A novel low molecular weight Enteromorpha polysaccharide-iron (III) complex and its effect on rats with iron deficiency anemia (IDA)

Bioaccessibility of iron in developed pectin iron complex using Citrus limon Burm F. peels subjected to in-vitro gastro-pancreatic digestion

Pectin from the citrus peel waste has novel applications in food and biomedical industries. The present work focused on addressing iron deficiency, which is a global health concern, by developing a functional ingredient using pectin extracted from Assam lemon (Citrus limon Burm. F) and supplementing iron via the pectin‑iron complex (PIC). Extracted pectin was incubated with iron chloride hexahydrate (0.90-1.80 mM) for 180 h to optimize the complexation conditions, with the optimal concentration being 1.36 mM. The iron bioavailability and its absorption in the PIC was assessed using in-vitro simulation digestion and Caco-2 cell monolayers. The bioaccessible form of iron in the developed PIC during the intestinal phase was 5.34 ± 0.16%, which was negligible in pectin. The absorption of bioaccessible iron in the PIC was found to be 2.93 ± 0.03%. The results demonstrated that PIC could reduce iron deficiency and increase fibre intake, leading to several health benefits.

Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharide-Fe (III) complex promotes intestinal development as a new iron supplement

Iron is a crucial micronutrient, and its deficiency can have detrimental effects on the health of infants. Dietary polysaccharide-iron (III) complexes (PICs) are promising for addressing iron deficiency due to their minimal adverse reactions and high iron absorption rate. This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharide-Fe (III) complex (EP-Fe) on newborns, using 3-day weaned piglets as the iron-deficiency model. Results showed that EP-Fe improved iron levels and promoted intestinal development in piglets. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that EP-Fe increased the survival of intestinal epithelial cells under hypoxia by upregulating the expression of genes that promote the development of the vascular system. Additionally, EP-Fe enhanced the mucosal barrier functions by inhibiting myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)/phosphorylated myosin light chain (p-MLC) signaling pathway to increase the expression of intestinal tight junction proteins. Furthermore, the 16S rRNA gene sequencing of gut microbiota showed that EP-Fe promoted the enrichment of Bacteroides_fragilis and other gut microbes that can metabolize carbohydrates. In conclusion, EP-Fe is an effective iron supplement for newborns, and it can be developed as a comprehensive nutritional supplement.

Investigating the mechanism of Zn cross-linking of chitin in a mycelium-based leather substitute and its performance evaluation

Mycelium-based leather substitutes with a three-dimensional reticulated structure have attracted attention owing to the negative environmental impacts of natural and synthetic leather. This study utilised Ganoderma lucidum mycelium to prepare a mycelium-based leather substitute with zinc cross-linking (MF-Zn) and evaluated its physicochemical properties and sensory performance; the conventional Cr3+ tanning method was used as reference. Results demonstrated that Zn2+ and Cr3+ formed cross-links with the -OH and -NHOCH3 groups in the polysaccharides of chitin, while Zn2+ selectively bonded to a fraction of -NH2 groups in cystine and phenylalanine. The mycelium-based leather substitute with Zn cross-linking exhibited impressive tensile strength and tear strength of 7.0 MPa and 16.4 kN/m, respectively, while demonstrating desirable organoleptic properties. The free radical-scavenging capacity of MF-Zn was assessed, revealing a DPPH radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging rates of 39.4% and 52.7%, respectively. By successfully investigating the cross-linking mechanism of mycelial fibres with Zn2+ and obtaining the stabilised mycelium-based leather substitute, this study establishes a fundamental basis for the development of sustainable leather substitutes, meeting the requirements and facilitating significant advancements in low-carbon leather substitute production.

Cyclodextrin-Polymethylsilsesquioxane Combined System as a Perspective Iron Delivery System for Oral Administration

Anemia is a global health problem that affects both adults and children, but treatment is hampered by serious side effects, primarily associated with the gastrointestinal tract with oral administration of drugs. In this study, we aimed to develop an oral form of iron compounds using polymethylsilsesquioxane hydrogels. To boost loading efficiency and prolong release, the iron compounds (FeCl3 and ferrous D-Gluconate) are incorporated into a guest-host complex with 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin. We used PRXD, SEM, EDX mapping, and FTIR to investigate the complex formation, as well as the incorporation of such complexes into hydrogels. The optimal system underlines a combination of ferrous D-Gluconate and HPCD in a 1:1 molar ratio, embedded into a hydrogel with a modest quantity of silicate crosslinks. We demonstrated the slowing of iron release in a gastric media. Mathematical investigation revealed that the Higuchi mechanism releases iron from the hydrogel.

Preparation of Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata Polysaccharide Iron(III) Complex and Evaluation of Its Biological Activity

This study extracted and purified a polysaccharide from Rehmanniae radix praeparata (RGP) with an average molecular weight. The structural characteristics of RGP and its iron (III) complex, RGP-Fe(III), were examined for their antioxidant properties and potential in treating iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Analysis revealed that RGP comprised Man, Rha, Gal, and Xyl, with a sugar residue skeleton featuring 1→3; 1→2, 3; and 1→2, 3, 4 linkages, among others. RGP-Fe(III) had a molecular weight of 4.39×104 Da. Notably, RGP-Fe(III) exhibited superior antioxidant activity compared to RGP alone. In IDA rat models, treatment with RGP-Fe(III) led to increased weight gain, restoration of key blood parameters including hemoglobin, red blood cells, and mean hemoglobin content, elevated serum iron levels, and decreased total iron-binding capacity. Histological examination revealed no observable toxic effects of RGP-Fe(III) on the liver and spleen. These findings suggest the potential of RGP-Fe(III) as a therapeutic agent for managing IDA and highlight its promising antioxidant properties.

Improvement of in vivo iron bioavailability using mung bean peptide-ferrous chelate

There is an increasing amount of research into the development of a third generation of iron supplementation using peptide-iron chelates. Peptides isolated from mung bean were chelated with ferrous iron (MBP-Fe) and tested as a supplement in mice suffering from iron-deficiency anemia (IDA). Mice were randomly divided into seven groups: a group fed the normal diet, the IDA model group, and IDA groups treated with inorganic iron (FeSO4), organic iron (ferrous bisglycinate, Gly-Fe), low-dose MBP-Fe(L-MBP-Fe), high-dose MBP-Fe(H-MBP-Fe), and MBP mixed with FeSO4 (MBP/Fe). The different iron supplements were fed for 28 days via intragastric administration. The results showed that MBP-Fe and MBP/Fe had ameliorative effects, restoring hemoglobin (HGB), red blood cell (RBC), hematocrit (HCT), and serum iron (SI) levels as well as total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and body weight gain of the IDA mice to normal levels. Compared to the inorganic (FeSO4) and organic (Gly-Fe) iron treatments, the spleen coefficient and damage to liver and spleen tissues were significantly lower in the H-MBP-Fe and MBP/Fe mixture groups, with reparative effects on jejunal tissue. Gene expression analysis of the iron transporters Dmt 1 (Divalent metal transporter 1), Fpn 1 (Ferroportin 1), and Dcytb (Duodenal cytochrome b) indicated that MBP promoted iron uptake. These findings suggest that mung bean peptide-ferrous chelate has potential as a peptide-based dietary supplement for treating iron deficiency.

Protective effect of Angelica sinensis polysaccharide on pregnant rats suffering from iron deficiency anemia via regulation of the hepcidin-FPN1 axis

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a common micronutrient deficiency among pregnant women with deleterious maternal and fetal outcomes. Angelica sinensis polysaccharide (ASP) has been shown to reduce hepcidin expression in IDA rats. However, the role of ASP in the treatment of IDA during pregnancy and its potential mechanisms have not been investigated. Moreover, the effect of ASP on duodenal iron absorption is not clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the preventive efficacy of ASP against IDA during pregnancy and clarify the underlying mechanisms. Our results showed that ASP improved maternal hematological parameters, increased serum iron, maternal tissue iron, and fetal liver iron content, and improved pregnancy outcomes. Additionally, ASP combated oxidative stress caused by iron deficiency by improving the body's antioxidant capacity. Western blot results demonstrated that ASP downregulated hepcidin expression by blocking the BMP6/SMAD4, JAK2/STAT3 and TfR2/HFE signaling pathways, which in turn increased the expression of FPN1 in the liver, spleen, and duodenum and promoted iron cycling in the body. Furthermore, ASP increased the expression of DMT1 and Dcytb in the duodenum, thereby facilitating duodenal iron uptake. Our results suggest that ASP is a potential agent for the prevention and treatment of IDA during pregnancy.

Efficacy of polysaccharide iron complex in IDA rats: A comparative study with iron protein succinylate and ferrous succinate

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common nutrient-related health problem in the world. There is still a lack of comprehensive comparative study on the efficacies of commonly used iron supplements such as polysaccharide iron complex (PIC), iron protein succinylate (IPS) and ferrous succinate (FS) for IDA. In this study, we compared the PIC, IPS and FS efficacies in IDA rats via intragastric administration. The results showed that the three iron supplements had similar efficacies. PIC/IPS/FS at a dose of 15 mg Fe/kg/d for 10 d increased the hematological and serum biochemical parameters to 2.15/2.12/2.18 (Hb), 1.71/1.67/1.69 (RBC), 2.10/2.11/2.12 (HCT), 1.26/1.22/1.22 (MCV), all 1.34 (MCH), 1.15/1.15/1.14 (MCHC), 1.94/1.82/1.91 (SF), 9.75/9.67/9.53 (SI), and 23.30/22.68/21.64 (TS) times, and reduced TIBC to 0.42/0.43/0.44 times, compared to untreated IDA rats. PIC performed slightly better than IPS and FS in restoring MCV level. Meanwhile, the heart, spleen and kidney coefficients reduced to 67%/74%/65% (heart), all 59% (spleen) and 87%/88%/88% (kidney), and the liver coefficient increased to 116%/115%/116%, compared to untreated IDA rats. The liver iron content was found to be more affected by IDA than the spleen iron content. PIC/IPS/FS at 15 mg Fe/kg/d increased organ iron contents to 4.20/3.97/4.03 times (liver) and 1.36/1.24/1.41 times (spleen) within 10 d compared to untreated IDA rats, and PIC-H and FS were slightly better than IPS in restoring spleen iron content. The results of this study can provide useful data information for the comparison of three iron supplements, PIC, IPS and FS.

Structural characterization and anti-inflammatory effects of Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharide-Fe/Zn complexes

The structure of polysaccharide has a great influence on its biological functions, and the chelation with metal ions is an effective way to change polysaccharide structural configuration. Herein, the structure of Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharide (EP)-Fe/Zn complexes were characterized and the results showed that the iron (III) existed in form of β-FeOOH in EP-Fe (III) complex and the zinc (II) existed in form of C-O-Zn in EP-Zn (II) complex. Besides, the chelation with iron (III) or zinc (II) completely changed the apparent forms, and improved the thermal stability of EP. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory activities of EP, EP-Fe and EP-Zn were proved by a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages model. The results showed that EP, EP-Fe (III) and EP-Zn (II) could decrease the mitochondrial membrane potential and the secretion of NO and cytokines induced by LPS. One of the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of EP, EP-Fe (III) and EP-Zn (II) was that they could inhibit mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway via increasing its inhibitor content in cells. Collectively, the research suggested that the chelation with iron (III) or zinc (II) could change the structure and improve the anti-inflammatory activities of EP.

Regulatory Effects Mediated by Enteromorpha prolifera Polysaccharide and Its Zn(II) Complex on Hypoglycemic Activity in High-Sugar High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice

In order to investigate and develop functional foods of marine origin with hypoglycemic activity, Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharide-Zn(II) (EZ) complex was first prepared by marine resourced E. prolifera polysaccharide (EP) and ZnSO4 and their anti-diabetes activities against high-sugar and high-fat-induced diabetic mice were evaluated. The detailed structural characterization of EZ was elucidated by UV-Vis spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and monosaccharide composition determination. The pharmacological research suggests that EZ has a potent hypoglycemic effect on high-sugar and high-fat-induced diabetic mice by inhibiting insulin resistance, improving dyslipidemia, decreasing inflammatory status, repairing pancreas damage, as well as activating the IRS/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and regulating GLUT2 gene expression. At the same time, microbiota analysis indicates that a high dose of EZ could enhance the abundance of dominant species, such as Staphylococcaceae, Planococcaceae, Muribaculaceae, Aerococcaceae, and Lacrobacillaceae, in intestinal microbiota distribution. Thus, EZ could be considered as a potential candidate for developing an ingredient of functional foods for Zn(II) supplements with hypoglycemic activity.

Advances on novel iron saccharide-iron (III) complexes as nutritional supplements

Iron deficiency is prevalent worldwide, and iron supplementation is a promising strategy to address iron needs of the body. However, traditional oral supplements such as ferrous sulfate, ferrous succinate, and ferrous gluconate are absorbed in the form of ferrous ions, leading to lipid peroxidation and side effects due to other reasons. In recent years, saccharide-iron (III) complexes (SICs) as novel iron supplements have aroused attention for the high iron absorption rate and no gastrointestinal irritation at oral doses. In addition, research on the biological activities of SICs revealed that they also exhibited good abilities in treating anemia, eliminating free radicals, and regulating the immune response. This review focused on the preparation, structural characterization, and bioactivities of these new iron supplements, as promising candidates for the prevention and treatment of iron deficiency.

Preparation, characterization, antioxidant and antianemia activities of Poria cocos polysaccharide iron (III) complex

As a new natural antioxidant with high safety and non-toxic side effects, polysaccharide can also be used as a critical macromolecular carrier to form a stable iron complex with Fe³⁺. Our previous study has extracted and purified the homogeneous polysaccharide (PCP1C) from Poria cocos. In this study, the PCP1C-iron (III) complex was synthesized by co-thermal synthesis with PCP1C and ferric trichloride. The chelating capacity, iron releasing capacity, and qualitative identification of complex were evaluated. The complex was characterized by scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) analysis, particle size distribution, and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The antioxidant and iron supplement effects of the complex were also studied in vitro and in the iron deficiency anemia (IDA) rat model. The results showed that the iron content in the PCP1C-iron (III) complex was 28.14% with no free iron, and the iron release rate was 95.3%. The structure analysis showed that the iron core of the PCP1C-iron (III) complex existed in the form of β-FeOOH and the surface of the complex become smooth and particle size increased, which indicated the high iron content of polysaccharide iron and slow release. Furthermore, we found that the PCP1C iron (III) complex had positive scavenging effect on DPPH, ABTS, MDA, and hydroxyl radical in vitro study and significantly increased the levels of red blood cell (RBC), Hemoglobin (Hb), and red blood cell specific volume (HCT) in IDA rat model. Therefore, our results suggested that the PCP1C-iron (III) complex is expected to develop into a new comprehensive iron supplement and antioxidant.

Effects of dietary Chinese yam polysaccharide copper complex on growth performance, immunity, and antioxidant capacity of broilers

Chinese yam polysaccharide (CYP) has received attention in recent years owing to its positive nutritional and medicinal characteristics. Copper is an essential trace metal in animals, which plays an important role in iron absorption and hemoglobin synthesis. However, no published study has evaluated Chinese yam polysaccharide copper complex (CYP-Cu) as a dietary additive in broilers. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary CYP-Cu on growth performance, immunity, and oxidative resistance in broilers. A total of 360 1-day-old 817 broiler chickens were randomly divided into 4 groups, with 3 replicates of 30 birds each and were fed a basal diet with the addition of 0 (control group), 0.02, 0.10, and 0.50 g/kg CYP-Cu. The feeding trial lasted 48 days. On day 28 and day 48, 6 broilers in each group were slaughtered, respectively. Then the parameters of growth and carcass, serum biochemistry, immunity, and antioxidation, and the expression level of hepatic antioxidative genes were investigated. The results showed that compared with the control group, the supplementation of dietary CYP-Cu could improve the indexes of the growth, carcass, serum biochemistry, immunity and oxidation resistance in broilers, such as average daily gain (ADG), the slaughter percentage (SP), semi-evisceration weight percentage (SEWP), eviscerated carcass weight percentage (EWP), breast muscle percentage (BMP), leg muscle percentage (LMP), serum albumin (ALB), high density lipoprotein (HDL), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), growth hormone (GH), insulin (INS), immunoglobulin M (IgM), immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin A (IgA), interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 4 (IL-4), interleukin 6 (IL-6), complement 3 (C3), complement 4 (C4), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione s-transferase (GSH-ST); these parameters in the 0.10 g/kg CYP-Cu treated group were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the total trial period, with the exceptions that feed conversion ratio (FCR) and serum low density lipoprotein (LDL), malondialdehyde (MDA) were decreased in the total trial period. In addition, the antioxidative gene mRNA expression of Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf ₂), Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD ₁), Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD ₂), and Catalase (CAT) were upregulated in the liver (P < 0.05). These results indicated that the supplementation of dietary CYP-Cu improved the growth, immunity, and oxidation resistance of broilers, and the addition of 0.10 g/kg CYP-Cu in broiler diets is recommended, which suggests that CYP-Cu may be a promising green feed additive in the poultry industry.

Antioxidant and Biological Activities of the Lotus Root Polysaccharide-Iron (III) Complex

In this study, the synthesis parameters of the lotus root polysaccharide iron complex (LRPF) were determined and optimized by response surface methodology. Under the optimum preparation conditions, the pH of the solution was 9, the ratio of M (trisodium citrate): m (lotus root polysaccharide) was 0.45, the reaction time was 3 h. UV spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, CD, and NMR were used for the characterization of the LRPF. LRPF has good stability and easily releases iron ions under artificial gastrointestinal conditions. LRPF exhibited antioxidant activity in vitro and can significantly improve the antioxidant activity in vivo. In addition, LRPF has a good effect in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia in model mice, impacts the gut microbiome, and reduces the iron deficiency-induced perniciousness by regulating steroid hormone biosynthesis. Therefore, LRPF can be used as a nutritional supplement to treat and prevent iron-deficiency anemia and improve human immunity.

Fe(III)-Rhamnoxylan-A Novel High Spin Fe(III) Octahedral Complex Having Versatile Physical and Biological Properties

An iron (III) complex with rhamnoxylan, a hemicellulose from Salvia plebeia seeds, was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopic and magnetic susceptibility measurements, thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The rhamnoxylan was found to be a branched hemicellulose consisting of β-1,4-linked xylose main chain and rhamnose attached to the chain at β-1,3 positions. The complex was found to contain 18.8% w/w iron. A high-spin octahedral geometry of Fe3+ was indicated by the electronic absorption spectrum of the complex. In other experiments, the complex exhibited good electrical and magnetic properties. In vivo efficacy, as hematinic, of the complex in induced anemia was demonstrated equivalent to that of iron protein succinylate (taken as standard) as evidenced by raised red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit and total iron in rabbit. The complex was found to be non-toxic with LD50 > 5000 mg kg−1 body weight in rabbit. Thus, iron(III)-rhamnoxylan hold the potential for application as hematinic for treatment of iron deficiency anemia.

Structural characterization and biological activities of polysaccharide iron complex synthesized by plant polysaccharides: A review

Iron deficiency anemia can lead to a variety of functional disorders, which is one of the highest incidence of nutrient deficiency diseases. The direct addition of iron to food will not only brings difficulties to the production of products, but also brings damages to human body. In recent years, international studies have shown that polysaccharide iron complex (PIC) not only has a variety of pharmacological activities of polysaccharide itself, but also has the function of supplementing iron, so it is a good iron supplement. With the advantages of good solubility, high iron content, low gastrointestinal irritation and high bioavailability, PIC is an effective iron supplement for iron deficiency anemia and has attracted more and more attention. In this paper, the different preparation methods, structural characterization, biological activities and clinical applications of PIC synthesized by natural polysaccharides from plant were reviewed, in order to provide theoretical basis for the development and application of PIC.

Integrated biotechnology to mitigate green tides

Around the world, green tides are happening with increasing frequency because of the dual effects of increasingly intense human activity and climate change; this leads to significant impacts on marine ecology and economies. In the last decade, the world's largest green tide, which is formed by Ulva/Enteromorpha porifera, has become a recurrent phenomenon every year in the southern Yellow Sea (China), and it has been getting worse. To alleviate the impacts of such green tide outbreaks, multiple measures need to be developed. Among these approaches, biotechnology plays important roles in revealing the outbreak mechanism (e.g., molecular identification technology for algal genotypes), controlling and preventing outbreaks at the origin sites (e.g., technology to inhibit propagation), and utilizing valuable algal biomass. This review focuses on the various previously used biotechnological approaches that may be applicable to worldwide seaweed blooms that result from global climate change and environmental degradation.

Hypolipidemic activity and safety evaluation of a rhamnan-type sulfated polysaccharide-chromium (III) complex

BACKGROUND

Hyperlipidaemia is a chronic disorder characterized by imbalance of energy metabolism and high blood lipid level. The rhamnan-type sulfated polysaccharide is an excellent metal-ion chelating ligands. In this study, hypolipidemic activity and safety evaluation of a rhamnan-type sulfated polysaccharide-chromium (III) complex (RSPC) were studied.

METHODS

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to characterize the structure of RSPC. The effects of the RSPC on lipid metabolism in hyperlipidemic mice were evaluated by lipid contents, histopathological observation, immunofluorescent analysis, and adipocytokine levels. Moreover, sub-acute toxicity evaluation of RSPC was carried out on ICR mice.

RESULTS

SEM and AFM further demonstrated formation of the polysaccharide-chromium (III) complex and revealed the intertwined network of RSPC. The RSPC significantly (p < 0.05) regulated lipid levels in the mice. The RSPC inhibited over-growth of adipocytes and reduced inflammatory infiltration induced by hyperlipidemia. The RSPC promoted differentiation of white adipose tissue into beige adipocytes and increased expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), thereby eliminating fat accumulation. Moreover, RSPC (5 mg/kg for mice; equivalent to 924 µg/d for adults) promoted secretion of adiponectin and suppressed resistin, leptin, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Sub-acute toxicity evaluation showed that 1500 mg/kg of RSPC exhibited no apparent adverse effects on the mice.

CONCLUSION

These results indicated that RSPC could be safely used to prevent hyperlipidemia and inflammation and may provide a new idea for the prevention of hyperlipidaemia and the related metabolic disorders.

Iron delivery systems for controlled release of iron and enhancement of iron absorption and bioavailability

Iron deficiency is a global nutritional problem, and adding iron salts directly to food will have certain side effects on the human body. Therefore, there is growing interest in food-grade iron delivery systems. This review provides an overview of iron delivery systems, with emphasis on the controlled release of iron during gastrointestinal digestion, as well as the enhancement of iron absorption and bioavailability. Iron-bearing proteins are easily degraded by digestive enzymes and absorbed through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Instead, protein aggregates are slowly degraded in the stomach, which delays iron release and serves as a potential iron supplement. Amino acids, peptides and polysaccharides can bind iron through iron binding sites, but the formed compounds are prone to dissociation in the stomach. Moreover, peptides and polysaccharides can deliver iron by mediating the formation of ferric oxyhydroxide which is absorbed through endocytosis or bivalent transporter 1. In addition, liposomes are unstable during gastric digestion and iron is released in large quantities. Complexes formed by polysaccharides and proteins, and microcapsules formed by polysaccharides can delay the release of iron in the gastric environment and prolong iron release in the intestinal environment. This review is conducive to the development of iron functional ingredients and dietary supplements.

Hypolipidemic effect of chromium-modified enzymatic product of sulfated rhamnose polysaccharide from Enteromorpha prolifera in type 2 diabetic mice

Sulfated rhamnose polysaccharide (SRP) derived from Enteromorpha prolifera is a metal-ion chelating agent that could potentially be used to treat diabetes. The aim of our study was to determine the effect of a variant of SRP on DIABETES. First, we synthesized and characterized SRPE-3 chromium(III) [SRPE-3-Cr(III)] complex using an enzymatic method. The maximum chelation rate was 18.2% under optimal chelating conditions of pH 6.0, time 4 h, and temperature 60 °C. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results showed important sites for Cr(III)-binding were O-H and C=O groups. We then studied the hypolipidemic effects of SRPE-3-Cr(III) on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) induced by a high-fat, high-sucrose diet (HFSD). Decreased blood glucose content, body fat ratio, serum TG, TC, LDL-C, and increased serum HDL-C were observed after treatment with SRPE-3-Cr(III). In addition, SRPE-3-Cr(III) significantly reduced leptin, resistin, and TNF-α levels, and increased adiponectin contents relative to T2DM. Histopathology results also showed that SRPE-3-Cr(III) could alleviate the HFSD-lesioned tissues. SRPE-3-Cr(III) also improved lipid metabolism via a reduction in aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, fatty acid synthase, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase activities in the liver. SRPE-3-Cr(III) at low doses exhibited better lipid-lowering activities, hence, could be considered to be a novel compound to treat hyperlipidemia and also act as an anti-diabetic agent.

Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharide-zinc complex modulates the immune response and alleviates LPS-induced intestinal inflammation via inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway

Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharide-zinc (EP-Zn), a kind of polysaccharide-zinc complex, has been shown to improve the immune response and reduce the inflammatory factors in weaned piglets. Yet, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. The present study was conducted to investigate the immunomodulating activity and anti-inflammatory mechanism of EP-Zn in mice. Different doses (350 mg kg^-1, 700 mg kg^-1, 1050 mg kg^-1 and 1400 mg kg^-1) of EP-Zn were administered to C57BL/6J mice for 28 days. The results showed that under physiological conditions, 350 mg kg^-1 EP-Zn stimulated cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10) secrection, regulated the intestinal microbiota, and reduced the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) (acetic acid and propionic acid). In addition, in the LPS-induced inflammation model, EP-Zn pretreatment effectively alleviated LPS-induced shortening of colonic length and increased MPO and DAO contents, improved intestinal physical barrier function by modulating mucosal structure, and attenuated intestinal inflammation via inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. These findings suggested that EP-Zn exerted immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities under physiological and inflammatory conditions, respectively.

Structural modification and biological activities of carboxymethyl Pachymaran

Polysaccharides are good chelating agents for metal ions, which are often used to synthesize polysaccharide metal ion complexes. With carboxymethyl pachymaran (CMP) as the substrate, carboxymethyl pachymaran iron (CMPF), carboxymethyl pachymaran selenium (CMPS), and carboxymethyl pachymaran zinc (CMPZ) were synthesized by response surface methodology, and their biological characteristics were studied. The results showed that the CMP was a β-polysaccharide, and the degree of carboxymethylation was 0.6352. The polysaccharide metal ion complexes were characterized by physicochemical methods, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. All the polysaccharides and complexes possessed antioxidant activity in vitro with scavenging activities to ABTS, superoxide anions, and ferrous ions. CMPF, CMPS, and CMPZ caused significant inhibition of A2780 cell proliferation, promoted the production of reactive oxygen species, and induced apoptosis in a human ovarian cancer cell line (A2780 cells). These results suggest that the CMP complex may be an effective candidate drug for cancer treatment in the field of functional food and pharmacology.

Preparation, characterization, release and antianemic studies of guar gum functionalized Iron complexes

Guar gum is a neutral, non-ionic polysaccharide that has been extensively utilized in the food industry as a stabilizer, excipients, and emulsifier agent. An oxidized derivative of this edible guar gum was prepared and used as a complexing agent for iron to obtain a polysaccharide-bound iron (II) complex. The degree of oxidation varies between 30.12 and 60.63% with a corresponding aldehyde content (0.59-1.79 mmol/g) and carboxyl contents (0.49-1.62 mmol/g), which were determined by the titrimetry method. Sophisticated spectroscopic techniques characterized all the products. The natural polymer-based hydrophilic and hydrophobic formulations as coating were used for achieving the sustained or prolonged release from the complex tablets. Release studies of the tablets were carried out in different mediums of varying pH. The total iron available from the tablets was compared with that obtained from ferrous fumarate prepared under similar conditions, and the results were found to be comparable. Release results demonstrate the pH-sensitive behaviour of the guar gum-based delivery system towards the controlled release of iron. Antianemic effect of new functionalized guar gum iron complexes was investigated on male albino rats. The complexes may exhibit the potential to recover the hematological index of the albino rats with some positive effects on improving rat's growth with iron deficiency anaemia.

Delivery systems for improving iron uptake in anemia

Anemia poses a threat to a broad population globally as depleted hemoglobin leads to a plethora of conditions, and the most common cause includes iron deficiency. Iron is an essential element important for erythropoiesis, DNA synthesis, protection of the immune system, energy production, and cognitive function and hence should be maintained at appropriate levels. Various proteins are involved in transporting and absorption of iron, activation of heme synthesis, and RBC production that could be possible targets to improve iron delivery. Oral supplementation of iron either from dietary or synthetic sources has been the frontline therapy for treating iron deficiency in anemia. At the same time, intravenous administration is provided in chronic anemia, such as chronic kidney diseases (CKD). This review focuses on the strategies developed to overcome the disadvantages of available iron therapies and increase iron absorption and uptake in the body to restore iron content. Nanotechnology combined with the food fortification processes gained attention as they help develop new delivery systems to improve iron uptake by enterocytes. Furthermore, naturally obtained products such as polysaccharides, peptides, proteins, and new synthetic molecules have been used in fabrication of iron-carrier systems. The establishment of transdermal iron delivery systems such as microneedle arrays or iontophoresis, or the discovery of new molecules also proved to be an effective way for delivering iron in patients non-compliant to oral therapy.

Structure analysis and antioxidant activity of polysaccharide-iron (III) from Cordyceps militaris mycelia

Iron-enriched Cordyceps militaris was obtained by adding FeSO₄ solution to the mycelia for biotransformation. The polysaccharide-iron (III) was extracted by water extraction and alcohol precipitation. High performance liquid chromatography showed that the crude polysaccharide-iron (III) had three components. The second component was purified by Sephadex G-150 and named as CPS-iron-II. The average molecular weight of CPS-iron-II was 44.136 kDa. The content of iron was 2.73%. The monosaccharide composition analysis indicated that the CPS-iron-II was composed of rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galacturonic acid with percentage ratio of 0.94:3.12:27.01:36.62:30.20:2.12. The results of methylation analysis revealed that the CPS-iron-II was made of →2)-β-D-Glcp-(1→, with →2, 4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→ highly branched. Congo-red test showed that CPS-iron-II can cause flocculation of Congo red solution. The anti-oxidative analysis showed that antioxidant activity of CPS-iron-II was almost equal to that of Vc. The manuscript provided a new way for the preparation of polysaccharide-iron(III) from Cordyceps militaris.

Natural Antioxidants in Anemia Treatment

Anemia, characterized by a decrease of the hemoglobin level in the blood and a reduction in carrying capacity of oxygen, is a major public health problem which affects people of all ages. The methods used to treat anemia are blood transfusion and oral administration of iron-based supplements, but these treatments are associated with a number of side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, constipation, and stomach pain, which limit its long-term use. In addition, oral iron supplements are poorly absorbed in the intestinal tract, due to overexpression of hepcidin, a peptide hormone that plays a central role in iron homeostasis. In this review, we conducted an analysis of the literature on biologically active compounds and plant extracts used in the treatment of various types of anemia. The purpose of this review is to provide up-to-date information on the use of these compounds and plant extracts, in order to explore their therapeutic potential. The advantage of using them is that they are available from natural resources and can be used as main, alternative, or adjuvant therapies in many diseases, such as various types of anemia.

Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Apple Pectin-Fe(III) Complex

In the present study, apple pectin (AP) extracted from apple pomace was used to chelate with Fe(III) to synthesize an AP-Fe(III) complex. The obtained AP-Fe(III) complex was characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XPS, and TG analysis. The Fe content in the AP-Fe(III) complex was determined to be 24.5%. Moreover, the reduction properties of the complex were also investigated. The AP-Fe(III) complex was found to be soluble in water and maintained stability in the pH range of 3-8. The complex was reduced to Fe(II) after 6 h. In addition, the AP-Fe(III) complex did not release iron ions in the simulated gastric fluid, and Fe release of the complex reached 96.5% after 4 h of digestion in simulated intestinal fluid. In particular, the antioxidant activity of the AP-Fe(III) complex against free DPPH and ABTS radicals was evaluated. The results obtained in this study demonstrate the potential of the AP-Fe(III) complex as a novel iron supplement.

Adverse effects of iron deficiency anemia on pregnancy outcome and offspring development and intervention of three iron supplements

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a common micronutrient deficiency among pregnant women with severe consequences including impaired immuno-inflammatory system, premature birth, fetal death etc. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of three iron supplements on IDA female rats and their offspring. The IDA female rat model was established with low iron diet and the rats were then mated. After pregnancy, rats were fed diets containing different iron supplements (iron polysaccharide complex, iron protein succinylate and ferrous sulfate) until their offspring were 42 days old. Pregnancy outcomes, haematological, iron metabolism, physical and neurological development indexes were determined. The results showed that all three iron supplements improved the levels of hematological parameters of both mother and offspring rats. After iron supplementation, serum iron, transferrin saturation and serum ferritin levels were increased compared with the IDA group. The level of ferritin light chain in the liver and spleen of both mother and offspring rats in iron supplemented groups was significantly higher than that of the IDA group. The average number of born alive per litter in the iron treatment groups was significantly higher than that in the IDA group. Iron supplements also improved the physical growth and neurobehavioral development of offspring rats. It was also found that iron supplementation improved the expression of ferritin light chain and the synaptic growth associated proteins in the brain and hippocampus. No significant difference was found in the efficacy of three iron supplements. These results suggest that pregnant and postpartum IDA affects pregnancy outcomes, offspring physical development and causes neural impairment. Sufficient iron supplementation can significantly improve IDA and its adverse effects on both mother and offspring.

Antibacterial and probiotic promotion potential of a new soluble soybean polysaccharide‑iron(III) complex

In this study soluble soybean polysaccharide‑iron(III) (SSPS-Fe(III)) was synthesized to investigate the effects on the growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus licheniformis. Two new detection methods of real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and microcalorimetry were used to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of SSPS-Fe(III) on the growth of three bacteria. The copy numbers of three bacteria showed that SSPS-Fe(III) had different impacts on the growth of E. coli, S. aureus and B. licheniformis. E. coli growth was inhibited by SSPS-Fe(III) in the higher concentration range and S. aureus growth was inhibited at any concentration, however B. licheniformis growth was promoted. The thermogenic curves for growth metabolism of E. coli and S. aureus presented peak shapes while those of B. licheniformis did platform shapes. As SSPS-Fe(III) concentration increased, the peak heights lowered for E. coli and S. aureus, and the time reaching stationary phase advanced for B. licheniformis. These findings demonstrate that SSPS-Fe(III) has an inhibitory effect on the foodborne pathogens of E. coli and S. aureus, and an enhancement on the probiotics of B. licheniformis.

Production of a codonopsis polysaccharide iron complex and evaluation of its properties

A water extraction and alcohol precipitation method was applied to extract polysaccharides from Codonopsis pilosula (CPP), response surface methodology was used to optimize the extraction conditions and synthesis of C. pilosula polysaccharide iron (CPPI), and the properties of CPPI were evaluated. The optimum extraction conditions for CPP were as follows: liquid-solid ratio of 29.39 mL/g, time of 1.25 h and temperature of 62.84 °C. The optimum synthesis conditions for CPPI were pH 8.9, temperature 70.30 °C and the ratio of citric acid to CPP1 of 2.95. An HPSEC-MALLS-RID system, UV spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy and NMR were used for characterization of the polysaccharide. CPPI exhibited antioxidant activity in vitro and a relatively strong inhibitory effect on A2780 cells growth. After CPPI treatment, the reactive oxygen species increased, the mitochondrial membrane potential decreased, and DNA damage was observed in A2780 cells. Therefore, CPPI should be explored as a potential antioxidant and an antitumor drug in a clinical setting.

Structural characterization and anti-lung cancer activity of a sulfated glucurono-xylo-rhamnan from Enteromorpha prolifera

A sulfated glucurono-xylo-rhamnan (EP-3-H) was purified from a green alga, Enteromorpha prolifera. EP-3-H and its oligomers were characterized by high performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and one and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resource spectroscopy. The structural analysis showed EP-3-H has a backbone of glucurono-xylo-rhamnan, branches with glucuronic acid and sulfated at C3 of rhamnose and/or C2 of xylose. The inhibition of EP-3-H on human lung cancer A549 cell proliferation in vitro and its therapeutic effects in BALB/c-nu mice in vivo were determined to evaluate the anti-lung cancer activity of EP-3-H. The tumor inhibition level was 59 %, suggesting that EP-3-H might be a good candidate for the treatment of lung cancer. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) studies revealed the IC₅₀ on the binding of fibroblast growth factors, (FGF1 and FGF2), to heparin were 0.85 and 1.47 mg/mL, respectively. These results suggest that EP-3-H inhibits cancer proliferation by interacting with these growth factors.

Synchronous removal of CuO nanoparticles and Cu2+ by polyaluminum chloride-Enteromorpha polysaccharides: Effect of Al species and pH

Copper oxide nanomaterials have been extensively applied and can have serious impacts when discharged into the aquatic environment, especially when complexed with humic acid (HA) to form composite contaminants. As an innovative recycled coagulant aid, Enteromorpha polysaccharides (Ep) were associated with polyaluminum chloride (PACl) (denoted as PACl-Ep) to simultaneously remove CuO nanoparticles, Cu²⁺ and HA in this study. The influence of different Al species coagulants (AlCl₃, PACl_b and PACl_c) and water pH on coagulation performance, floc properties and reaction mechanisms was investigated in detail. Results showed that in the three PACl-Ep systems, PACl_b-Ep gave the highest removal efficiencies for turbidity and Cu²⁺, and the best UV₂₅₄ removal effect was reached by using PACl_c-Ep. Higher contents of Al_b and Al_c contributed to great coagulation performance because of their stronger bridging and sweeping effects. For all the Al species coagulants, alkalescent conditions were more conducive to removing Cu and HA compared to acidic conditions. Additionally, smaller and more agminated flocs with great recovery ability were formed by PACl_b-Ep and PACl_c-Ep systems (bridging and enmeshment effects cooperated with the chelated reticular structure formed by the Ep and Al species). Similarly, due to the increased hydrolysis and hydroxide precipitates, flocs formed under the condition of alkalescence were smaller, denser and stronger compared with weakly acidic conditions.

Co-cultured Lepista sordida and Pholiota nameko polysaccharide-iron(iii) chelates exhibit good antioxidant activity

In the present study, the structural characteristics and antioxidant activities of polysaccharide from the co-cultured Lepista sordida and Pholiota nameko and its polysaccharide-iron(iii) chelates were determined. Two polysaccharide fractions named CP-1 and CP-3 were isolated previously from polysaccharide of the fermentation liquid of the co-cultured Lepista sordida and Pholiota nameko. And their chemical structures were measured by FT-IR infrared spectroscopy, TG analysis, X-ray diffraction and ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The results suggested that polysaccharides were chelated with iron(iii) by –OH and –COOH groups, forming a stable structure of β-FeOOH and improving crystallinity. Furthermore, the antioxidant activities of polysaccharide-iron(iii) chelates exhibited stronger hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activity than the polysaccharides. Therefore, the polysaccharide-iron(iii) chelates could be used as a potential iron supplement.

In the present study, the structural characteristics and antioxidant activities of polysaccharide from the co-cultured Lepista sordida and Pholiota nameko and its polysaccharide-iron(iii) chelates were determined.

Cloning, Expression, and Characterization of a New PL25 Family Ulvan Lyase from Marine Bacterium Alteromonas sp. A321

Ulvan lyases can degrade ulvan to oligosaccharides with potent biological activity. A new ulvan lyase gene, ALT3695, was identified in Alteromonas sp. A321. Soluble expression of ALT3695 was achieved in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The 1314-bp gene encoded a protein with 437 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence of ALT3695 exhibited low sequence identity with polysaccharide lyase family 25 (PL25) ulvan lyases from Pseudoalteromonas sp. PLSV (64.14% identity), Alteromonas sp. LOR (62.68% identity), and Nonlabens ulvanivorans PLR (57.37% identity). Recombinant ALT3695 was purified and the apparent molecular weight was about 53 kDa, which is different from that of other polysaccharide-degrading enzymes identified in Alteromonas sp. A321. ALT3695 exhibited maximal activity in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer at pH 8.0 and 50 °C. ALT3695 was relatively thermostable, as 90% activity was observed after incubation at 40 °C for 3 h. The Km and Vmax values of ALT3695 towards ulvan were 0.43 mg·mL-1 and 0.11 μmol·min-1·mL-1, respectively. ESI-MS analysis showed that enzymatic products were mainly disaccharides and tetrasaccharides. This study reports a new PL25 family ulvan lyase, ALT3695, with properties that suggest its great potential for the preparation of ulvan oligosaccharides.

Preparation and Characterization of a Novel Polysaccharide-Iron(III) Complex in Auricularia auricula Potentially Used as an Iron Supplement

Iron deficiency anemia has been a widespread disease. As an effective and stable iron supplement, the physiochemical properties of the polysaccharide iron complex have been widely studied. In this study, we characterized a novel polysaccharide-iron(III) complex extracted in an edible fungal species Auricularia auricular (AAPS-iron(III)). The highest iron content (28.40%) in the AAPS-iron(III) complex was obtained under the optimized preparation conditions including an AAPS to FeCl3∙ 6H2O ratio of 2:3 (w/w), a pH value of 8.0 in solution, a reaction temperature of 50°C, and a reaction time of 3 h. The physical and chemical properties of the AAPS-iron(III) complex were characterized by qualitative and quantitative analyses using scanning electron microscope, particle size distribution, thermogravimetric analyzer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, circular dichroism, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. Result showed that, although the iron was bound to the polysaccharide, it was released under artificial gastrointestinal conditions. The AAPS-iron(III) complex exhibited high stability (under 50-256°C) and water solubility. The AAPS-iron(III) complex also showed high antioxidant activity in vitro, demonstrating an additional health benefit over other typical nonantioxidant iron nutritional supplements. Furthermore, the AAPS-iron(III) complex showed high efficiency on the treatment of the iron deficiency anemia in the model rats. Therefore, the AAPS-iron(III) complex can be used as a nutritional fortifier to supply iron in industrial processing and to assist the treatment of iron deficiency anemia.

Hypoglycemic activity and mechanism of the sulfated rhamnose polysaccharides chromium(III) complex in type 2 diabetic mice

The sulfated rhamnose polysaccharides found in Enteromorpha prolifera belong to a class of unique polyanionic polysaccharides with high chelation capacity. In this study, a complex of sulfated rhamnose polysaccharides with chromium(III) (SRPC) was synthesized, and its effect on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in mice fed a high-fat, high-sucrose diet was investigated. The molecular weight of SRPC is 4.57 kDa, and its chromium content is 28 μg/mg. Results indicated that mice treated by oral administration of SRPC (10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg body mass per day) for 11 weeks showed significantly improved oral glucose tolerance, decreased body mass gain, reduced serum insulin levels, and increased tissue glycogen content relative to T2DM mice (p < 0.01). SRPC treatment improved glucose metabolism via activation of the IR/IRS-2/PI3K/PKB/GSK-3β signaling pathway (which is related to glycogen synthesis) and enhanced glucose transport through insulin signaling cascade-induced GLUT4 translocation. Because of its effectiveness and stability, SRPC could be used as a therapeutic agent for blood glucose control and a promising nutraceutical for T2DM treatment.

Fe3O4@ Astragalus Polysaccharide Core-Shell Nanoparticles for Iron Deficiency Anemia Therapy and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Vivo

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a common nutritional disease suffered by 1 billion people. To develop a new drug which avoids the side effects of traditional oral iron supplementation for IDA treatment, we have designed Fe₃O₄@ Astragalus polysaccharide core-shell nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄@APS NPs) and demonstrated them to be an efficient therapeutic drug for IDA treatment in vivo. The Fe₃O₄@APS NPs have been successfully synthesized with good water solubility and stability, especially in imitated digestion. Cytotoxicity assessment in cells and pathological tests in mice justify their good biocompatibility and low toxicity. The IDA treatment in rats shows that they have efficient therapeutic effect, which is contributed to both the iron element supplement from Fe₃O₄ and the APS-stimulated hematopoietic cell generation. Moreover, the superparamagnetic Fe₃O₄@APS NPs are capable for use as a magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent. This study presents the possibility of nanocomposites involving purified natural products from Chinese herb medicine for biomedical applications.

Fructus mori L. polysaccharide-iron chelates formed by self-embedding with iron(iii) as the core exhibit good antioxidant activity

Mulberry fruit polysaccharide (MFP) was obtained from Morus alba L. by a hot water extraction method, and mulberry polysaccharide fractions named MFP1, MFP2 and MFP3 were isolated by DEAE cellulose-52 column chromatography.

Characterization and Hypoglycemic Activity of a Rhamnan-Type Sulfated Polysaccharide Derivative

Polysaccharide chromium (III) derivatives are gaining increasing attention in improving type 2 diabetes. In this study, the sulfated polysaccharide from Enteromorpha prolifera (SPE) with 4.8 kDa was prepared by specific enzymatic hydrolysis. The obtained SPE was used to prepare a rhamnan-type sulfated polysaccharide derivative (SPED). Results indicated that O-H, C=O, and S=O were effectively involved in the chelation of SPED (chromium content 20.26%). Acute (half lethal dose > 2.38 g/kg) and sub-acute toxicity showed that SPED had no damaging effects on mice. Anti-diabetic experiment demonstrated that SPED improved glucose metabolism. Moreover, SPED promoted the PI3K/PKB/GSK-3β signaling pathway by regulating mRNA expression of insulin receptors (IR), insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS-2), phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (PKB), and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β). In conclusion, the SPED might represent a novel marine-derived candidate against hyperglycemia, which may undergo further pharmaceutical development as a hypoglycemic agent.

Synthesis and Characterization of an Antioxidative Galactomannan⁻Iron(III) Complex from Sesbania Seed

Galactomannan, a water-soluble polymer in the cell wall of leguminous plants, has been proven to possess anticancer and antioxidative activity. In this work, galactomannan with different molecular weights (GM-40 and GM-65) was obtained from Sesbania seeds and synthesized into galactomannan–iron(III) complexes, which are termed as GM-40-Fe and GM-65-Fe, respectively. These galactomannan–iron(III) complexes are intended to function as organic iron supplements to treat iron deficiency with the added benefit of antioxidative activity. The prepared galactomannan–iron(III) complexes were characterized for chemical composition, morphology, antioxidant capacity, and bioavailability in vitro. The results showed that galactomannan–iron(III) complexes could be produced with iron contents as high as 65.4 mg/g. Antioxidant assays indicated that both GM-40-Fe and GM-65-Fe exhibited antioxidant activities for scavenging radicals in vitro. The iron release/bioavailability assays showed that the iron was easily released into artificial gastric and intestinal juices, resulting in iron release rates of 88–94% over 300 min. These results suggest that galactomannan–iron(III) complexes synthesized from Sesbania seed polysaccharides are capable of being administered as organic iron supplements to patients with iron deficiency.