pH-induced BLF and rendered an increase in β-sheet and random coil fractions. Based on the results of fluorescence spectrum and isothermal titration calorimetry, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, and electrostatic force were the interaction forces of BLF and MEL-A, which were similar to the simulated data of molecular docking and molecular dynamics. BLF-MEL-A emulsion also exerted considerable antioxidant activities and had great potential for functional food development. In addition, MEL-A could improve the stability of BLF emulsion in simulated in vitro digestion test, which promoted the bioavailability of BLF. Therefore, this study will facilitate to explore the interaction between BLF and MEL-A and expand the application of MEL-A as a food additive in food industry.

Integrated spectroscopic and computational analyses unravel the molecular interaction of pesticide azinphos-methyl with bovine beta-lactoglobulin

Organophosphorus are typically hazardous chemicals used in the pharmaceutical, agricultural, and other industries. They pose a serious risk to human life and can be fatal upon direct exposure. Hence, studying the interaction between such compounds with proteins is crucial for environmental, health, and food safety. In this study, we investigated the interaction mechanism between azinphos-methyl (AZM) and β-lactoglobulin (BLG) at pH 7.4 using a combination of biophysical techniques. Intrinsic fluorescence investigations revealed that BLG fluorescence was quenched in the presence of increasing AZM concentrations. The quenching mechanism was identified as static, as evidenced by a decrease in the fluorescence quenching constant (1.25 × 104, 1.18 × 104, and 0.86 × 104 M-1) with an increase in temperatures. Thermodynamic calculations (ΔH > 0; ΔS > 0) affirmed the formation of a complex between AZM and BLG through hydrophobic interactions. The BLG's secondary structure was found to be increased due to AZM interaction. Ultraviolet -visible spectroscopy data showed alterations in BLG conformation in the presence of AZM. Molecular docking highlighted the significant role of hydrophobic interactions involving residues such as Val43, Ile56, Ile71, Val92, Phe105, and Met107 in the binding between BLG and AZM. A docking energy of -6.9 kcal mol-1, and binding affinity of 1.15 × 105 M-1 suggest spontaneous interaction between AZM and BLG with moderate to high affinity. These findings underscore the potential health risks associated with the entry of AZM into the food chain, emphasizing the need for further consideration of its impact on human health.

Spectroscopic and in silico evaluation of hesperetin, aglycone flavanone, as a prospective regulatory ligand for human salivary α-amylase

The insight into the binding mechanism of hesperetin, an aglycone flavanone, with human salivary α-amylase (HSAA), simulated under physiological salivary condition, was explored using various spectroscopic approaches and in silico method. Hesperetin effectively quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of HSAA and the quenching was mixed quenching mechanism. The interaction perturbed the HSAA intrinsic fluorophore microenvironment and the enzyme global surface hydrophobicity. The negative values of ΔG for thermodynamic parameters and in silico study revealed the spontaneity of HSAA-hesperetin complex while the positive values of enthalpy change (ΔH) and entropy change (ΔS) showed noticeable involvement of hydrophobic bonding in the stabilization of the complex. Hesperetin was a mixed inhibitor for HSAA with a KI of 44.60 ± 1.63 μM and having apparent inhibition coefficient (α) of 0.26. Macromolecular crowding, given rise to microviscosity and anomalous diffusion, regulated the interaction. Sodium ion (Na+) created high ionic strength, also, modulated the interaction. The in silico study proposed the preferential binding of hesperetin at the active cleft domain of HSAA with the least energy of -8.0 kcal/mol. This work gives a novel insight on the potentials of hesperetin as a future prospective medicinal candidate in the management of postprandial hyperglycemic condition.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Molecular dynamics simulation and in vitro digestion to examine the impact of theaflavin on the digestibility and structural properties of myosin

In this study, the interaction mechanism between theaflavin and myosin was explored to confirm the potential application of theaflavin in the meat protein system. A series of theaflavin and myosin solutions were prepared for spectroscopic studies. Spectroscopy results showed that theaflavins formed complexes with myosin and affected the microenvironment of myosin. And that addition of theaflavin cause static quenching of the myosin solution. Theaflavin and bovine myosin combined through hydrophobic interaction to form a complex, and gradually increasing the temperature was conducive to the binding of theaflavin and bovine myosin. This interaction results in a decrease in the α -helix content of myosin. Molecular dynamics simulation results confirmed that hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds made the protein structure more compact and stable. And the in vitro digestion process was simulated. The results showed that the addition of theaflavin could significantly reduce the digestibility of myosin.

The potential of esculin in ameliorating Type-2 diabetes mellitus induced neuropathy in Wistar rats and probing its inhibitory mechanism of insulin aggregation

Diabetic neuropathy encompasses multiple pathological disturbances, many of which coincide with the pathophysiological mechanisms of neurodegenerative disorders. In the present study, various biophysical techniques like Rayleigh light scattering assay, Thioflavin T assay, far-UV Circular Dichroism spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy have unveiled the anti-fibrillatory effect of esculin upon human insulin fibrillation. MTT cytotoxicity assay demonstrated the biocompatibility of esculin and in-vivo studies such as behavioral tests like hot plate test, tail immersion test, acetone drop test, plantar test were performed for validating diabetic neuropathy. Assessment of levels of serum biochemical parameters, oxidative stress parameters, pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as neuron specific markers was done in the current study. Rat brains were subjected to histopathology and their sciatic nerves were subjected to transmission electron microscopy to analyze myelin structure alterations. All these results reveal that esculin ameliorates diabetic neuropathy in experimental diabetic rats. Conclusively, our study demonstrates the anti-amyloidogenic potential of esculin in the form of inhibition of human insulin fibrillation, making it a promising candidate in combating neurodegenerative disorders in the near future and the results of various behavioral, biochemical, and molecular studies reveal that esculin possesses anti-lipidemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective properties which help in ameliorating diabetic neuropathy in streptozotocin induced diabetic Wistar rats.

Identification of binding sites for Tartary buckwheat protein-phenols covalent complex and alterations in protein structure and antioxidant properties

To investigate the effects of structure, multiple binding sites and antioxidant property of Tartary buckwheat protein-phenols covalent complex, protein was combined with different concentrations of phenolic extract. Four kinds of phenols were identified by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS, which were rutin, quercetin, kaempferol and myricetin. UV-vis absorption spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction showed that the phenols can successfully bind to BPI. Fourier-transform infrared, circular dichroism and fluorescence emission spectroscopy showed that the binding of phenol can change the secondary/tertiary structure of protein. The particle distribution indicated that the binding of phenols could reduce the particle size (from 304.70 to 205.55 nm), but cross-linking occurred (435.35 nm) when the bound phenol content was too high. Proteomics showed that only rutin, quercetin and myricetin can covalently bind to BPI. Meanwhile, 4 peptides covalently bound to phenols were identified. The DPPH· scavenging capacity of complexes were from 8.38 to 33.76 %, and the ABTS·⁺ binding activity of complexes were from 19.35 to 63.99 %. The antioxidant activity of the complex was significantly higher than that of the pure protein. These results indicated that protein-phenol covalent complexes had great potential as functional components in the food field.

Biophysical insight into the anti-fibrillation potential of Glyburide for its possible implication in therapeutic intervention of amyloid associated diseases

Protein aggregation is an underlying cause of many neurodegenerative diseases. Also, the overlapping pathological disturbances between neurodegenerative diseases and type-2 diabetes mellitus have urged the scientific community to explore potential of already available anti-diabetic medications in impeding amyloid formation too. Recent study brief out promising potential of an anti-diabetic drug Glyburide(GLY) as an inhibitor of amyloid fibrillation utilizing several biophysical techniques, computational methods and imaging tools. The mechanism of interaction was elucidated and the structural alterations in human serum albumin(HSA) as well as the microenvironment changes of its fluorophores(tryptophan, tyrosine) upon interacting with GLY were studied by spectroscopic techniques like Circular dichroism and synchronous fluorescence. Binding studies detailing about the GLY-HSA complex distance and the energy transfer efficiency was obtained by Fluorescence resonance energy transfer. For aggregation inhibition studies, the existence and size of aggregates formed in HSA and their inhibition by GLY was determined by Turbidity assay, Dynamic light scattering and Rayleigh light scattering along with dye binding assays. The ThT kinetics measurements analysis suggested that GLY deaccelerates fibrillation by decrement of apparent rate(K_app) constant. The inhibitory effect of GLY might be attributed to native structure stabilization of HSA by obstruction into β-sheet conversion as confirmed by CD spectroscopy results. Amyloid inhibition and suppression of amyloid-induced hemolysis by GLY was further delineated by TEM and SEM analysis respectively. All these findings for the first time report the new facet of the anti-amyloidogenic potential of GLY, making it a promising candidate to treat neurodegenerative diseases too in the near future.

Interactions between Human Serum Albumin and Sulfadimethoxine Determined Using Spectroscopy and Molecular Docking

Sulfonamides are widely used antibiotics in agricultural production. However, the potential threat of these drugs to human health has increased global concern. Human serum albumin (HSA) is the main reservoir and transporter of exogenous small molecules in humans. In this study, the interaction between sulfadimethoxine (SMT) and human serum albumin (HSA) was studied using spectroscopy and computer simulation. Our results showed that the hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces drove SMT to enter the binding site I of HSA spontaneously and resulted in the fluorescence quenching of HSA. The stability of the HSA–SMT complex decreased with an increase in temperature. The binding of SMT to HSA induced alterations in the secondary structure of HSA, where the content of α-helix decreased from 61.0% of the free state to 59.0% of the compound state. The π–π, π–σ, and π–alkyl interactions between HSA and SMT were found to play important roles in maintaining the stability of the complex.

Investigation on conformational variation and fibrillation of human serum albumin affected by molybdenum disulfide quantum dots

In this work, binding interaction between molybdenum disulfide quantum dots (MoS₂ QDs) and human serum albumin (HSA) was researched deeply to dissect the conformational variation and fibrillation of HSA affected by MoS₂ QDs. The results revealed that MoS₂ QDs bound strongly with HSA with molar ratio of 1:1 under the joint actions of hydrogen bond and van der Waals force, leading to the static fluorescence quenching of HSA. MoS₂ QDs caused the secondary structure transition of HSA from α-helix stepwise to β-turn, β-sheet, and random coil gradually. MoS₂ QDs reduced both the molar enthalpy change and the melting temperature of HSA, reducing the thermal stability of HSA significantly. It is worth noting that MoS₂ QDs inhibited the fibrillation process of HSA according to the reduced hydrophobic environment and the disturbance of disulfide bonds in HSA network structure. These results reveal the precise binding mechanism of MoS₂ QDs with HSA at molecular level, providing indispensable information for the potential application of MoS₂ QDs in biological fields.

Inhibition behavior of Sennoside A and Sennoside C on amyloid fibrillation of human lysozyme and its possible mechanism

Amyloid proteins were recognized as the crucial cause of many senile diseases. In this study, the inhibitory effects of Sennoside A (SA) and Sennoside C (SC) on amyloid fibrillation were evaluated by the combination of biophysical approaches and molecular docking tool using human lysozyme (HL) as amyloid-forming model. The results of thioflavin-T (ThT), 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS) and congo red (CR) assays indicated that both SA and SC could inhibit the amyloid fibrillation of HL in a dose-dependent manner. The IC₅₀ value of SA and SC on HL fibrillation was 200.09 μM and 186.20 μM, respectively. These findings were further verified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), which showed that the addition of SA or SC could sharply reduce the amyloid fibrillation of HL. Additionally, the interactions of HL with SA and SC were investigated by steady-state fluorescence spectra and molecular docking studies. The results suggested that both SA and SC could bind to the binding pocket of HL and form a stable complex mainly via hydrogen bonds, van-der-Waals forces and hydrophobic interactions. In conclusion, our experiments revealed that both SA and SC can significantly inhibit amyloid fibrillation of HL.

Investigation of the binding properties between levamlodipine and HSA based on MCR-ALS and computer modeling

Levamlodipine (LEE) is a drug commonly used for antihypertensive treatment in clinical therapy. The overlapping fluorescence spectra of LEE and human serum albumin (HSA) cause some trouble in analysis of interactions between them by using the classic fluorescence method. Here, the multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) approach was used to overcome this disadvantage. Meanwhile, the binding properties of LEE-HSA complex were then explored through computer modeling. The MCR-ALS results suggested that LEE-HSA complex was present in the mixture solution of LEE and HSA. This conclusion was then confirmed by the Stern-Volmer equation and time-resolved fluorescence experiment. The binding constant (K_a) was 2.139 × 10⁴ L·mol^-1 at 298 K. LEE was located close to the Trp-214 residue of HSA, with van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding as main driving forces for this interaction. LEE can alter the conformation of HSA, in which the content of α-helix reduced from 57.2% to 52.3%. The Pi-Alkyl interactions contributed to maintaining the stability of the LEE-HSA complex. The results of molecular dynamics simulations showed that LEE-HSA complex was formed within 5 ns, and the particle size (R_g) of HSA was altered by the binding reaction. This study would promote better understanding of the transportation and distribution mechanisms of LEE in the human body.

Protective effects of three structurally similar polyphenolic compounds against oxidative damage and their binding properties to human serum albumin

Brazilin (Bra), hematoxylin (Hto) and hematein (Hte) are structurally similar polyphenols having rich biological activities, but their antioxidant ability has not been well studied. Here, their protective ability against human serum albumin (HSA) oxidative degradation were investigated using 2,2'-Azobis (2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH), NaClO and Fenton like reactions methods. The results indicated that polyphenols inhibited the oxidative injuries of HSA in the order: Hto > Bra > Hte. Additionally, the biological effects of polyphenols were mostly influenced by their binding to protein. Therefore, the structure-affinity relationships of polyphenols binding to HSA were also explored. Fluorescence experiments indicated that polyphenols bound to HSA through static quenching mechanism. Furthermore, some conformational changes of HSA could be observed in the presence of polyphenols. Altogether, molecular structure of polyphenols played a significant role in their protective effect against HSA oxidative damage and binding ability, which provided fundamental insights into their application as health care foods.

Synthesis, characterization and bioactivity studies of new dithiocarbazate complexes

Six new dithiocarbazate compounds are synthesized and characterized. HSA interaction and MTT assay are evaluated for all compounds.

Study on the Interactions Between Caffeoylquinic Acids With Bovine Serum Albumin: Spectroscopy, Antioxidant Activity, LC-MSn, and Molecular Docking Approach

Clarified the binding mechanism of drugs with plasma proteins could provide fresh insights into the drug development. Caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs) are a kind of phenolic acid compounds which has extensive biological effects. This study investigated the binding mechanism of three CQAs, including chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, and cryptochlorogenic acid, with bovine serum albumin (BSA) by using multi-spectroscopic techniques, including fluorescence, UV-Vis, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, LC-MSⁿ, molecular docking and antioxidant activity assessment. In addition, the influences of PBS buffer, Tris-HCl buffer and water as solvents on the characteristics of CQAs and BSA interaction were also investigated. The results showed that intrinsic fluorescence of BSA was quenched by CQAs and the interaction was static quenching with the formation of a non-fluorescent complex. The binding of CQAs and BSA was spontaneous, and Van der Waals forces and hydrogen-bond interaction occupied crucial roles in the binding. All the three CQAs could bind to Site I in Domain IIA. The weakest interaction between neochlorogenic acid and BSA may due to its larger polarity. The results also indicated that the binding affinity of CQAs had a descending order of Tris-HCl > H₂O > PBS. This study firstly clarified the binding mechanism of CQAs with BSA and changes of the binding in different solvents, and provided fresh insights into this drug transportation and metabolism.

Both beta sheet breaker and alpha helix forming pentapeptide inhibits protein fibrillation: Implication for the treatment of amyloid disorders

For the first time, the effect of two novel designed pentapeptides on amyloid growth of human insulin using combined biophysical, microscopic, cell viability and computational approaches. Collective experimental data from ThT, ANS, and TEM demonstrate that in spite of having contrasting features, both peptides can effectively inhibit amyloid formation by prolonging lag phase, slowing down aggregation rate, and reducing final fibril formation (up to 84.26% and 85.24% by P1 and P7 respectively). Although pure amyloid caused profound cellular toxicity in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells, amyloid formed in the presence of peptides showed much reduced cellular toxicity. Such an inhibitory effect can be attributed to interference with the structural transition of insulin toward β-sheet structure by peptides. Furthermore, molecular dynamic simulations confirm that peptide preferentially binds to nearby region which is more prone to form aggregates that consequently disrupts self-assembly into amyloid fibrils (P1 and P7 possess inhibition constant value of 0.000183 and 0.000216 nm, respectively), supporting our experimental observations. This study underscores the information about the sequence based inhibition mechanism of peptides that might dictate their inhibition or modulation capacity, which might be helpful in designing anti-amyloid therapeutics.

Cytotoxic species in amyloid-associated diseases: Oligomers or mature fibrils

Amyloid diseases especially, Alzheimer's disease (AD), is characterized by an imbalance between the production and clearance of amyloid-β (Aβ) species. Amyloidogenic proteins or peptides can transform structurally from monomers into β-stranded fibrils via multiple oligomeric states. Among various amyloid species, structured oligomers are proposed to be more toxic than fibrils; however, the identification of amyloid oligomers has been challenging due to their heterogeneous and metastable nature. Multiple techniques have recently helped in better understanding of oligomer's assembly details and structural properties. Moreover, some progress on elucidating the mechanisms of oligomer-triggered toxicity has been made. Based on the collection of current findings, there is growing consensus that control of toxic amyloid oligomers could be a valid approach to regulate amyloid-associated toxicity, which could advance development of new diagnostics and therapeutics for amyloid-related diseases. In this review, we have described the recent scenario of amyloid diseases with a great deal of information about the recent understanding of oligomers' assembly, structural properties, and toxicity. Also comprehensive details have been provided to differentiate the degree of toxicity associated with prefibrillar aggregates.

Stabilizing proteins to prevent conformational changes required for amyloid fibril formation

Amyloid fibrillation is associated with several human maladies, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's diseases, prions, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and type 2 diabetes diseases. Gaining insights into the mechanism of amyloid fibril formation and exploring novel approaches to fibrillation inhibition are crucial for preventing amyloid diseases. Here, we hypothesized that ligands capable of stabilizing the native state of query proteins might prevent protein unfolding, which, in turn, may reduce the propensity of proteins to form amyloid fibrils. We demonstrated the efficient inhibition of amyloid formation of the human serum albumin (HSA) (up to 85%) and human insulin (up to 80%) by a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ibuprofen (IBFN). IBFN significantly increases the conformational stability of both HSA and insulin, as confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Moreover, increasing concentration of IBFN boosts its amyloid inhibitory propensity in a linear fashion by influencing the nucleation phase as assayed by thioflavin T fluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering. Furthermore, circular dichroism analysis supported the DSC results, showing that IBFN binds to the native state of proteins and almost completely prevents their tendency to lose secondary and tertiary structures. Cell toxicity assay confirms that species formed in the presence of IBFN are less toxic to neuronal cells (SH-SY5Y). These results demonstrate the feasibility of using a small molecule to stabilize the native state of proteins, thereby preventing the amyloidogenic conformational changes, which appear to be the common link in several human amyloid diseases.

DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Opium, a Friend or Foe

Opium has found great use medicinally for its analgesic properties and has been witnessed as one of the most popular medications used in psychiatry. Opium derivatives have been shown as efficacious for relieving pain and the treatment of epileptic seizures, but progressive research toward their use in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases remain elusive. To gain more insight into the other properties of opium such as anti-inflammatory properties, herein we discuss basic information regarding opium, opium content and mechanism of action, pharmacology of opium derivatives, the role of opium in the prevention of neurodegeneration, and adverse effects of opium derivatives on neuronal health.

A comprehensive spectroscopic and computational investigation on the binding of the anti-asthmatic drug triamcinolone with serum albumin

Binding study of triamcinolone with BSA through in vitro and in silico approaches, helping in the development of drugs with better therapeutic efficacy.

Gallic acid influence on bovine serum albumin thermal stability

A thermoanalytical approach reveals the dual action of GA on BSA thermal stability.

Influence of the ionic strength on the amyloid fibrillogenesis of hen egg white lysozyme

The study investigates the role of the electrostatic interactions in the fibrillation of the hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL). In order to achieve this aim the influence of the cations Na⁺, Mg²⁺ and Al³⁺ on the amyloid fibril formation and amorphous aggregation was tested. The amyloids are formed in the solution without added salt but the Thioflavin T fluorescence gives the false-negative result. In these conditions, the HEWL fibrils are long and curvy. If the ionic strength of the solution is sufficiently high, the formed amyloids are shorter and fragmented. Our study shows that the addition of the aluminium salt promotes protein fibrillation. The amorphous aggregation dominates in the high concentration of electrolyte. The in vitro amyloid fibril formation seems to be regulated by universal mechanisms. The theories implemented in the polymer science or for colloidal solutions give the qualitative description of the aggregation phenomena. However, the specific interactions and the additional effects (e.g. fibril fragmentation) modulate the amyloidogenesis.

Capreomycin inhibits the initiation of amyloid fibrillation and suppresses amyloid induced cell toxicity

Protein aggregation and amyloid fibrillation are responsible for several serious pathological conditions (like type II diabetes, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases etc.) and protein drugs ineffectiveness. Therefore, a molecule that can inhibit the amyloid fibrillation and potentially clear amyloid fibrils is of great therapeutic value. In this manuscript, we investigated the antiamyloidogenic, fibril disaggregating, as well as cell protective effect of an anti-tuberculosis drug, Capreomycin (CN). Aggregation kinetics data, as monitored by ThT fluorescence, inferred that CN retards the insulin amyloid fibrillation by primarily targeting the fibril elongation step with little effect on lag time. Increasing the dose of CN boosted its inhibitory potency. Strikingly, CN arrested the growth of fibrils when added during the elongation phase, and disaggregated mature insulin fibrils. Our Circular Dichroism (CD) results showed that, although CN is not able to maintain the alpha helical structure of protein during fibrillation, reduces the formation of beta sheet rich structure. Furthermore, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Transmission Electronic Microscopy (TEM) analysis confirmed that CN treated samples exhibited different size distribution and morphology, respectively. In addition, molecular docking results revealed that CN interacts with insulin through hydrophobic interactions as well as hydrogen bonding, and the Hemolytic assay confirmed the non-hemolytic activity of CN on human RBCs. For future research, this study may assist in the rational designing of molecules against amyloid formation.

Investigating the site selective binding of busulfan to human serum albumin: Biophysical and molecular docking approaches

We have studied the binding of busulfan (BN) to human serum albumin (HSA) at physiological pH 7.4 by using fluorescence, UV-vis and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopic tools, as well as dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements and molecular simulation approaches. HSA fluorescence quenching experiments showed that BN reduces the HSA native fluorescence intensity through the static mechanism. In addition, a single binding site on the HSA is occupied by BN with a binding constant at 298K of 1.84×10³M^-1. The enthalpy change (ΔH) and entropy change (ΔS) of BN-HSA interaction were calculated as -1.40kcalmol^-1 and +10.14calmol^-1K^-1 respectively, which suggest the possible interaction mode as hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding. Moreover, the secondary structure alteration of HSA following its complexation with BN was studied and showed that α-helical content of HSA gets increased on interacting with BN. Ligand binding site to HSA was further investigated by site-specific markers in fluorescence measurements as well molecular modeling approach which indicated that BN bind to the nearby sudlow site II of HSA through hydrophobic as well as hydrogen bonding interaction. The present study will be helpful for understanding the binding mechanism of BN to human serum albumin.