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Kaptan Usul S, Binay B, Soydan AM, Aslan A. A newly synthesized magnetic nanoparticle coated with glycidyl methacrylate monomer and 1,2,4-Triazole: Immobilization of α-Amylase from Bacillus licheniformis for more reuse, stability, and activity in the presence of H 2O 2. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:107068. [PMID: 38181659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.107068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
α-Amylase is a secretory enzyme commonly found in nature. The α-Amylase enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of α-D-(1,4)-glucosidic bonds in starch, glycogen, and polysaccharides. The chemical characterization of the composite carrier and the immobilized enzyme was performed, and the accuracy of the immobilization was confirmed by FTIR, SEM, and EDS analyses. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicates that the magnetic nanoparticle retained its magnetic properties following the modification process. Based on the Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) outcomes, it was evident that the structural integrity of the FPT nanocomposite remained unchanged at 200°C. The optimal pH was determined to be 5.5, and no alteration was observed following the immobilization process. Purified α-amylases usually lose their activity rapidly above 50°C. In this study, Bacillus licheniformis α-Amylase enzyme was covalently immobilized on the newly synthesized magnetic composite carrier having more azole functional group. For novelty-designed immobilized enzymes, while there is no change in the pH and optimum operating temperature of the enzyme with immobilization, two essential advantages are provided to reduce enzyme costs: the storage stability and reusability are increased. Furthermore, our immobilization technique enhanced enzyme stability when comparing our immobilized enzyme with the reference enzyme in industrial applications. The activity of the immobilized enzyme was higher in presence of 1-3% H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedef Kaptan Usul
- Department of Bioengineering, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Barış Binay
- Department of Bioengineering, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey; BAUZYME Biotechnology Co., Gebze Technical University Technopark, Gebze, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Ali Murat Soydan
- Institute of Energy Technologies, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Ayşe Aslan
- Department of Bioengineering, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey; Institute of Energy Technologies, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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2
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Thakrar FJ, Koladiya GA, Singh SP. Heterologous Expression and Structural Elucidation of a Highly Thermostable Alkaline Serine Protease from Haloalkaliphilic Actinobacterium, Nocardiopsis sp. Mit-7. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:7583-7602. [PMID: 37060510 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04472-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
A highly thermostable alkaline serine protease gene (SPSPro, MN429015) obtained from haloalkaliphilic actinobacteria, Nocardiopsis sp. Mit-7 (NCIM-5746), was successfully cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21 under the control of the T7 promoter in the pET Blue1 vector leading to a 20-kDa gene product. The molecular weight of the recombinant alkaline protease, as determined by SDS-PAGE and the Mass Spectrometer (MALDI-TOF), was 34 kDa. The structural and functional attributes of the recombinant thermostable alkaline serine protease were analyzed by Bioinformatic tools. 3D Monomeric Model and Molecular Docking established the role of the amino acid residues, aspartate, serine, and tryptophan, in the active site of thealkaline protease.The activity of the recombinant alkaline protease was optimal at 65 °C, 5 °C higher than its native protease. The recombinant protease was also active over a wide range of pH 7.0-13.0, with a maximal activity of 6050.47 U/mg at pH 9. Furthermore, the thermodynamic parameters of the immobilized recombinant alkaline protease suggested its reduced vulnerability against adverse conditions under which the enzyme has to undergo varied applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foram J Thakrar
- Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
| | - Gopi A Koladiya
- Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
| | - Satya P Singh
- Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India.
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3
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Motahar SFS, Tiyoula FN, Motamedi E, Zeinalabedini M, Kavousi K, Ariaeenejad S. Computational Insights into the Selecting Mechanism of α-Amylase Immobilized on Cellulose Nanocrystals: Unveiling the Potential of α-Amylases Immobilized for Efficient Poultry Feed Hydrolysis. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:2034-2048. [PMID: 37823388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The selection of an appropriate amylase for hydrolysis poultry feed is crucial for achieving improved digestibility and high-quality feed. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), which are known for their high surface area, provide an excellent platform for enzyme immobilization. Immobilization greatly enhances the operational stability of α-amylases and the efficiency of starch bioconversion in poultry feeds. In this study, we immobilized two metagenome-derived α-amylases, PersiAmy2 and PersiAmy3, on CNCs and employed computational methods to characterize and compare the degradation efficiencies of these enzymes for poultry feed hydrolysis. Experimental in vitro bioconversion assessments were performed to validate the computational outcomes. Molecular docking studies revealed the superior hydrolysis performance of PersiAmy3, which displayed stronger electrostatic interactions with CNCs. Experimental characterization demonstrated the improved performance of both α-amylases after immobilization at high temperatures (80 °C). A similar trend was observed under alkaline conditions, with α-amylase activity reaching 88% within a pH range of 8.0 to 9.0. Both immobilized α-amylases exhibited halotolerance at NaCl concentrations up to 3 M and retained over 50% of their initial activity after 13 use cycles. Notably, PersiAmy3 displayed more remarkable improvements than PersiAmy2 following immobilization, including a significant increase in activity from 65 to 80.73% at 80 °C, an increase in activity to 156.48% at a high salinity of 3 M NaCl, and a longer half-life, indicating greater thermal stability within the range of 60 to 80 °C. These findings were substantiated by the in vitro hydrolysis of poultry feed, where PersiAmy3 generated 53.53 g/L reducing sugars. This comprehensive comparison underscores the utility of computational methods as a faster and more efficient approach for selecting optimal enzymes for poultry feed hydrolysis, thereby providing valuable insights into enhancing feed digestibility and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Fatemeh Sadeghian Motahar
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj 31535-1897, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Noroozi Tiyoula
- Laboratory of Complex Biological Systems and Bioinformatics (CBB), Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran 14176-14411, Iran
| | - Elaheh Motamedi
- Department of Nanotechnology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Research and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj 55555, Iran
| | - Mehrshad Zeinalabedini
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj 31535-1897, Iran
| | - Kaveh Kavousi
- Laboratory of Complex Biological Systems and Bioinformatics (CBB), Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran 14176-14411, Iran
| | - Shohreh Ariaeenejad
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj 31535-1897, Iran
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Immobilization of alpha-amylase (Termamyl® 2X) in Duolite® A-568 resin. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2023.102661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
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5
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Acrylic fabric and nanomaterials to enhance α-amylase-based biocatalytic immobilized systems for industrial food applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 233:123539. [PMID: 36740122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An innovative approach for immobilizing α-amylase was used in this investigation. The acrylic fabric was first treated with hexamethylene diamine (HMDA) and then coated with copper ions that were later reduced to copper nanoparticles (CuNPs). The corresponding materials obtained, Cu(II)@HMDA-TA and CuNPs@HMDA-TA, were employed as carriers for α-amylase, respectively. The structural and morphological characteristics of the produced support matrices before and after immobilization were assessed using various techniques, including FTIR, SEM, EDX, TG/DTG, DSC, and zeta potential. The immobilized α-amylase exhibited the highest level of activity at pH 7.0, with immobilization yields observed for CuNPs@HMDA-TA (81.7 %) (60 unit/g support) followed by Cu(II)@HMDA-TA (71.7 %) (49 unit/g support) and 75 % and 61 % of activity yields, and 91.7 % and 85 % of immobilization efficiency, respectively. Meanwhile, biochemical characterizations of the activity of the soluble and immobilized enzymes were carried out and compared. Optimal temperature, pH, kinetics, storage stability, and reusability parameters were optimized for immobilized enzyme activity. The optimal pH and temperature were recorded as 6.0 and 50 °C for soluble α-amylase while the two forms of immobilized α-amylase exhibit a broad pH of 6.0-7.0 and optimal temperature at 60 °C. After recycling 15 times, the immobilized α-amylase on CuNPs@HMDA-TA and Cu(II)@HMDA-TA preserved 63 % and 52 % of their activities, respectively. The two forms of immobilized α-amylase displayed high stability when stored for 6 weeks and preserved 85 % and 76 % of their activities, respectively. Km values were calculated as 1.22, 1.39, and 1.84 mg/mL for soluble, immobilized enzymes on CuNPs@HMDA-TA, and Cu(II)@HMDA-TA, and Vmax values were calculated as 36.25, 29.68, and 21.57 μmol/mL/min, respectively. The total phenolic contents of maize kernels improved 1.4 ± 0.01 fold after treatment by two immobilized α-amylases.
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Zafar A, Rahman Z, Mubeen H, Makhdoom J, Tariq J, Mahjabeen, Ali Z, Hamid A, Shafique E, Aftab MN. Heterologous expression, molecular studies and biochemical characterization of a novel alkaline esterase gene from Bacillus thuringiensis for detergent industry. RSC Adv 2022; 12:34482-34495. [PMID: 36545586 PMCID: PMC9709933 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06138d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Present study was aimed to clone and express the esterase encoding gene from Bacillus thuringiensis in E. coli BL21. Purification of recombinant esterase enzyme was achieved up to 48.6 purification folds by ion exchange chromatography with specific activity of 126.36 U mg-1. Molecular weight of esterase enzyme was 29 kDa as measured by SDS-PAGE. Purified esterase enzyme showed stability up to 90% at 90 °C and remained stable in a wide pH range (8-11). Molecular docking strengthens the experimental results by showing the higher binding energy with p-NP-butyrate. Enzyme activity was found to be reduced by EDTA but enhanced in the presence of other metal ions. Enzyme activity was reduced with 1% SDS, PMSF, and urea but organic solvents did not show considerable impact on it even at higher concentrations. Purified recombinant esterase was also found to be compatible with commercial laundry detergents and showed very good stability (up to 90%). All these properties proved the esterase enzyme from B. thuringensis a significant addition in detergent industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Zafar
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central PunjabLahorePakistan+92-3006485797
| | - Ziaur Rahman
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central PunjabLahorePakistan+92-3006485797
| | - Hira Mubeen
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central PunjabLahorePakistan+92-3006485797
| | | | - Javeria Tariq
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central PunjabLahorePakistan+92-3006485797
| | - Mahjabeen
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central PunjabLahorePakistan+92-3006485797
| | - Zulqurnain Ali
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central PunjabLahorePakistan+92-3006485797
| | - Attia Hamid
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Govt. College UniversityLahorePakistan
| | - Eeza Shafique
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central PunjabLahorePakistan+92-3006485797
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Valorization of rice milled by-products (rice husk and de-oiled rice bran) into α-amylase with its process optimization, partial purification and kinetic study. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Hamid A, Zafar A, Liaqat I, Afzal MS, Peng L, Rauf MK, ul Haq I, ur-Rehman A, Ali S, Aftab MN. Effective utilization of magnetic nano-coupled cloned β-xylanase in saccharification process. RSC Adv 2022; 12:6463-6475. [PMID: 35424589 PMCID: PMC8982049 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09275h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The β-xylanase gene (DCE06_04615) with 1041 bp cloned from Thermotoga naphthophila was expressed into E. coli BL21 DE3. The cloned β-xylanase was covalently bound to iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles coated with silica utilizing carbodiimide. The size of the immobilized MNPs (50 nm) and their binding with β-xylanase were characterized by Fourier-transform electron microscopy (FTIR) (a change in shift particularly from C–O to C–N) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (spherical in shape and 50 nm in diameter). The results showed that enzyme activity (4.5 ± 0.23 U per mL), thermo-stability (90 °C after 4 hours, residual activity of enzyme calculated as 29.89% ± 0.72), pH stability (91% ± 1.91 at pH 7), metal ion stability (57% ± 1.08 increase with Ca2+), reusability (13 times) and storage stability (96 days storage at 4 °C) of the immobilized β-xylanase was effective and superior. The immobilized β-xylanase exhibited maximal enzyme activity at pH 7 and 90 °C. Repeated enzyme assay and saccharification of pretreated rice straw showed that the MNP-enzyme complex exhibited 56% ± 0.76 and 11% ± 0.56 residual activity after 8 times and 13 times repeated usage. The MNP-enzyme complex showed 17.32% and 15.52% saccharification percentage after 1st and 8th time usage respectively. Immobilized β-xylanase exhibited 96% residual activity on 96 days' storage at 4 °C that showed excellent stability. The β-xylanase gene (DCE06_04615) with 1041 bp cloned from Thermotoga naphthophila was expressed into E. coli BL21 DE3.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Attia Hamid
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asma Zafar
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Iram Liaqat
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail Afzal
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Liangcai Peng
- Biomass and Bioenergy Research Center, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Ikram ul Haq
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asad ur-Rehman
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sikander Ali
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nauman Aftab
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University Lahore, Pakistan
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Yao D, Zhang K, Zhu X, Su L, Wu J. Enhanced extracellular α-amylase production in Brevibacillus choshinensis by optimizing extracellular degradation and folding environment. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 49:6380490. [PMID: 34601573 PMCID: PMC9113144 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
A strategy for optimizing the extracellular degradation and folding environment of Brevibacillus choshinensis has been used to enhance the extracellular production of recombinant α-amylase. First, a gene (bcp) encoding an extracellular protease and another encoding an extracellular chaperone (prsC) were identified in the genome of B. choshinensis HPD31-SP3. Then, the effect of extracellular protein degradation on recombinant α-amylase production was investigated by establishing a CRISPR/Cas9n system to knock out bcp. The effect of extracellular folding capacity was investigated separately by coexpressing extracellular chaperones genes from different sources (prsA, prsC, prsL, prsQ) in B. choshinensis. The final recombinant strain (BCPPSQ), which coexpressed prsQ in a genetic background lacking bcp, produced an extracellular α-amylase activity of 6940.9 U/mL during shake-flask cultivation. This was 2.1-fold greater than that of the original strain BCWPS (3367.9 U/mL). Cultivation of BCPPSQ in a 3-L fermenter produced an extracellular α-amylase activity of 17 925.6 U/mL at 72 h, which was 7.6-fold greater than that of BCWPS (2358.1 U/mL). This strategy demonstrates its great potential in enhancing extracellular α-amylase production in B. choshinensis. What's more, this study provides a strategic reference for improving the extracellular production of other recombinant proteins in B. choshinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Kang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xuyang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Lingqia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
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Kikani BA, Singh SP. Amylases from thermophilic bacteria: structure and function relationship. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:325-341. [PMID: 34420464 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1940089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Amylases hydrolyze starch to diverse products including dextrins and progressively smaller polymers of glucose units. Thermally stable amylases account for nearly 25% of the enzyme market. This review highlights the structural attributes of the α-amylases from thermophilic bacteria. Heterologous expression of amylases in suitable hosts is discussed in detail. Further, specific value maximization approaches, such as protein engineering and immobilization of the amylases are discussed in order to improve its suitability for varied applications on a commercial scale. The review also takes into account of the immobilization of the amylases on nanomaterials to increase the stability and reusability of the enzymes. The function-based metagenomics would provide opportunities for searching amylases with novel characteristics. The review is expected to explore novel amylases for future potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavtosh A Kikani
- UGC-CAS Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, India.,P.D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, India
| | - Satya P Singh
- UGC-CAS Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, India
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Lim SJ, Oslan SN. Native to designed: microbial -amylases for industrial applications. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11315. [PMID: 34046253 PMCID: PMC8139272 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background -amylases catalyze the endo-hydrolysis of -1,4-D-glycosidic bonds in starch into smaller moieties. While industrial processes are usually performed at harsh conditions, -amylases from mainly the bacteria, fungi and yeasts are preferred for their stabilities (thermal, pH and oxidative) and specificities (substrate and product). Microbial -amylases can be purified and characterized for industrial applications. While exploring novel enzymes with these properties in the nature is time-costly, the advancements in protein engineering techniques including rational design, directed evolution and others have privileged their modifications to exhibit industrially ideal traits. However, the commentary on the strategies and preferably mutated residues are lacking, hindering the design of new mutants especially for enhanced substrate specificity and oxidative stability. Thus, our review ensures wider accessibility of the previously reported experimental findings to facilitate the future engineering work. Survey methodology and objectives A traditional review approach was taken to focus on the engineering of microbial -amylases to enhance industrially favoured characteristics. The action mechanisms of - and -amylases were compared to avoid any bias in the research background. This review aimed to discuss the advances in modifying microbial -amylases via protein engineering to achieve longer half-life in high temperature, improved resistance (acidic, alkaline and oxidative) and enhanced specificities (substrate and product). Captivating results were discussed in depth, including the extended half-life at 100C, pH 3.5 and 10, 1.8 M hydrogen peroxide as well as enhanced substrate (65.3%) and product (42.4%) specificities. These shed light to the future microbial -amylase engineering in achieving paramount biochemical traits ameliorations to apt in the industries. Conclusions Microbial -amylases can be tailored for specific industrial applications through protein engineering (rational design and directed evolution). While the critical mutation points are dependent on respective enzymes, formation of disulfide bridge between cysteine residues after mutations is crucial for elevated thermostability. Amino acids conversion to basic residues was reported for enhanced acidic resistance while hydrophobic interaction resulted from mutated hydrophobic residues in carbohydrate-binding module or surface-binding sites is pivotal for improved substrate specificity. Substitution of oxidation-prone methionine residues with non-polar residues increases the enzyme oxidative stability. Hence, this review provides conceptual advances for the future microbial -amylases designs to exhibit industrially significant characteristics. However, more attention is needed to enhance substrate specificity and oxidative stability since they are least reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Jie Lim
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, VacBio 5, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Enzyme and Microbial Technology (EMTech) Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Nurbaya Oslan
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, VacBio 5, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Enzyme and Microbial Technology (EMTech) Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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12
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Paul JS, Gupta N, Beliya E, Tiwari S, Jadhav SK. Aspects and Recent Trends in Microbial α-Amylase: a Review. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:2649-2698. [PMID: 33715051 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03546-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
α-Amylases are the oldest and versatile starch hydrolysing enzymes which can replace chemical hydrolysis of starch in industries. It cleaves the α-(1,4)-D-glucosidic linkage of starch and other related polysaccharides to yield simple sugars like glucose, maltose and limit dextrin. α-Amylase covers about 30% shares of the total enzyme market. On account of their superior features, α-amylase is the most widely used among all the existing amylases for hydrolysis of polysaccharides. Endo-acting α-amylase of glycoside hydrolase family 13 is an extensively used biocatalyst and has various biotechnological applications like in starch processing, detergent, textile, paper and pharmaceutical industries. Apart from these, it has some novel applications including polymeric material for drug delivery, bioremediating agent, biodemulsifier and biofilm inhibitor. The present review will accomplish the research gap by providing the unexplored aspects of microbial α-amylase. It will allow the readers to know about the works that have already been done and the latest trends in this field. The manuscript has covered the latest immobilization techniques and the site-directed mutagenesis approaches which are readily being performed to confer the desirable property in wild-type α-amylases. Furthermore, it will state the inadequacies and the numerous obstacles coming in the way of its production during upstream and downstream steps and will also suggest some measures to obtain stable and industrial-grade α-amylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai Shankar Paul
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, CG, 492010, India
| | - Nisha Gupta
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, CG, 492010, India
| | - Esmil Beliya
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, CG, 492010, India.,Department of Botany, Govt. College, Bichhua, Chhindwara, MP, 480111, India
| | - Shubhra Tiwari
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, CG, 492010, India
| | - Shailesh Kumar Jadhav
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, CG, 492010, India.
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Tagomori BY, dos Santos FC, Barbosa-Tessmann IP. Recombinant expression, purification, and characterization of an α-amylase from Massilia timonae. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:13. [PMID: 33442512 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02505-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reports the amy1 gene cloning from Massilia timonae CTI-57, and its successful expression in Escherichia coli Rosetta™ (DE3) from the pTRCHis2B plasmid. The recombinant AMY1 protein had 47 kDa, and its modeled structure showed a monomer composed of three domains. An N-terminal domain with the characteristic (β/α)8-barrel structure of α-amylases, which contained the catalytic amino acid residues. The second domain was small, and the C-terminal domain was similar to those found in the barley α-amylase. A phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a high sequence identity of the studied protein with bacterial and plant α-amylases from the GH13_6 subfamily. This is the first characterized bacterial α-amylase from this glucoside hydrolase subfamily. Besides starch, the enzyme was also active against maltodextrin, amylopectin, and blocked p-nitrophenyl α-d-maltoheptaoside, but could not use β-cyclodextrin or 4-nitrophenyl α-d-glucopyranoside. The K M for highly pure grade soluble starch from potato and V max values were 0.79 mg/mL and 0.04 mg/min, respectively. The calcium ion showed to be essential for the purified enzyme's activity, while EDTA, molybdenum, cobalt, and mercury were strong inhibitors. The enzyme was almost fully active in SDS presence. The enzyme's optimal pH and temperature were 6.0 and 60 °C, respectively, and its denaturation T m was 79 °C. A TLC analysis revealed that glucose and maltose are products of the enzyme's action on starch. In conclusion, this work described the M. timonae GH13_6 subfamily α-amylase, which showed to be thermostable and anionic detergent-resistant.
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Make proper surfaces for immobilization of enzymes: Immobilization of lipase and α-amylase on modified Na-sepiolite. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Ni W, Zheng Z, Liu H, Wang P, Wang L, Wang H, Sun X, Yang Q, Tang H, Zhao G. Synthesis of the carboxymethyl cellulose magnetic nanoparticles for efficient immobilization of prenyltransferase NovQ. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 235:115955. [PMID: 32122491 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prenyltransferase NovQ immobilized carboxymethyl cellulose magnetic nanoparticles (NCMNs) were successfully synthesized via a valuable approach integrated from nanocomposite preparation, and applied for the production of vitamin K2 using menadione hydroquinol and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) as substrates. To investigate the interaction between nanoparticles and NovQ, we characterized the nanocomposite, and revealed that carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and Fe3O4 formed a core-shell structure to absorb NovQ in the reaction systems, resulting from the high affinity of immobilized materials. Meanwhile, NCMNs with excellent pH and temperature tolerance, enhanced prenylated activity, and improved stability were found. Molecular docking analysis was also conducted to justify the contribution of multiple amino acids and effect of nanoparticles on catalytic properties of NovQ. Taken together, our study introduces a promising strategy to prepare magnetic nanoparticles and improve the performance of catalyst, which aims for opening new orientations for synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles used for prenyltransferase immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Ni
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Comprehensive Laboratory Building, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei, Anhui 230031, People's Republic of China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Zheng
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Comprehensive Laboratory Building, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei, Anhui 230031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Comprehensive Laboratory Building, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei, Anhui 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Comprehensive Laboratory Building, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei, Anhui 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Comprehensive Laboratory Building, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei, Anhui 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Wang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Comprehensive Laboratory Building, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei, Anhui 230031, People's Republic of China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Sun
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Comprehensive Laboratory Building, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei, Anhui 230031, People's Republic of China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Comprehensive Laboratory Building, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei, Anhui 230031, People's Republic of China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengfang Tang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Comprehensive Laboratory Building, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei, Anhui 230031, People's Republic of China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Genhai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Comprehensive Laboratory Building, 350 Shushanhu Road, Hefei, Anhui 230031, People's Republic of China.
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