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Li X, Gao X, Fu B, Lu C, Han H, Zhou Q, Xu H. Study on the toxicity prediction model ofacetolactate synthase inhibitor herbicides based on human serum albumin and superoxide dismutase binding information. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 309:123789. [PMID: 38154301 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity significantly influences the successful development of drugs. Based on the toxicity prediction method (carrier protein binding information-toxicity relationship) previously established by the our group, this paper introduces information on the interaction between pesticides and environmental markers (SOD) into the model for the first time, so that the toxicity prediction model can not only predict the toxicity of pesticides to humans and animals, but also predict the toxicity of pesticides to the environment. Firstly, the interaction of acetolactate synthase inhibitor herbicides (ALS inhibitor herbicides) with human serum albumin (HSA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) was investigated systematically from theory combined with experiments by spectroscopy methods and molecular docking, and important fluorescence parameters were obtained. Then, the fluorescence parameters, pesticides acute toxicity LD50 and structural splitting information were used to construct predictive modeling of ALS inhibitor herbicides based on the carrier protein binding information (R2 = 0.977) and the predictive modeling of drug acute toxicity based on carrier protein binding information and conformational relationship (R2 = 0.991), which had effectively predicted pesticides toxicity in humans and animals. To predict potential environmental toxicity, the predictive modeling of drug acute toxicity based on superoxide dismutase binding information was established (R2 = 0.883) by ALS inhibitor herbicides-SOD binding information, which has a good predictive ability in the potential toxicity of pesticides to the environment. This study lays the foundation for developing low toxicity pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfen Li
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education & Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; Engineering Research Center of Pesticide of Heilongjiang Province, College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Xiaojie Gao
- Engineering Research Center of Pesticide of Heilongjiang Province, College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Bowen Fu
- Engineering Research Center of Pesticide of Heilongjiang Province, College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Chang Lu
- Engineering Research Center of Pesticide of Heilongjiang Province, College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - He Han
- Engineering Research Center of Pesticide of Heilongjiang Province, College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Pesticide of Heilongjiang Province, College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Hongliang Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education & Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; Engineering Research Center of Pesticide of Heilongjiang Province, College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China.
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Kusakabe Y, Moriya SS, Sugiyama T, Miyata Y. Isolation and identification of the new baicalin target protein to develop flavonoid structure-based therapeutic agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 90:117362. [PMID: 37320992 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are vital constituents of all living organisms. As many therapeutic agents alter the activity of functional proteins, identifying functional target proteins of small bioactive molecules isessential for the rational design of stronger medicines. Flavonoids with antioxidant, anti-allergy, and anti-inflammatory effects are expected to have preventive effects for several diseases closely related to oxidation and inflammation, including heart disease, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and eye diseases. Therefore, identifying the proteins involved in the pharmacological actions of flavonoids, and designing a flavonoid structure-based medicine that strongly and specifically inhibits flavonoid target proteins, could aid the development of more effective medicines for treating heart disease, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and ocular diseases with few side effects. To isolate the flavonoid target protein, we conducted a novel affinity chromatography in a column wherein baicalin, a representative flavonoid, was attached to Affi-Gel 102. Through affinity chromatography and nano LC-MS/MS, we identified GAPDH as a flavonoid target protein. Then, we performed fluorescence quenching and an enzyme inhibition assay to experimentally confirmbaicalin's binding affinity for, and inhibition of, GAPDH. We also conducted in silico docking simulations to visualize the binding modes of baicalin and the newly identified flavonoid target protein, GAPDH. From the results of this study, it was considered that one of the reasons why baicalin exhibits the effects on cancer and neurodegenerative diseases is that it inhibits the activity of GAPDH. In summary, we showed that Affi-Gel102 could quickly and accurately isolate the target protein for bioactive small molecules, without the need for isotopic labeling or a fluorescent probe. By using the method presented here, it was possible to easily isolate the target protein of a medicine containing a carboxylic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Kusakabe
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Toru Sugiyama
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Miyata
- Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Yang H, Li X, Guo M, Cao X, Zheng X, Bao D. UV-induced microplastics (MPs) aging leads to comprehensive toxicity. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 189:114745. [PMID: 36848786 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the toxicity of 4 MPs and additives released from MPs during UV-aging was quantitatively evaluated by the transcriptional effect level index (TELI) based on E. coli whole-cell microarray assay, and MPs-antibiotics complex pollutants. Results showed that MPs and these additives had high toxicity potential, the maximum TELI was 5.68/6.85 for polystyrene (PS)/bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). There were many similar toxic pathways between MPs and additives, indicating that part of the toxicity risk of MPs was caused by the release of additives. MPs were compounded with antibiotics, the toxicity value changed significantly. The TELI values of amoxicillin (AMX) + polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) + PVC were as high as 12.30 and 14.58 (P < 0.05). Three antibiotics all decreased the toxicity of PS and had little effect on polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE). The combined toxicity mechanism of MPs and antibiotics was very complicated, and the results could be divided into four types: MPs (PVC/PE + CIP), antibiotics (PVC + TC, PS + AMX/ tetracycline (TC)/CIP, PE + TC), both (PP + AMX/TC/CIP), or brand-new mechanisms (PVC + AMX).
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in North west Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China; Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Hydro-Electric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710048, China
| | - Xiaoliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in North west Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China; Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Hydro-Electric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710048, China.
| | - MengHan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in North west Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China; Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Hydro-Electric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710048, China; Xi'an Water Conservancy Planning Survey and Design Institute, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Xin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in North west Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China; Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Hydro-Electric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710048, China
| | - Xing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in North west Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China; Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, School of Water Resources and Hydro-Electric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710048, China; National Supervision & Inspection Center of Environmental Protection Equipment Quality, Jiangsu, Yixing 214205, China.
| | - Dongguan Bao
- Shanghai Hanyuan Engineering & Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201507, China
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Xiang D, Zhu L, Yang S, Hou X. Scrutinizing the interaction between metribuzin with glutathione reductase 2 from Arabidopsis thaliana: insight into the molecular toxicity in agriculture. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:11936-11945. [PMID: 36100787 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22808-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As one of the triazine herbicides with widespread usage in agriculture, metribuzin exerted nonnegligible hazardous effects on plants via excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species and destruction of antioxidant enzymes, but the underlying harmful mechanism of metribuzin-induced oxidative damage to plants has never been exploited. Here, Arabidopsis thaliana glutathione reductase 2 (AtGR2) was employed as the biomarker to evaluate the adverse impacts of metribuzin on plants. The fluorescence intensity of AtGR2 was decreased based on the static quenching mechanism with the prediction of a single binding site toward metribuzin, and the complex formation was presumed to be mainly impelled by hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces from the negative ΔH and ΔS. In addition, the loosened and unfolded skeleton of AtGR2 along with the increased hydrophilicity around the tryptophan residues were investigated. Besides, the glutathione reductase activity of AtGR2 was also destroyed due to structural and conformational changes. At last, the severe inhibiting growth of Arabidopsis seedling roots was discovered under metribuzin exposure. Hence, the evaluation of the molecular interaction mechanism of AtGR2 with metribuzin will establish valuable assessments of the toxic effects of metribuzin on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Xiang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Song Yang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xiaomin Hou
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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Cui Z, He F, Li X, Jing M, Huo C, Zong W, Liu R. Molecular insights into the binding model and response mechanisms of triclosan with lysozyme. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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He F, Wan J, Chu S, Li X, Zong W, Liu R. Toxic mechanism on phenanthrene-triggered cell apoptosis, genotoxicity, immunotoxicity and activity changes of immunity protein in Eisenia fetida: Combined analysis at cellular and molecular levels. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 819:153167. [PMID: 35051481 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phenanthrene (PHE) is a harmful organic contaminant and exists extensively in the soil environment. The accumulation of PHE would potentially threaten soil invertebrates, including earthworms, and the toxicity is also high. Currently, the possible mechanisms underlying apoptotic pathways induced by PHE and its immunotoxicity and genotoxicity in earthworms remain unclear. Thus, Eisenia fetida coelomocytes and immunity protein lysozyme (LYZ) were chosen as targeted receptors to reveal the apoptotic pathways, genotoxicity, and immunotoxicity triggered by PHE and its binding mechanism with LYZ, using cellular, biochemical, and molecular methods. Results indicated that PHE exposure can cause cell membrane damage, increase cell membrane permeability, and ultimately trigger mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Increased 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels indicated PHE had triggered DNA oxidative damage in cells after PHE exposure. Occurrence of detrimental effects on the immune system in E. fetida coelomocytes due to decreased phagocytic efficacy and destroyed the lysosomal membrane. The LYZ activity in coelomocytes after PHE exposure was consistent with the molecular results, in which the LYZ activity was inhibited. After PHE binding, the protein structure (secondary structure and protein skeleton) and protein environment (the micro-environment of aromatic amino acids) of LYZ were destroyed, forming a larger particle size of the PHE-LYZ complex, and causing a significant sensitization effect on LYZ fluorescence. Molecular simulation indicated the key residues Glu 35, Asp 52, and Trp 62 for protein function located in the binding pocket, suggesting PHE preferentially binds to the active center of LYZ. Additionally, the primary driving forces for the binding interaction between PHE and LYZ molecule are hydrophobicity forces and hydrogen bonds. Taken together, PHE exposure can induce apoptosis by mitochondria-mediated pathway, destroy the normal immune system, and trigger DNA oxidative damage in earthworms. Besides, this study provides a comprehensive evaluation of phenanthrene toxicity to earthworms on molecular and cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falin He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Jingqiang Wan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Shanshan Chu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Xiangxiang Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Wansong Zong
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, 88# East Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250014, PR China
| | - Rutao Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China.
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He F, Chu S, Sun N, Li X, Jing M, Wan J, Zong W, Tang J, Liu R. Binding interactions of acrylamide with lysozyme and its underlying mechanisms based on multi-spectra, isothermal titration microcalorimetry and docking simulation. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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8
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Tang SF, Hou X. Probing the toxic interactions between bisphenol A and glutathione S-transferase Phi8 from Arabidopsis thaliana. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 213:112029. [PMID: 33578103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As primary polymer material in industrial products, bisphenol A (BPA) has become one of the most productive chemicals. Excluding its endocrine-disrupting property, BPA can also produce excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS). Nevertheless, the underlying toxic mechanisms of BPA-induced oxidative damages to plants are still unknown. In this work, glutathione S-transferase Phi8 was used as biomarker to evaluate the hazardous oxidative effects of BPA at the molecular level. Firstly, the intrinsic fluorescence of AtGSTF8 was statically quenched along with complex formation and structural and conformational changes, which led to the loosening and unfolding of the framework of AtGSTF8 as well as the increase of hydrophilicity around Trp residues. Then a single binding site was predicted for AtGSTF8 towards BPA and the complex formation was predominantly driven by hydrophobic interactions owing to the positive ΔH and ΔS. Besides, the predicted binding site of BPA was close to the H-site of AtGSTF8 which was surrounded by several hydrophobic amino acids based on the molecular docking results. The activity of glutathione S-transferase was declined and the plant growth was destroyed upon complex formation. The investigation of the binding mechanism of BPA with AtGSTF8 at molecular level would provide experimental assessments on toxicological effects of BPA on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Fu Tang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xiaomin Hou
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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Xie Y, Hou X. Molecular Assessment of the Toxic Mechanism of the Latest Neonicotinoid Dinotefuran with Glutathione Peroxidase 6 from Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:638-645. [PMID: 33398988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With widespread applications of the latest neonicotinoid in agriculture, dinotefuran has gradually become a hazardous contaminant for plants through the generation of excessive reactive oxygen species. However, the potential toxic mechanisms of oxidative damages to plants induced by dinotefuran are still unknown. As a core component of the glutathione antioxidant enzyme system, glutathione peroxidases have been used as biomarkers to reflect excessive oxidative stress. In this study, the hazardous effects of dinotefuran on AtGPX6 were investigated at the molecular level. The intrinsic fluorescence intensity of AtGPX6 was quenched using the static quenching mechanism upon binding with dinotefuran. Moreover, a single binding site was predicted for AtGPX6 toward dinotefuran, and the complex formation was presumed to be driven by hydrogen bonds or van der Waals forces, which conformed with the molecular docking results. In addition, AtGPX6 exhibited moderate binding affinity with dinotefuran based on the bio-layer interferometry assay. In addition, the loosening and unfolding of the protein skeleton of AtGPX6 with the addition of dinotefuran were explored along with the increase of hydrophobicity around tryptophan residues. Lastly, the toxic effects of dinotefuran on the root growth of Arabidopsis seedlings were also examined. The exploration of the binding mechanism of dinotefuran with AtGPX6 at the molecular level would provide the toxicity assessment of dinotefuran on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Xie
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xiaomin Hou
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
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Xie Y, Hou X. Assessments on the molecular toxic mechanisms of fipronil and neonicotinoids with glutathione transferase Phi8. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:1862-1868. [PMID: 32791279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As the most widely used pesticides, fipronils and neonicotinoids exhibit harmful effects to many species including crops mainly via the oxidative damages. However, the potential toxic mechanisms of these pesticides to plants remain unclear. In this work, glutathione S-transferase Phi8 was employed as the biomarker to assess the adverse oxidative effects of these two kinds of pesticides. The structural changes and binding characteristics of AtGSTF8 with the pesticides were investigated by multispectral techniques and the latest generation neonicotinoid dinotefuran exhibited the most evident effects on the structure of AtGSTF8. Then dinotefuran displayed weak binding ability to AtGSTF8 comparing with fipronil and clothianidin based on the bio-layer interferometry technique. Besides, the glutathione S-transferase activities of AtGSTF8 were decreased upon binding with these two kinds of pesticides but dinotefuran displayed minor effect on the enzyme activity. At last, dinotefuran and clothianidin were presumed to locate on the molecular surface of AtGSTF8, while fipronil was predicted to insert into the cavity of AtGSTF8 which was adjacent to the active G-site based on the molecular docking results. The molecular investigations on the toxic mechanisms would help to evaluate the harmful effects of these two kinds of prevalent pesticides to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Xie
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xiaomin Hou
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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Gao JJ, Zhang L, Peng RH, Wang B, Feng HJ, Li ZJ, Yao QH. Recombinant expression of Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1 glutathione S-transferase in Arabidopsis thaliana: an efficient tool for phytoremediation of thiocyanate. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2020.1779127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jie Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ri-He Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Bo Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hui-Juan Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhen-Jun Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Quan-Hong Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
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