Ultrasensitive bioassay of epitope of Mucin-16 protein (CA 125) in human plasma samples using a novel immunoassay based on silver conductive nano-ink: A new platform in early stage diagnosis of ovarian cancer and efficient management

Recent Trends and Innovations in Bead-Based Biosensors for Cancer Detection

Demand is strong for sensitive, reliable, and cost-effective diagnostic tools for cancer detection. Accordingly, bead-based biosensors have emerged in recent years as promising diagnostic platforms based on wide-ranging cancer biomarkers owing to the versatility, high sensitivity, and flexibility to perform the multiplexing of beads. This comprehensive review highlights recent trends and innovations in the development of bead-based biosensors for cancer-biomarker detection. We introduce various types of bead-based biosensors such as optical, electrochemical, and magnetic biosensors, along with their respective advantages and limitations. Moreover, the review summarizes the latest advancements, including fabrication techniques, signal-amplification strategies, and integration with microfluidics and nanotechnology. Additionally, the challenges and future perspectives in the field of bead-based biosensors for cancer-biomarker detection are discussed. Understanding these innovations in bead-based biosensors can greatly contribute to improvements in cancer diagnostics, thereby facilitating early detection and personalized treatments.

One-Step Electrochemical Sensing of CA-125 Using Onion Oil-Based Novel Organohydrogels as the Matrices

To reduce the high mortality rates caused by ovarian cancer, creating high-sensitivity, quick, basic, and inexpensive methods for following cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) levels in blood tests is of extraordinary significance. CA-125 is known as the exclusive glycoprotein employed in clinical examinations to monitor and diagnose ovarian cancer and detect its relapses as a tumor marker. Elevated concentrations of this antigen are linked to the occurrence of ovarian cancer. Herein, we designed organohydrogels (ONOHs) for identifying the level of CA-125 antigen at fast and high sensitivity with electrochemical strategies in a serum medium. The ONOH structures are synthesized with glycerol, agar, and glutaraldehyde and at distinct ratios of onion oil, and then, the ONOHs are characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Electrochemical measurements are performed by cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in the absence and presence of CA-125 on the designed ONOHs. For the prepared ONOH-3 electrode, two distinct linear ranges are determined as 0.41-8.3 and 8.3-249.0 U/mL. The limit of quantitation and limit of detection values are calculated as 2.415 and 0.805 μU/mL, respectively, (S/N = 3). These results prove that the developed electrode material has high sensitivity, stability, and selectivity for the detection of the CA-125 antigen. In addition, this study can be reasonable for the practical detection of CA125 in serum, permitting early cancer diagnostics and convenient treatment.

A novel portable immuno-device for the recognition of lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 biomarker using GQD-AgNPrs conductive ink stabilized on the surface of cellulose

Lymphatic vessel endothelium expresses various lymphatic marker molecules. LYVE-1, the lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan (HA) receptor, a 322-residue protein belonging to the integral membrane glycoproteins which is found on lymph vessel wall and is completely absent from blood vessels. LYVE-1 is very effective in the passage of lymphocytes and tumor cells into the lymphatics. As regards cancer metastasis, in vitro studies indicate LYVE-1 to be involved in tumor cell adhesion. Researches show that, in neoplastic tissue, LYVE-1 is limited to the lymphovascular and could well be proper for studies of tumor lymphangiogenesis. So, the monitoring of LYVE-1 level in human biofluids has provided a valuable approach for research into tumor lymphangiogenesis. For the first time, an innovative paper-based electrochemical immune-platform was developed for recognition of LYVE-1. For this purpose, graphene quantum dots decorated silver nanoparticles nano-ink was synthesized and designed directly by writing pen-on paper technology on the surface of photographic paper. This nano-ink has a great surface area for biomarker immobilization. The prepared paper-based biosensor was so small and cheap and also has high stability and sensitivity. For the first time, biotinylated antibody of biomarker (LYVE-1) was immobilized on the surface of working electrode and utilized for the monitoring of specific antigen by simple immune-assay strategy. The designed biosensor showed two separated linear ranges in the range of 20-320 pg ml-1 and 0.625-10 pg ml-1, with the acceptable limit of detection (LOD) of 0.312 pg ml-1. Additionally, engineered immunosensor revealed excellent selectivity that promises its use in complex biological samples and assistance for biomarker-related disease screening in clinical studies.

Aptamer-based carbohydrate antigen 125 sensor with molybdenum disulfide functional hybrid materials

Epithelial ovarian cancer is a malignant tumor of the female reproductive system with insidious symptoms, aggressiveness, risk of metastasis, and high mortality. Carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125), a standard biomarker for screening epithelial ovarian cancer, can be applied to track cancer progression and treatment response. Here, we constructed an aptamer-based electrochemical biosensor to achieve sensitive detection of CA125. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) was used as the stable layered substrate, combined with the irregular branched structure of gold nanoflowers (AuNFs) to provide the sensing interface with a large specific surface area by one-step electrodeposition AuNFs@MoS₂. The simplified electrode modification step increased the stability of the electrode while ensuring excellent electrochemical performance and providing many sulfhydryl binding sites. Then, AuNFs@MoS₂/CA125 aptamer/MCH sensor was designed for CA125 detection. Based on AuNFs@MoS₂ electrode, CA125 aptamer with sulfhydryl as the sensitive layer was fixed on the electrode by gold sulfur bonds. 6-Mercapto-1-hexanol (MCH) was used to block the electrode and reduce the non-specific adsorption. Finally, DPV analysis was applied for CA125 detection with the range of 0.0001 U/mL to 500 U/mL. Our designed aptamer sensor showed reasonable specificity, reproducibility, and stability. Clinical sample testing also proved the consistency of our sensor with the gold standard in negative/positive judgment. This work demonstrated a novel strategy for integrating nanostructures and biocompatibility to build advanced cancer biomarker sensors with promising applications.

Disposable label-free electrochemical immunosensor based on prussian blue nanocubes for four breast cancer tumor markers

A compact and low-cost multi-electrode array (MEA) is presented, comprising four working electrodes with shared reference and auxiliary electrodes. Prussian blue was electrodeposited on the MEA using chronoamperometry with a positive potential of 0.3 V. Prussian blue nanocubes (PBNCs) were formed, which were observed using scanning electron microscopy. The precision of the four working electrodes was demonstrated using ferric/ferro cyanide (RSD <5.8%). The surface roughness of the working electrodes of the fabricated MEA was investigated by atomic force microscopy and compared with that of a commercial MEA. The PBNCs were the platform for a label-free immunosensor that detected four breast cancer tumor markers (CEA, CA125, CA153, and CA199) using specific antibodies. The processes of antibody immobilization were investigated using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The immunosensor was evaluated using real human serum samples, yielding acceptable recoveries (95.1-104.1%, RSD < 3.9) for the four tumor markers. These findings confirmed that our label-free immunosensor based on PBNCs could be a promising device for point-of-care testing and could pave the way for the establishment of new platforms for the screening of various breast cancer tumor markers.

Carboxymethylated pachyman induces ferroptosis in ovarian cancer by suppressing NRF1/HO‑1 signaling

Carboxymethylated pachyman (CMP) is characterized by immune regulatory, antitumor and antioxidant activities. However, whether CMP contributes to the treatment of ovarian cancer has yet to be explored. The role of CMP in ovarian cancer cell death was analyzed using CCK-8 and flow cytometry assays. The data showed that CMP induced ovarian cancer cell death in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, CMP-induced cell death could be largely reversed by preincubation with ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) but not 3-methyladenine or necrostatin-1. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analysis indicated that CMP significantly increased prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) and Chac glutathione specific γ-glutamylcyclotransferase 1 (CHAC1) mRNA levels, but preincubation with Fer-1 obviously reduced PTGS2 and CHAC1 mRNA levels in SKOV3 and Hey cells. The intracellular levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and Fe²⁺ were then quantified The data showed that 100 and 200 µg/ml CMP enhanced the production of SOD, MDA and Fe²⁺ but decreased GSH levels in SKOV3 and HEY cells. These data indicated that CMP could induce ferroptosis in ovarian cancer cells. More importantly, in vitro and in vivo studies indicated that CMP significantly suppressed nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), cystine/glutamate antiporter system X(c)(−) (xCT) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) expression in ovarian cancer cells and tumors. In conclusion, the present study showed novel data that CMP could induce ferroptotic death in ovarian cancer cells by suppressing Nrf2/HO-1/xCT/GPX4. All these findings indicate that CMP may have great potential in anti-ovarian cancer cell therapy by inducing ferroptosis.

Nanomaterial-based biosensor developing as a route toward in vitro diagnosis of early ovarian cancer

The grand challenges of ovarian cancer early diagnosis have led to an alarmingly high mortality rate from ovarian cancer (OC) in the past half century. In vitro diagnosis (IVD) has great potential in the early diagnosis of OC through non-invasive and dynamic analysis of biomarkers. However, common IVDs often fail to provide reliable test results due to lack of sensitivity, specificity, and convenience. In recent years, the discovery of new biomarkers and the progress of nanomaterials can solve the shortcomings of traditional IVD for early OC. These emerging biosensors based on nanomaterials offer great improvements in convenience, speed, selectivity, and sensitivity of IVD. In this review, we firstly systematically summarized the limits of commercial IVD biosensors of OC and the latest discovery of new biomarkers for OC. The representative optimization strategies for six potential ovarian cancer biomarkers are systematically discussed with emphasis on nanomaterial selection and the design of detection principles. Then, various strategies adopted by emerging biosensors based on nanomaterials are also introduced in detail, including optical, electrochemical, microfluidic, and surface plasmon sensors. Finally, current challenges of early OC IVD are proposed, and future research directions on this promising field are also discussed.

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Failure to diagnose OC early will lead to high mortality.

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The detection of OC-related biomarkers by IVD method will achieve early diagnosis of OC.

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The development of nanomaterials-based biosensors is expected to enhance efficiency of detection.

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Strategies and progress for nanomaterials-based biosensors are systematically reviewed.

The potential role of miR-1290 in cancer progression, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment: An oncomiR or onco-suppressor microRNA?

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in humans because of the lack of early diagnosis, distant metastases, and the resistance to adjuvant therapies, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In addition to playing an essential role in tumor progression and development, microRNAs (miRNAs) can be used as a robust biomarker in the early detection of cancer. MiR-1290 was discovered for the first time in human embryonic stem cells, and under typical physiological situations, plays an essential role in neuronal differentiation and neural stem cell proliferation. Its coding sequence is located at the 1p36.13 regions in the first intron of the aldehyde dehydrogenase 4 gene member A1. miR-1290 is out of control in many cancers such as breast cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, gastric cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and plays a vital role in their development. Therefore, it is suggested that miR-1290 can be considered as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target in many cancers. In addition to the importance of miR-1290 in the noninvasive diagnosis of various cancers, this systematic review study discussed the role of miR-1290 in altering the expression of different genes involved in cancer development and chemo-radiation resistance. Moreover, it considered the regulatory effect of natural products on miR-1290 expression and the interaction of lncRNAs by miR-1290.

Novel Optical Biosensor Based on a Nano-Gold Coated by Schiff Base Doped in Sol/Gel Matrix for Sensitive Screening of Oncomarker CA-125

The urge for sensitive, facile, minimally invasive, and fast detection method of CA-125, a significant and crucial biomarker in ovarian malignancy, is currently substantial. This paper describes the detailed construction and characterization of a newly designed optical nano-biosensor to detect CA-125 accurately and sensitively. The fabricated sensor consists of a nano-gold thin film doped into a matrix of sol-gel, exhibiting a centered fluorescence band at 423 nm when excited at 340 nm. The quantification of CA-125 relies on its quenching ability of this fluorescence signal. The sensor was challenged to evaluate its sensitivity and specificity in detecting CA-125 present in samples collected from ovarian cancer diagnosed patients and compared to samples from healthy women as a control. Our findings revealed that the developed biosensor had a sensitivity of 97.35% and a specificity of 94.29%. Additionally, a wide linearity range over 2.0-127.0 U mL-1 for CA-125 was achieved with a detection limit of 1.45 U mL-1. Furthermore, the sensor could successfully discriminate samples between healthy and diseased people, which demonstrates its suitability in CA-125 assessment.

A stretchable glove sensor toward rapid monitoring of trifluralin: A new platform for the on-site recognition of herbicides based on wearable flexible sensor technology using lab-on-glove

In this study, a flexible glove-based electrochemical sensor as a wearable point-of-use screening tool has been fabricated for defense and food security applications. To design the wearable glove-based sensor, we drew conductive patterns on the fingers of a rubber glove via gold@silver-modified graphene quantum dots (Au@Ag core-shell/graphene quantum dots [GQDs]) nano-ink with optimal thickness. Then, this platform is combined with a portable electrochemical analyzer for on-site detection of trifluralin pesticide in the range of 10 nM to 1 mM with the low limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 10 nM. The high efficiency and distinction of the trifluralin at specified concentrations in real leaf and apple samples were performed by simply touching with the glove and in spikes solution by immersing of fingertips. With their high sensitivity, selectivity, rapid, and easy operation pesticide analysis, these glove-embedded sensors can also be engaged in on-site monitor of other chemical threats and can be expanded to water and environmental samples.

Flexible paper-based label-free electrochemical biosensor for the monitoring of miRNA-21 using core-shell Ag@Au/GQD nano-ink: a new platform for the accurate and rapid analysis by low cost lab-on-paper technology

miRNA-21 is one of the most famous and prominent microRNAs that is important in the development and emergence of cancers. So, the sensitive and selective monitoring of miRNA-21 as a very common biomarker in cancer treatment is necessary. In this work, a novel paper-based electrochemical peptide nucleic acid (PNA) sensor was developed for the detection of miRNA-21 in human plasma samples by using Ag@Au core-shell nanoparticles electrodeposited on graphene quantum dots (GQD) conductive nano-ink (Ag@Au core-shell/GQD nano-ink), which was designed directly by writing pen-on paper technology on the surface of photographic paper. This nano-ink has a great surface area for biomarker immobilization. The prepared paper-based biosensor is very small and cheap, and also has high stability and sensitivity. Hybridization of PNA was measured using various electrochemical techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV) and chronoamperometry (ChA). FE-SEM (Field Scanning Electron Microscope), TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope), EDS and DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering) tests were performed to identify the engineering safety sensor. Under optimal conditions, the linear range for the calibration curve was from 5 pM to 5 μM, and the achieved LLOQ was 5 pM. The obtained results recommended that the proposed bioassay might be suitable for an early diagnosis of cancer based on the inhibition of the expression of miRNA-21, which activates the enzyme caspase and accelerates apoptotic proteins and death in tumor cells.

Oriented immobilization of antibodies through different surface regions containing amino groups: Selective immobilization through the bottom of the Fc region

Amino groups on the antibody surface (amino terminus and Lys) are very interesting conjugation targets due to their substantial quantities and selectivity toward various reactive groups. Oriented immobilization of antibodies via amino moieties on the Fc region instead of the antigen-binding fragment (Fab) is highly appreciated to conserve antigen-binding capacity. In this paper, targeting amino moieties on distinct regions, three antibody immobilization strategies were compared with the recognition ability of corresponding adsorbents. Our results demonstrate that oriented immobilization of antibodies onto heterofunctional chelate-epoxy support selectively involving Lys residues placed at the bottom of the Fc region, thus preserved the highest antigen recognition capacity (over 75% functionality). For homofunctional aldehyde support, immobilization at pH 10 demonstrates 50% remaining functionality due to the random orientation of tethered antibodies; while only 10% functionality remained when N-terminus were specifically conjugated at pH 8.5. With the rationalization of moieties density onto heterofunctional support, 2-fold recognition capacity was exhibited over randomly immobilization for antigens with higher size (β-galactosidase, 425 kDa vs. horseradish peroxidase, 40 kDa). Meanwhile, at least 97% of antigens with a varied concentration in diluted human serum were efficiently captured by the optimized chelate-epoxy support. Therefore, our antibody immobilization protocol proved the potential to be utilized as a promising candidate to capture voluminous antigens (large proteins and cells) in real samples.

Label-Free Electrochemical Immunosensor for Ultrasensitive Detection of Carbohydrate Antigen 125 Based on Antibody-Immobilized Biocompatible MOF-808/CNT

In this work, a nanocomposite of Zr-trimesic acid MOF (MOF-808) with carbon nanotube (CNT) was synthesized through an in situ formation of MOF-808 on the activated CNT. The synthesized materials were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoluminescence spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The protein compatible nature with high surface area and electrocatalytic ability of MOF-808 was utilized to construct an immunosensor for ultra low-level detection of the ovarian cancer biomarker, carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA 125). The mutual benefit of each constituent of the MOF-808/CNT composite was capable of producing highly enhanced electrochemical properties. A glassy carbon electrode modified with MOF-808/CNT was used as a platform to fabricate a label-free electrochemical immunosensor. The antibody binding sites of MOF-808/CNT were enriched by functionalization with streptavidin. The immunosensor exhibited two linear determination ranges of 0.001-0.1 and 0.1-30 ng·mL^-1, and the calculated limit of detection was 0.5 pg·mL^-1 (S/N 3). The immunosensor showed excellent reproducibility and selectivity. The patient serum sample analysis was cross-verified with the electrochemiluminescence method with a relative error of 105-110%.

MUC Glycoproteins: Potential Biomarkers and Molecular Targets for Cancer Therapy

MUC proteins have great significance as prognostic and diagnostic markers as well as a potential target for therapeutic interventions in most cancers of glandular epithelial origin. These are high molecular weight glycosylated proteins located in the epithelial lining of several tissues and ducts. Mucins belong to a heterogeneous group of large O-glycoproteins that can be either secreted or membrane-bound. Glycosylation, a post-translational modification affects the biophysical, functional and biochemical properties and provides structural complexity for these proteins. Aberrant expression and glycosylation of mucins contribute to tumour survival and proliferation in many cancers, which in turn activates numerous signalling pathways such as NF-kB, ERα, HIF, MAPK, p53, c-Src, Wnt and JAK-STAT, etc. This subsequently induces cancer cell growth, proliferation and metastasis. The present review mainly demonstrates the functional aspects of MUC glycoproteins along with its unique signalling mechanism and role of aberrant glycosylation in cancer progression and therapeutics. The importance of MUC proteins and its subtypes in a wide spectrum of cancers including but not limited to breast cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial and cervical cancer, lung cancer, primary liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer and ovarian cancer has been exemplified with significance in targeting the same. Several patents associated with the MUC proteins in the field of cancer therapy are also emphasized in the current review.

Microfluidic biosensing of circulating tumor cells (CTCs): Recent progress and challenges in efficient diagnosis of cancer

Cancer metastasis is one of the foremost causes of cancer incidence and fatality in the whole of the world. Circulating tumor cells (CTC) have been confirmed to be among the most significant stimuli of metastasis in recent years and presently are the subject of extensive research aiming to be accurately identified by using biological and physical properties. Among the various studies conducted for isolation, identification, and characterization of CTCs, microfluidic systems have aroused great attention owing to their unique advantages such as low-cost, simplicity, reduction in reagent consumption, miniaturization, fast and precise control. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of current state of the microfluidic biosensors for the screening of CTCs. Additionally, given the recent progress in this field, future outlook for the development of the microfluidics biosensing is briefly discussed.

Metal Nanoparticles for Electrochemical Sensing: Progress and Challenges in the Clinical Transition of Point-of-Care Testing

With the rise in public health awareness, research on point-of-care testing (POCT) has significantly advanced. Electrochemical biosensors (ECBs) are one of the most promising candidates for the future of POCT due to their quick and accurate response, ease of operation, and cost effectiveness. This review focuses on the use of metal nanoparticles (MNPs) for fabricating ECBs that has a potential to be used for POCT. The field has expanded remarkably from its initial enzymatic and immunosensor-based setups. This review provides a concise categorization of the ECBs to allow for a better understanding of the development process. The influence of structural aspects of MNPs in biocompatibility and effective sensor design has been explored. The advances in MNP-based ECBs for the detection of some of the most prominent cancer biomarkers (carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cancer antigen 125 (CA125), Herceptin-2 (HER2), etc.) and small biomolecules (glucose, dopamine, hydrogen peroxide, etc.) have been discussed in detail. Additionally, the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) ECBs have been briefly discussed. Beyond that, the limitations and challenges that ECBs face in clinical applications are examined and possible pathways for overcoming these limitations are discussed.

Advanced materials-integrated electrochemical sensors as promising medical diagnostics tools: A review

Electrochemical sensors have increasingly been linked with terms as modern biomedically effective highly selective and sensitive devices, wearable and wireless technology, portable electronics, smart textiles, energy storage, communication and user-friendly operating systems. The work brings the overview of the current advanced materials and their application strategies for improving performance, miniaturization and portability of sensing devices. It provides the extensive information on recently developed (bio)sensing platforms based on voltammetric, amperometric, potentiometric and impedimetric detection modes including portable, non-invasive, wireless, and self-driven miniaturized devices for monitoring human and animal health. Diagnostics of selected free radical precursors, low molecular biomarkers, nucleic acids and protein-based biomarkers, bacteria and viruses of today's interest is demonstrated.

Optimized DNA-based biosensor for monitoring Leishmania infantum in human plasma samples using biomacromolecular interaction: a novel platform for infectious disease diagnosis

Leishmania parasite identification is very important in clinical studies of leishmaniasis and its diagnosis. Though there are various clinical and epidemiological approaches to identifying Leishmania infantum, due to some limitations of the traditional methods, sensitive and specific techniques are needed and are in great demand. To achieve selective and rapid detection, a sensitive signal transducer with high surface area is necessary. In this work, a new paper sensor was fabricated using silver nanoprisms electrodeposited on the GQD conductive nano-ink (Ag NPr/GQDs nano-ink). A high surface area and suitable interface for anchoring biomolecules was achieved by electrodepositing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) functionalized with cysteamine (AuNPs-CysA) on the surface of the paper sensor altered by Ag NPr/GQDs nano-ink. To prepare a sensitive and selective bio-device for the recognition of Leishmania in human plasma specimens, a DNA-thiol probe was stabilized on the surface of the platform. Hybridization of DNA was evaluated by chronoamperometry (ChA). The engineered DNA-based paper biosensor showed high sensitivity and selectivity for the identification of Leishmania genomic DNA. Under optimum circumstances, a linear range was obtained using photographic paper from 1 μM to 1 zM and an ivory sheet from 1 nM to 1 zM. The lower limits of quantitation (LLOQ) on the photographic paper and ivory sheet were 1 zM. In addition, the designed DNA-based biosensor revealed well-defined performance in the recognition of mismatched sequences (single base, two base and three base mismatches) and selectivity.

A novel immunosensor for the monitoring of PSA using binding of biotinylated antibody to the prostate specific antigen based on nano-ink modified flexible paper substrate: efficient method for diagnosis of cancer using biosensing technology

Prostate cancer is the most significant reason for deaths in men, outside of lung cancer. The clinical examination of cancer proteins or biomarkers is extremely significant in early examination and monitoring of recurrence of disease after treatment. Biomarkers have expanded great clinical significance owing to their extensive spectra in the identification, elimination, early diagnosis and cure of cancer. In this work, novel, ultrasensitive sandwich-type portable bio device based on citrate-capped silver nanoparticles (Citrate-AgNPs) modified graphene quantum dots (GQDs) nano ink for detection of Prostate specific antigen (PSA) was fabricated. Functionalized cysteamine with gold nanoparticles (Cys-AuNPs) was also utilized to amplify the signal. It provides a good and high external area for the immobilization biotinylated antibody of PSA in the large amount. For the first time, citrate-AgNPs-GQDs nano ink was directly written on the cellulose paper surface (ivory sheet and photographic paper) and modified by Cys-AuNPs. So, final structure of the immunodevices was completed after including of Ab1 and PSA (antigen). The immunosensors were used for the recognition of PSA by using DPVs (differential pulse voltammetry) technique. The obtained low limit of quantification (LLOQ) of the first immunodevice (ivory sheet/Citrate AgNPs-GQDs nano-ink/CysA-Au NPs/Ab1/BSA/PSA/Ab2) was 0.07 μg/L and the linear range for the calibration plot was from 0.07 to 60 μg/L. Also, the achieved LLOQ of the second immunodevice (photographic paper/Citrate AgNPs-GQDs nano-ink/Cys-Au NPs/Ab1/BSA/PSA/Ab2) was 0.05 μg/L with the linear range of 10 to 0.05 μg/L. It is noteworthy that, proposed immunoassay was effectively utilized to the monitoring of PSA glycoprotein in unprocessed human plasma sample. Obtained results show that the constructed immunosensor is able to apply as portable bio device for the clinical analysis of PSA in human plasma samples.

Recent advancements in fabrication of nanomaterial based biosensors for diagnosis of ovarian cancer: a comprehensive review

Ovarian cancer is commonly diagnosed via determination of biomarkers like CA125, Mucin 1, HE4, and prostasin that can be present in the blood. However, there is a substantial need for less expensive, simpler, and portable diagnostic tools, both for timely diagnosis and management of ovarian cancer. This review (with 101 refs.) discusses various kinds of nanomaterial-based biosensors for tumor markers. Following an introduction into the field, a first section covers different kinds of biomarkers for ovarian cancer including CA125 (MUC16), mucin 1 (MUC1), human epididymis protein 4 (HE4), and prostasin. This is followed by a short overview on conventional diagnostic approaches. A large section is then presented on biosensors for determination of ovarian cancer, with subsections on optical biosensors (fluorimetric, colorimetric, surface plasmon resonance, chemiluminescence, electrochemiluminescence), on electrochemical sensors, molecularly imprinted sensors, paper-based biosensors, microfluidic (lab-on-a-chip) assays, chemiresistive and field effect transistor-based sensors, and giant magnetoresistive sensors. Tables are presented that give an overview on the wealth of methods and materials. A concluding section summarizes the current status, addresses current challenges, and gives an outlook on potential future trends. Graphical abstract Schematic representation of the review covering the advancements in the fabrication of various nanomaterial based biosensors for diagnosis of ovarian cancer.

Paper based immunosensing of ovarian cancer tumor protein CA 125 using novel nano-ink: A new platform for efficient diagnosis of cancer and biomedical analysis using microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPAD)

Ovarian cancer is the first and most important cause of malignancy death in women. Mucin 16 or MUC16 protein also known as carcinoma antigen 125 (CA 125) is the most commonly used glycoprotein for early stage diagnosis of ovarian cancer. In this work, a novel paper-based bio-device through hand writing of Ag/RGO (silver nanoparticles/reduced graphene oxide) nano-ink on the flexible paper substrate using pen-on-paper technology was developed. The prepared interface was used to the recognition of CA 125 protein in human biofluid. For this purpose, Ag/rGO nano-ink was synthesized by deposition of Ag nanoparticles onto graphene oxide sheets and the reduction of graphene oxide to rGO simultaneously. Conductivity and resistance of conductive lines were studied after drawing on photographic paper. Subsequently, to prepare a new and unique immuno-device, paper electrode modified by cysteamine caped gold nanoparticles (CysA/Au NPs) using electrochemical techniques. CysA is bonded by sulfur atoms with Au (CysA/Au NPs), and from the amine group with hydroxyl and carboxyl groups of Ag/RGO nano-ink deposited on the surface of paper-based electrodes (CysA/Au NPs/Ag-rGO). Then, anti-CA 125 antibody was immobilized on the electrode surface through Au NPs and CA 125 positively charged amine groups interaction. Atomic force microscopy, Transmission electron microscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering, were performed to identify the engineered immunosensor. Using chronoamperometry technique and under the optimized conditions, the low limit of quantitation (LLOQ) for the proposed immunoassay was recorded as 0.78 U/ml, which this evaluation was performed at highly linear range of 0.78-400 U/ml. The high sensitivity of the electrochemical immunosensor device is indicative of the ability of this immuno-device to detect early stages ovarian cancer.