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Zu H, Yan X, Wu J, Zhao J, Mayo KH, Zhou Y, Cui L, Cheng H, Sun L. Application of an α-galactosidase from Bacteroides fragilis on structural analysis of raffinose family oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 346:122661. [PMID: 39245515 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) have diverse structures and exhibit various biological activities. When using RFOs as prebiotics, their structures need to be identified. If we first knew whether an RFO was classical or non-classical, structural identification would become much easier. Here, we cloned and expressed an α-galactosidase (BF0224) from Bacteroides fragilis which showed strict specificity for hydrolyzing α-Gal-(1 → 6)-Gal linkages in RFOs. BF0224 efficiently distinguished classical from non-classical RFOs by identifying the resulting hydrolyzed oligo- and mono-saccharides with HPAEC-PAD-MS. Using this strategy, we identified a non-classical RFO from Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miquel) Pax with DP6 (termed PHO-6), as well as a classical RFO from Lycopus lucidus Turcz. with DP7 (termed LTO-7). To characterize these RFO structures, we employed four other commercial or reported α-galactosidases in combination with NMR and methylation analysis. Using this approach, we elucidated the accurate chemical structure of PHO-6 and LTO-7. Our study provides an efficient analytical approach to structurally analyze RFOs. This enzyme-based strategy also can be applied to structural analysis of other glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyang Zu
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xuecui Yan
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jingying Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 6-155 Jackson Hall, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yifa Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Liangnan Cui
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Hairong Cheng
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Lin Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
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Wang J, Shen C, Sun J, Cheng L, Zhao G, Li MM. Metagenomic analysis reveals a dynamic rumen microbiome with diversified adaptive functions in response to dietary protein restriction and re-alimentation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 949:174618. [PMID: 38986687 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of the rumen microbiome is crucial for optimizing ruminal fermentation to improve feed efficiency and addressing concerns regarding antibiotic resistance in the livestock production industry. This study aimed to investigate the adaptive effects of microbiome and the properties of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZy) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in response to dietary protein shifts. Twelve Charolais bulls were randomly divided into two groups based on initial body weight: 1) Treatment (REC), where the animals received a 7 % CP diet in a 4-week restriction period, followed by a 13 % CP diet in a 2-week re-alimentation period; 2) Control (CON), where the animals were fed the 13 % CP diet both in the restriction period and the re-alimentation period. Protein restriction decreased the concentrations of acetate, propionate, isovalerate, glutamine, glutamate, and isoleucine (P < 0.05), while protein re-alimentation increased the concentrations of arginine, methionine sulfoxide, lysine, and glutamate (P < 0.05). Protein restriction decreased the relative abundances of Bacteroidota but increased Proteobacteria, with no difference observed after re-alimentation. Protein restriction decreased relative abundances of the genera Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Bifidobacterium. Following protein recovery, Escherichia was enriched in CON, while Pusillibacter was enriched in REC, indicating that distinct microbial adaptations to protein shifts. Protein restriction increased GH97 while reducing GH94 and GT35 compared to CON. Protein restriction decreased abundances of KO genes involved in VFA production pathways, while they were recovered in the re-alimentation period. Protein restriction reduced tet(W/32/O) abundances but increased those of tet(X), nimJ, and rpoB2. Following protein re-alimentation, there was a decrease in ErmQ and tet(W/N/W), and an increase in Mef(En2) compared to CON, highlighting the impact of dietary protein on the distribution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Overall, comprehensive metagenomic analysis reveals the dynamic adaptability of the microbiome in response to dietary shifts, indicating its capacity to modulate carbohydrate metabolism and ARGs in response to protein availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Chun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Long Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Guangyong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Meng M Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Chalella Mazzocato M, Jacquier JC. Recent Advances and Perspectives on Food-Grade Immobilisation Systems for Enzymes. Foods 2024; 13:2127. [PMID: 38998633 PMCID: PMC11241248 DOI: 10.3390/foods13132127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of enzyme immobilisation is becoming increasingly popular in beverage processing, as this method offers significant advantages, such as enhanced enzyme performance and expanded applications, while allowing for easy process termination via simple filtration. This literature review analysed approximately 120 articles, published on the Web of Science between 2000 and 2023, focused on enzyme immobilisation systems for beverage processing applications. The impact of immobilisation on enzymatic activity, including the effects on the chemical and kinetic properties, recyclability, and feasibility in continuous processes, was evaluated. Applications of these systems to beverage production, such as wine, beer, fruit juices, milk, and plant-based beverages, were examined. The immobilisation process effectively enhanced the pH and thermal stability but caused negative impacts on the kinetic properties by reducing the maximum velocity and Michaelis-Menten constant. However, it allowed for multiple reuses and facilitated continuous flow processes. The encapsulation also allowed for easy process control by simplifying the removal of the enzymes from the beverages via simple filtration, negating the need for expensive heat treatments, which could result in product quality losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Chalella Mazzocato
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jean-Christophe Jacquier
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
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Brown HA, Morris AL, Pudlo NA, Hopkins AE, Martens EC, Golob JL, Koropatkin NM. Acarbose Impairs Gut Bacteroides Growth by Targeting Intracellular GH97 Enzymes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.20.595031. [PMID: 38826241 PMCID: PMC11142093 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.20.595031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Acarbose is a type-2 diabetes medicine that inhibits dietary starch breakdown into glucose by inhibiting host amylase and glucosidase enzymes. Numerous gut species in the Bacteroides genus enzymatically break down starch and change in relative abundance within the gut microbiome in acarbose-treated individuals. To mechanistically explain this observation, we used two model starch-degrading Bacteroides, Bacteroides ovatus (Bo) and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (Bt). Bt growth is severely impaired by acarbose whereas Bo growth is not. The Bacteroides use a starch utilization system (Sus) to grow on starch. We hypothesized that Bo and Bt Sus enzymes are differentially inhibited by acarbose. Instead, we discovered that although acarbose primarily targets the Sus periplasmic GH97 enzymes in both organisms, the drug affects starch processing at multiple other points. Acarbose competes for transport through the Sus beta-barrel proteins and binds to the Sus transcriptional regulators. Further, Bo expresses a non-Sus GH97 (BoGH97D) when grown in starch with acarbose. The Bt homolog, BtGH97H, is not expressed in the same conditions, nor can overexpression of BoGH97D complement the Bt growth inhibition in the presence of acarbose. This work informs us about unexpected complexities of Sus function and regulation in Bacteroides, including variation between related species. Further, this indicates that the gut microbiome may be a source of variable response to acarbose treatment for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley A. Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Adeline L. Morris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Pudlo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ashley E. Hopkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Eric C. Martens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jonathan L. Golob
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nicole M. Koropatkin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Wu K, Zhai X, Chen H, Zheng J, Yu Z, Xu X, Huang J. The effect of barium and strontium on activity of glucoamylase QsGH97a from Qipengyuania seohaensis SW-135. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5840. [PMID: 37037863 PMCID: PMC10086023 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32161-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolases (GHs), the enzymes that break glycosidic bonds, are ubiquitous in the ecosystem, where they perform a range of biological functions. As an interesting glycosidase family, Glycoside hydrolase family 97 (GH97) contains α-glucosidase, α-galactosidase, and glucoamylase. Only ten members of GH97 have been characterized so far. It is critical to explore novel members to elucidate the catalytic mechanism and application potential of GH97 family. In this study, a novel glucoamylase QsGH97a from Qipengyuania seohaensis SW-135 was cloned and expressed in E. coli. Sequence analysis and NMR results show that QsGH97a is classified into GH97a, and adopts inverting mechanism. The biochemical characterization indicates that QsGH97a shows the optimal activity at 50 °C and pH 8.0. Ca2+ has little effect on the catalytic activity; however, the activity can be substantially increased by 8-13 folds in the presence of Ba2+ or Sr2+. Additionally, the metal content of QsGH97a assay showed a high proportion of Sr2+. The specific metal activity was initially revealed in glucoamylases, which is not found in other members. These results imply that QsGH97a not only is a new member of GH97, but also has potential for industrial applications. Our study reveals that Ba2+ or Sr2+ may be involved in the catalytic mechanism of glucoamylase, laying the groundwork for a more complete knowledge of GH97 and its possible industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijuan Wu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Xingyu Zhai
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Jinfeng Zheng
- Hunan Institute for Drug Control, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Zheng Yu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
- China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Xuewei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Ministry of Natural Resources & Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, 310012, China.
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
- China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
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Xu K, Appiah B, Zhang BW, Yang ZH, Quan C. Recent advances in enzyme immobilization based on nanoflowers. J Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Gao C, Appiah B, Zou ZC, Zhang BOW, Zhou JH, Yu C, Li LL, Quan C, Yang ZH. Immobilization of Nuclease P1 Based on Hybrid Nanoflowers with Tremendously Enhanced Catalytic Activity and Stability. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430081, China
| | - Bright Appiah
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430081, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Zou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430081, China
| | - BO-Wei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430081, China
| | - Jin-Hui Zhou
- Analytical & Testing Center, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430081, China
| | - Chen Yu
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Angel Enzyme Preparation (Yichang) Co., Ltd., Yichang443000, China
| | - Ling-Ling Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430081, China
| | - Can Quan
- Center for Reference Materials Research & Management, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430081, China
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou310023, China
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Bhatia S, Batra N, Singh J. Production, purification, characterization, and applications of α-galactosidase from Bacillus flexus JS27 isolated from Manikaran hot springs. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 53:366-383. [PMID: 35801491 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2095572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
α-Galactosidase hydrolyzes the α-1,6-linkage present at the non-reducing end of the sugars and results in the release of galactosyl residue from oligosaccharides like melibiose, raffinose, stachyose, etc. In the present study we report, α-galactosidase from Bacillus flexus isolated from Manikaran hot springs (India). Maximum enzyme production was obtained in guar gum and soybean meal after 72 h at 150 rpm. While, the temperature/pH of production was optimized at 50 °C and 7.0, respectively. Isoenzymes (α-gal I and II) were obtained and characterized based on temperature/pH optima along with their stability profile. JS27 α-Gal II was purified with a final purification fold of 11.54. Native and SDS-PAGE were used to determine the molecular weight of the enzyme as 86 and 41 kDa, respectively, indicating its homodimeric form. JS27 α-Gal II showed optimum enzyme activity at 55 °C and pH 7 (10 min). The enzyme displayed Km value of 2.3809 mM and Vmax of 2.0 × 104 µmol/min/ml with pNPG as substrate. JS27 α-Gal II demonstrated substrate hydrolysis and simultaneous formation of transgalactosylation products (α-GOS) with numerous substrates (sugar/sugar alcohols, oligosaccharides, and complex carbohydrates) which were verified by TLC and HPLC analysis. α-GOS are significant functional food ingredients and can be explored as prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Bhatia
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Goswami Ganesh Dutta Sanatan Dharma College, Chandigarh, India
| | - Navneet Batra
- Department of Biotechnology, Goswami Ganesh Dutta Sanatan Dharma College, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jagtar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Anisha GS. Molecular advances in microbial α-galactosidases: challenges and prospects. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:148. [PMID: 35773364 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03340-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
α-Galactosidase (α-D-galactosidase galactohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.22), is an industrially important enzyme that hydrolyzes the galactose residues in galactooligosaccharides and polysaccharides. The industrial production of α-galactosidase is currently insufficient owing to the high production cost, low production efficiency and low enzyme activity. Recent years have witnessed an increase in the worldwide research on molecular techniques to improve the production efficiency of microbial α-galactosidases. Cloning and overexpression of the gene sequences coding for α-galactosidases can not only increase the enzyme yield but can confer industrially beneficial characteristics to the enzyme protein. This review focuses on the molecular advances in the overexpression of α-galactosidases in bacterial and yeast/fungal expression systems. Recombinant α-galactosidases have improved biochemical and hydrolytic properties compared to their native counterparts. Metabolic engineering of microorganisms to produce high yields of α-galactosidase can also assist in the production of value-added products. Developing new variants of α-galactosidases through directed evolution can yield enzymes with increased catalytic activity and altered regioselectivity. The bottlenecks in the recombinant production of α-galactosidases are also discussed. The knowledge about the hurdles in the overexpression of recombinant proteins illuminates the emerging possibilities of developing a successful microbial cell factory and widens the opportunities for the production of industrially beneficial α-galactosidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Sathyanesan Anisha
- Post-Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
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Sepabeads EC-EP immobilized α-galactosidase: Immobilization, characterization and application in the degradation of raffinose-type oligosaccharides. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Anisha GS. Microbial α-galactosidases: Efficient biocatalysts for bioprocess technology. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126293. [PMID: 34752888 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Galactomannans, abundantly present in plant biomass, can be used as renewable fermentation feedstock for biorefineries working for the production of bioethanol and other value-added products. The complete and efficient bioconversion of biomass to fermentable sugars for the generation of biofuels and other value-added products require the concerted action of accessory enzymes like α-galactosidases, which can work in cohesion with other carbohydrases in an enzyme cocktail. In the paper industry, α-galactosidases enhance the bleaching effect of endo-β-1,4-mannanases on softwood kraft pulp. Microbial α-galactosidases also find applications in the treatment of legume foods, recovery of sucrose from sugar beet syrup, improving the rheological properties of galactomannans, and synthesis of α-galactooligosaccharides to be used as functional food ingredients. Owing to their industrial applications, there is a surge in the research focused on α-galactosidases. The current review illustrates the diverse industrial applications of microbial α-galactosidases and their challenges and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Sathyanesan Anisha
- Post-Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
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Çalcı E, Önal S. Comparative affinity immobilization of α-galactosidase on chitosan functionalized with Concanavalin A and its useability for the hydrolysis of raffinose. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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