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Hiba IH, Koh JK, Lai CW, Mousavi SM, Badruddin IA, Hussien M, Wong JP. Polyrhodanine-based nanomaterials for biomedical applications: A review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28902. [PMID: 38633652 PMCID: PMC11021909 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Rhodanine is a heterocyclic organic compound that has been investigated for its potential biomedical applications, particularly in drug discovery. Rhodanine derivatives have been examined as the medication options for numerous illnesses, including cancer, inflammation, and infectious diseases. Some rhodanine derivatives have also shown promising activity against drug-resistant strains of bacteria and viruses. One of these derivatives is polyrhodanine (PR), a conducting polymer that has gained attention for its biomedical properties. This review article summarises the latest advancements in creating biomaterials based on PR for biosensing, antimicrobial treatments, and anticancer therapies. The distinctive characteristics of PR, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and good conductivity, render it an attractive candidate for these applications. The article also explores obstacles and potential future paths for advancing biomaterials made with PR, including synthesis modifications, characterisation techniques, and in vivo evaluation of biocompatibility and efficacy. Overall, as an emerging research topic, this review emphasises the potential of PR as a promising biomaterial for various biomedical applications and provides insights into the contemporary state of research and prospective directions for investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Huzyan Hiba
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), University of Malaya (UM), 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jin Kwei Koh
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), University of Malaya (UM), 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chin Wei Lai
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), University of Malaya (UM), 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
| | - Irfan Anjum Badruddin
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Hussien
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jest Phia Wong
- Harper Elite Sdn Bhd, UG-23, PJ Midtown, Jalan Kemajuan, Seksyen 13, 46200, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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de Cristo Soares Alves A, Rosane Dallemole D, Medeiro Ciocheta T, Ferreira Weber A, da Silva Gündel S, Visioli F, Figueiró F, Stanisçuaski Guterres S, Raffin Pohlmann A. Chicken embryo model for in vivo acute toxicological and antitumor efficacy evaluation of lipid nanocarrier containing doxorubicin. Int J Pharm X 2023; 6:100193. [PMID: 38204452 PMCID: PMC10777201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2023.100193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanoencapsulation of chemotherapeutics, including doxorubicin, can endow the formulations with unique properties, such as a decrease in adverse effects and toxicity. The chicken embryo model is an alternative and well-accepted strategy for evaluating the toxicity and efficacy of drugs and nanoformulations. Therefore, this study proposes the development of a new lipid nanocarrier for doxorubicin delivery (NanoLip-Dox) and posterior evaluation of toxicological profile and antitumoral efficacy against a breast tumor in chicken embryos. NanoLip-Dox showed a unimodal particle size (< 150 nm), negative zeta potential (-19.5 mV), absence of drug crystals, drug content of 0.099 mg·mL-1, and high entrapment efficiency (95%). NanoLip-Dox did not cause toxicity in the chicken embryos; in contrast, doxorubicin hydrochloride induced moderate irritation in the chorioallantoic membrane (at 862.1 μmol·L-1), a survival rate of 50% (at 1.7 μmol·L-1), and an increase in aspartate aminotransferase (at 862.1, 344.8, and 172.4 μmol·L-1). In addition, NanoLip-Dox (at 1.7 μmol·L-1) showed potent antitumor efficacy with a high tumor remission percentage (40.9 ± 9.7%) compared to the control group (8.6 ± 14.8%). These findings together with the absence of toxicity concerning morphological characteristics, weights of embryos and organs, hematologic parameters, and enzymatic activity (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and creatinine) suggest the safety and efficacy of NanoLip-Dox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline de Cristo Soares Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Danieli Rosane Dallemole
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Taiane Medeiro Ciocheta
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Augusto Ferreira Weber
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Samanta da Silva Gündel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Visioli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Figueiró
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Silvia Stanisçuaski Guterres
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, 90610-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriana Raffin Pohlmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, 90610-000, RS, Brazil
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Salam A, Hassan T, Jabri T, Riaz S, Khan A, Iqbal KM, Khan SU, Wasim M, Shah MR, Khan MQ, Kim IS. Electrospun Nanofiber-Based Viroblock/ZnO/PAN Hybrid Antiviral Nanocomposite for Personal Protective Applications. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11092208. [PMID: 34578527 PMCID: PMC8465428 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Designing novel antiviral personal protective equipment (PPE) is crucial for preventing viral infections such as COVID-19 in humans. Here, we fabricate an electrospun nanofiber-based Viroblock (VB)-loaded polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/zinc oxide (ZnO) hybrid nanocomposite for PPE applications. Five different concentrations of Viroblock (0.5%, 1.5%, 2.5%, 3.5%, and 5%) were added to PAN/ZnO solution and loaded for electrospinning. The developed samples reflected antibacterial activity of 92.59% and 88.64% against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, respectively, with 5% VB loading. Moreover, a significant reduction in virus titer (37%) was observed with the 5% VB/PAN/ZnO nanofiber sheet. Hence, VB-loaded PAN/ZnO nanofibers have great potential to kill enveloped viruses such as influenzas and coronaviruses and could be the ideal candidate for the development of nanofiber-based PPE, such as facemasks and surgical gowns, which can play a key role in the protection of frontline health workers and the general public in the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Salam
- Nanotechnology Research Group, Department of Textile and Clothing, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, National Textile University Karachi Campus, Industrial Area Korangi, Karachi 74900, Pakistan; (A.S.); (T.H.)
| | - Tufail Hassan
- Nanotechnology Research Group, Department of Textile and Clothing, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, National Textile University Karachi Campus, Industrial Area Korangi, Karachi 74900, Pakistan; (A.S.); (T.H.)
| | - Tooba Jabri
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; (T.J.); (K.M.I.); (M.R.S.)
| | - Shagufta Riaz
- Functional Textile Research Group, Department of Textile Engineering, National Textile University, Faisalabad 37610, Pakistan;
| | - Amina Khan
- Department of Chemistry, National Textile University, Faisalabad 37610, Pakistan;
| | - Kanwal Muhammad Iqbal
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; (T.J.); (K.M.I.); (M.R.S.)
| | - Saif ullah Khan
- Department of Textile Engineering, Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87100, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Wasim
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Modification of Liaoning Province, School of Textile and Materials Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China;
| | - Muhammad Raza Shah
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; (T.J.); (K.M.I.); (M.R.S.)
| | - Muhammad Qamar Khan
- Nanotechnology Research Group, Department of Textile and Clothing, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, National Textile University Karachi Campus, Industrial Area Korangi, Karachi 74900, Pakistan; (A.S.); (T.H.)
- Correspondence: (M.Q.K.); (I.-S.K.); Tel.: +92-314-6300683 (M.Q.K.)
| | - Ick-Soo Kim
- Division of Frontier Fiber, Institute of Fiber Engineering, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research (ICCER), Faculty of Textile Sciences, Shinshu University, Tokida 3151, Ueda, Nagano 386 8567, Japan
- Correspondence: (M.Q.K.); (I.-S.K.); Tel.: +92-314-6300683 (M.Q.K.)
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Ceylan Z, Ocak E, Uçar Y, Karakus K, Cetinkaya T. An overview of food safety and COVID-19 infection. ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT OF NOVEL CORONAVIRUS DISEASE (COVID-19 ) 2021. [PMCID: PMC8237532 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85780-2.00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenzas, Ebola, Nipah, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is an RNA virus covered by a lipid bilayer, are directly affecting people worldwide. On the other hand, in addition to the main spread source (human contact) of SARS-CoV-2, consumers have started to think about whether foods are dangerous in terms of SARS-CoV-2 spread. The consumption of wild animals as well as the possible contamination of SARS-CoV-2 in fresh and frozen foods have caused concern and increased awareness among consumers. A heating process >70°C is being suggested to eliminate viral contamination risk. Cutting tools, slicing machines, and food-contact surfaces including stainless steel, aluminum, or glass must be regularly sanitized. The sous vide cooking method, which is based on cooking under vacuum and with pH treatments in the range of 3 and 10, could be advised in this risky period for decreasing contamination risk in food. Also, recent studies have shown that nanotechnology applications such as nanoparticles could be used to combat the SARS-CoV-2 spread, which is 50–200 nm in size. Another suggested technique is cold plasma technology that could damage the protein structure of the virus. Besides these techniques, it is important to boost the immune system. In this regard, recent researches have revealed the importance of honey consumption (1 g/kg per person/day), intake of vitamins, minerals like selenium, and ω-3 fatty acids.
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Nanoparticles as a novel and promising antiviral platform in veterinary medicine. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2673-2682. [PMID: 34297222 PMCID: PMC8298697 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05177-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Traditional veterinary virus vaccines, such as inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines, have achieved tremendous success in controlling many viral diseases of livestock and chickens worldwide. However, many recent viral outbreaks caused by different emerging and re-emerging viruses continue to be reported annually worldwide. It is therefore necessary to develop new control regimens. Nanoparticle research has received considerable attention in the last two decades as a promising platform with significant success in veterinary medicine, replacing traditional viral vector vaccines. However, the field of nanoparticle applications is still in its initial phase of growth. Here, we discuss various preparation methods, characteristics, physical properties, antiviral effects, and pharmacokinetics of well-developed nanoparticles and the potential of nanoparticles or nano-vaccines as a promising antiviral platform for veterinary medicine.
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Buhr CR, Wiesmann N, Tanner RC, Brieger J, Eckrich J. The Chorioallantoic Membrane Assay in Nanotoxicological Research-An Alternative for In Vivo Experimentation. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10122328. [PMID: 33255445 PMCID: PMC7760845 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials unveil many applicational possibilities for technical and medical purposes, which range from imaging techniques to the use as drug carriers. Prior to any human application, analysis of undesired effects and characterization of their toxicological profile is mandatory. To address this topic, animal models, and rodent models in particular, are most frequently used. However, as the reproducibility and transferability to the human organism of animal experimental data is increasingly questioned and the awareness of animal welfare in society increases at the same time, methodological alternatives are urgently required. The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay is an increasingly popular in ovo experimental organism suitable for replacement of rodent experimentation. In this review, we outline several application fields for the CAM assay in the field of nanotoxicology. Furthermore, analytical methods applicable with this model were evaluated in detail. We further discuss ethical, financial, and bureaucratic aspects and benchmark the assay with other established in vivo models such as rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph R. Buhr
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany; (C.R.B.); (N.W.); (R.C.T.); (J.E.)
| | - Nadine Wiesmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany; (C.R.B.); (N.W.); (R.C.T.); (J.E.)
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, -Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
| | - Rachel C. Tanner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany; (C.R.B.); (N.W.); (R.C.T.); (J.E.)
| | - Jürgen Brieger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany; (C.R.B.); (N.W.); (R.C.T.); (J.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-6131-17-3354
| | - Jonas Eckrich
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany; (C.R.B.); (N.W.); (R.C.T.); (J.E.)
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Soleimani Lashkenari M, Nikpay A, Soltani M, Gerayeli A. In vitro antiprotozoal activity of poly(rhodanine)-coated zinc oxide nanoparticles against Trichomonas gallinae. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2019.1591972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Nikpay
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
| | - Maryam Soltani
- Young Researchers and Elite club, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ali Gerayeli
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
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Soleimani Lashkenari M, Ghorbani M, Naghibi H, Khalaj P. Synthesis and characterization of polyrhodanine/nickel ferrite nanocomposite with an effective and broad spectrum antibacterial activity. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2018.1563124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohsen Ghorbani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technolgy, Shariati Ave., Babol, Iran
| | - Hananeh Naghibi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Mazandaran University of Science & Technology, Babol, Iran
| | - Pouria Khalaj
- North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Verdi CM, Jesus FPK, Kommers G, Ledur PC, Azevedo MI, Loreto ES, Tondolo JSM, Andrade ENC, Schlemmer KB, Alves SH, Santurio JM. Embryonated chicken eggs: An experimental model for Pythium insidiosum infection. Mycoses 2017; 61:104-110. [PMID: 28972292 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pythiosis is a severe disease caused by Pythium insidiosum. Currently, the research on the treatment of pythiosis uses rabbits as an experimental infection model. To reduce the use of animals in scientific experimentation, alternative models are increasingly necessary options. The objective of this study was to establish a new experimental infection model for pythiosis using embryonated chicken eggs. First, we tested the inoculation of 4 zoospore concentrations into the egg allantoic cavity at 3 embryonic days. We observed that increased zoospore concentration causes a decrease in survival time, and at a later embryonic day (the 14th) of infection, embryos showed delayed mortality. To confirm the reproducibility of the model, we chose the 14th embryonic day for the inoculation of 50 zoospores/egg, and the experiment was repeated twice. Mortality began with 30% embryos 48 hours after inoculation, and 95% embryos died within 72 hours. There was no mortality in the uninfected control group. The infection was confirmed by culture, PCR and histopathology. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of hyphae in blood vessels in the umbilical cords in 95% of embryos and only 1 liver (5%). Our results suggest that embryonated eggs can be a very useful alternative infection model to study pythiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila M Verdi
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Francielli P K Jesus
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica, Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Kommers
- Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Pauline C Ledur
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Maria I Azevedo
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Erico S Loreto
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Juliana S M Tondolo
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Eduardo N C Andrade
- Graduando em Medicina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Karine B Schlemmer
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Sydney H Alves
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Janio M Santurio
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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