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Qi J, Li F, Jia L, Zhang X, Deng S, Luo B, Zhou Y, Fan M, Xia Y. Fungal Selectivity and Biodegradation Effects by White and Brown Rot Fungi for Wood Biomass Pretreatment. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081957. [PMID: 37112109 PMCID: PMC10144154 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The biodegradation path and mechanism of wood varies depending on diverse fungi and tree species, as fungi possess selectivity in degradation of versatile wood components. This paper aims to clarify the actual and precise selectivity of white and brown rot fungi and the biodegradation effects on different tree species. Softwood (Pinus yunnanensis and Cunninghamia lanceolata) and hardwood (Populus yunnanensis and Hevea brasiliensis) were subjected to a biopretreating process by white rot fungus Trametes versicolor, and brown rot fungi Gloeophyllum trabeum and Rhodonia placenta with various conversion periods. The results showed that the white rot fungus Trametes versicolor had a selective biodegradation in softwood, which preferentially convert wood hemicellulose and lignin, but cellulose was retained selectively. Conversely, Trametes versicolor achieved simultaneous conversion of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in hardwood. Both brown rot fungi species preferentially converted carbohydrates, but R. placenta had a selectivity for the conversion of cellulose. In addition, morphological observation showed that the microstructures within wood changed significantly, and the enlarged pores and the improved accessibility could be beneficial for the penetration and accessibility of treating substrates. The research outcomes could serve as fundamental knowhows and offer potentials for effective bioenergy production and bioengineering of bioresources, and provide a reference for further application of fungal biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun Qi
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Lu Jia
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Shuduan Deng
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Bei Luo
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Yonghui Zhou
- College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Mizi Fan
- College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Yan Xia
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
- College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
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Influence of Natural Aging on the Moisture Sorption Behaviour of Wooden Structural Components. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041946. [PMID: 36838933 PMCID: PMC9960851 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A greater understanding of moisture sorption behaviour of aged wooden structural components, which has a close relationship with dimensional stability, is required to effectively evaluate and preserve historical artefacts. This study focused on the effects of aging on Baotou beam samples from a Chinese historical wooden building. An analysis of the sorption isotherms and hysteresis loops of a naturally aged, decayed sample (AOS), an aged sound sample (AIS), and a reference sample (RS), using classical sorption isotherm models revealed that the moisture sorption behaviour of samples from the same growth ring in a Baotou beam can differ significantly. AOS showed higher hygroscopicity than AIS, and both these samples were more hygroscopic than RS. Furthermore, the mono/multilayer moisture contents of AOS were always higher than those of AIS and RS. In addition, Fourier transform infrared, second-derivative infrared, and two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy were used to investigate chemical changes in the samples. The relative hemicellulose and lignin contents of the samples changed significantly with wood aging. Furthermore, AOS exhibited the highest calcium oxalate content, which may be associated with fungal infections. Overall, these results provide valuable insights into the effects of aging on wood samples and the dimensional stability of timber structures, which could inform future research on methods for the preservation or restoration of aging timber structures.
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Abstract
Buildings on piles have been constructed in Ljubljana since the Bronze Age. The piles were made of different types of wood. In the present study, piles that were erected about 125 years ago were investigated. Investors tend to renovate a building; therefore, the piles were analysed to assess the structural condition of the building. The building showed no signs of damage. To gain access to the piles, a 2 m thick layer of soil was removed. On-site, the following analyses were carried out: drilling resistance with a resistograph and a screw withdrawal test. Part of the piles was isolated and light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, dynamic vapour sorption, density analysis, and chemical analysis were performed. Microscopic analysis revealed that the piles were made from the wood of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). The results indicate that the wood was severely degraded, mainly by soft-rot fungi and bacteria, resulting in a significant deterioration of its mechanical properties.
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Lisuzzo L, Hueckel T, Cavallaro G, Sacanna S, Lazzara G. Pickering Emulsions Based on Wax and Halloysite Nanotubes: An Ecofriendly Protocol for the Treatment of Archeological Woods. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:1651-1661. [PMID: 33379868 PMCID: PMC8021222 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel green protocol for the consolidation and protection of waterlogged archeological woods with wax microparticles has been designed. First, we focused on the development of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) based Pickering emulsions using wax as the inner phase of the oil-in-water droplets. The optimization of the preparation strategy was supported by both optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, which allowed us to show the morphological features of the prepared hybrid systems and their structural properties, i.e., the distribution of the clay at the interface. Also, the dependence of the overall dimensions of the prepared systems on the halloysite content was demonstrated. Microdifferential scanning calorimetry (μ-DSC) was conducted in order to assess whether the thermal properties of the wax are affected after its interaction with HNTs. Then, the Pickering emulsions were employed for the treatment of waterlogged wooden samples. Compared to the archeological woods treated with pure wax, the addition of nanotubes induced a remarkable improvement in the mechanical performance in terms of stiffness and flexural strength. The proposed protocol is environmentally friendly since water is the only solvent used throughout the entire procedure, even if wax is vehiculated into the pores at room temperature. As a consequence, the design of wax/halloysite Pickering emulsions represents a promising strategy for the preservation of wooden artworks, and it has a great potential to be scaled up, thus becoming also exploitable for the treatments of shipwrecks of large size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lisuzzo
- Molecular
Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, 29 Washington Place, New York, New York 10003, United
States
- Department
of Physics and Chemistry, University of
Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, pad. 17, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Theodore Hueckel
- Molecular
Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, 29 Washington Place, New York, New York 10003, United
States
| | - Giuseppe Cavallaro
- Department
of Physics and Chemistry, University of
Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, pad. 17, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Stefano Sacanna
- Molecular
Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, 29 Washington Place, New York, New York 10003, United
States
| | - Giuseppe Lazzara
- Department
of Physics and Chemistry, University of
Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, pad. 17, Palermo 90128, Italy
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Spear MJ, Broda M. Comparison of Contemporary Elm ( Ulmus spp.) and Degraded Archaeological Elm: The Use of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Under Ambient Moisture Conditions. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13215026. [PMID: 33171801 PMCID: PMC7664653 DOI: 10.3390/ma13215026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) experiments on archaeological and contemporary elm tested under air-dry conditions, to explore the suitability of this technique for increasing understanding of the viscoelastic behaviour of archaeological wood. A strong reduction of storage modulus of archaeological elm (AE) was seen in comparison with contemporary wood (CE), resulting from the high degree of wood degradation, notably the reduction in hemicelluloses and cellulose content of AE, as demonstrated by Attenuated Total Reflection–Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The γ relaxation peak was observed in all samples. The γ peak in AE shifted to a higher temperature, and the activation energy for γ-peak motions was lower in AE (29 kJ/mol) than in CE (50 kJ/mol) indicating that motion is less restricted within the degraded AE cell wall, or possibly a difference in the monomer undergoing rotation. Detection of changes in storage modulus are well known, but the DMA temperature scan technique proved to be useful for probing the degree of wood degradation, relating to the changes in location and intensity of secondary relaxation peaks. The γ peak in loss factor can be used to confirm that cell wall degradation is at an advanced stage, and to improve understanding of the internal spatial structure of the degraded wood cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morwenna J. Spear
- BioComposites Centre, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK;
| | - Magdalena Broda
- BioComposites Centre, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK;
- Department of Wood Science and Thermal Techniques, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 38/42, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Demissie ZA, Huang F, Song H, Todd AT, Vrinten P, Loewen MC. Barley "uzu" and Wheat "uzu-like" Brassinosteroid Receptor BRI1 Kinase Domain Variations Modify Phosphorylation Activity In Vitro. Biochemistry 2020; 59:2986-2997. [PMID: 32786402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Brassinosteroid insensitive1 (BRI1), a leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase, is responsible for the perception of the brassinosteroid (BR) phytohormone in plants. While recent evidence has implicated a naturally occurring Hordeum vulgare V. (barley) HvBRI1 kinase domain (KD) variant (H857R; "uzu" variation) in increased fungal disease resistance, the impact of the variation on receptor function and thus the mechanism by which disease resistance might be imparted remain enigmatic. Here, the functional implications of the uzu variation as well as the effects of newly identified naturally occurring Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) TaBRI1-KD variants are investigated. Recombinantly produced KDs of wild-type (WT) and uzu HvBRI1 were assessed for phosphorylation activity in vitro, yielding WT KM and VMAX values similar to those of other reports, but the uzu variation delayed saturation and reduced turnover levels. In silico modeling of the H857R variation showed it to be surface-exposed and distal from the catalytic site. Further evaluation of three naturally occurring wheat TaBRI1 variants, A907T, A970V, and G1019R (barley numbering) identified in the A, B, and D subgenomic genes, respectively, highlighted a significant loss of activity for A907T. A907T is located on the same surface as the H857R variation and a negative regulatory phosphorylation site (T982) in Arabidopsis thaliana BRI1. A fourth variation, T1031A (barley numbering), unique to both subgenomic A proteins and localized to the BKI1 binding site, also decreased activity. The outcomes are discussed with respect to the predicted structural contexts of the variations and their implications with respect to mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerihun A Demissie
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Fang Huang
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Halim Song
- National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Andrea T Todd
- National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Patricia Vrinten
- National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Michele C Loewen
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
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Han L, Guo J, Wang K, Grönquist P, Li R, Tian X, Yin Y. Hygroscopicity of Waterlogged Archaeological Wood from Xiaobaijiao No.1 Shipwreck Related to Its Deterioration State. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040834. [PMID: 32268529 PMCID: PMC7240592 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Waterlogged archaeological wood (WAW) artifacts, made of natural biodegradable polymers, are important parts of many precious cultural heritages. It is of great importance to understand the hygroscopic behavior of WAW in different deterioration states for the development of optimal drying processes and choices of safe storage in varying conditions. This was investigated in a case-study using two Hopea (Giam) and two Tectona (Teak) WAW samples collected from the Xiaobaijiao No.1 shipwreck. The deterioration state of WAW was evaluated by the maximum water content (MWC) method and by the cell morphological structure. Both Hopea and Tectona WAW could be classified into moderately and less decayed WAW. The hygroscopic behavior of moderately and less decayed WAW was then comparatively investigated using Dynamic Vapor Sorption (DVS) measurements alongside two sorption fitting models. Compositional analysis and hydroxyl accessibility measurements of WAW cell walls were shown to correlate with the hygroscopicity of WAW in different deterioration states. It was concluded that moderately decayed WAW possessed higher hygroscopicity and hysteresis than less decayed WAW because of the lower relative content of polysaccharides and the higher relative content of lignin, including the slow hydrolysis of O-acetyl groups of xylan and the partial breakage of β-O-4 interlinks, accompanied by an increased hydroxyl accessibility. This work helps in deciding on which consolidation measures are advised for shipwreck restauration, i.e., pretreatments with specific consolidates during wood drying, particularly for wooden artifacts displayed in museums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyang Han
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Wood Collections (WOODPEDIA), Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Juan Guo
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Wood Collections (WOODPEDIA), Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Kun Wang
- College of Material Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Philippe Grönquist
- Wood Materials Science, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, EMPA, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ren Li
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Wood Collections (WOODPEDIA), Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xingling Tian
- Heritage Conservation and Restoration Institute, Chinese Academy of Cultural Heritage, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yafang Yin
- Department of Wood Anatomy and Utilization, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Wood Collections (WOODPEDIA), Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-62889468
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Huang C, Su Y, Shi J, Yuan C, Zhai S, Yong Q. Revealing the effects of centuries of ageing on the chemical structural features of lignin in archaeological fir woods. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj00026g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cellular components of historical or archaeological wooden objects can be degraded by fungi or bacteria during ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caoxing Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Forestry University
- Longpan Road 159
- Nanjing 210037
| | - Yan Su
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Forestry University
- Longpan Road 159
- Nanjing 210037
| | - Jinhua Shi
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Forestry University
- Longpan Road 159
- Nanjing 210037
| | - Cheng Yuan
- Materials Science & Engineering College
- Nanjing Forestry University
- Longpan Road 159
- Nanjing 210037
- China
| | - Shengcheng Zhai
- Materials Science & Engineering College
- Nanjing Forestry University
- Longpan Road 159
- Nanjing 210037
- China
| | - Qiang Yong
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Forestry University
- Longpan Road 159
- Nanjing 210037
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