1
|
Das BK, Nayak KK, Kumar V. Alteration of haematological and biochemical biomarkers after sub-lethal chronic malathion (Elathion®) intoxication in freshwater fish, Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 277:109844. [PMID: 38244824 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The present investigation aimed to evaluate the long-term effects of malathion (Elathion®) at two sub-lethal concentrations (0.36 and 1.84 mgL-1) for 45 days after the determination of 96 h-LC50 value (18.35 mgL-1) in a commercially important aquaculture species, Labeo rohita by assaying multiple biomarker approaches. Total erythrocyte count (TEC), and haemoglobulin count (Hb) were found to be decreased while total leucocyte counts (TLC) were increased (p < 0.05) in malathion-intoxicated fish. Malathion exposure significantly reduced (p < 0.05) serum protein levels while significantly increased (p < 0.05) blood glucose levels. RNA activity in muscle was reduced (p < 0.05) while DNA activity increased (p < 0.05) in malathion-intoxicated fish. Acid phosphatase (ACP) activities in the brain; lacate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities in brain and liver were increased (p < 0.05), while alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities in the brain; succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities in the brain, liver and kidney; acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity in the brain; and ATPase activities in the brain, liver and kidney were reduced (p < 0.05) in comparison to control. Thus, the alteration in studied biomarkers was in a concentation-time dependent manner; however, it was more pronounced at the higher concentration at 45 days of exposure. The alteration in biomarker activity is probably a defensive mechanism/ adaptive response of fish to overcome the stress induced by malathion, which is a novel insight and possible impact on L.rohita. Our findings suggest malathion-induced stress, therefore, the use of malathion needs to be regulated to safeguard aquatic animals including fish and human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Basanta Kumar Das
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India.
| | | | - Vikas Kumar
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Regional Centre, Prayagraj, 211002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang B, Zhang S, Shen ZT, Hou T, Zhao YH, Huang MS, Li J, Chen H, Hu PH, Luo ZJ, Yuan S, Wang FM, Li W, Shu C, Xia XH, Ding Y. Core-Shell Reactor Partitioning Enzyme and Prodrug by ZIF-8 for NADPH-Sensitive In Situ Prodrug Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202314025. [PMID: 37881154 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-prodrug therapies have shown unique advantages in efficiency, selectivity, and specificity of in vivo prodrug activation. However, precise spatiotemporal control of both the enzyme and its substrate at the target site, preservation of enzyme activity, and in situ substrate depletion due to low prodrug delivery efficiency continue to be great challenges. Here, we propose a novel core-shell reactor partitioning enzyme and prodrug by ZIF-8, which integrates an enzyme with its substrate and increases the drug loading capacity (DLC) using a prodrug as the building ligand to form a Zn-prodrug shell. Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) is immobilized in ZIF-8, and the antitumor drug dacarbazine (DTIC) is coordinated and deposited in its outer layer with a high DLC of 43.6±0.8 %. With this configuration, a much higher prodrug conversion efficiency of CYP450 (36.5±1.5 %) and lower IC50 value (26.3±2.6 μg/mL) are measured for B16-F10 cells with a higher NADPH concentration than those of L02 cells and HUVECs. With the tumor targeting ability of hyaluronic acid, this core-shell enzyme reactor shows a high tumor suppression rate of 96.6±1.9 % and provides a simple and versatile strategy for enabling in vivo biocatalysis to be more efficient, selective, and safer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zi-Tao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ting Hou
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yi-Han Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Meng-Sheng Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Peng-Hui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zi-Jiang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Feng-Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chang Shu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xing-Hua Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ya Ding
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kumar V, Swain HS, Roy S, Das BK, Upadhyay A, Ramteke MH, Kumar V, Kole RK, Banerjee H. Integrated biomarker approach strongly explaining in vivo sub-lethal acute toxicity of butachlor on Labeo rohita. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 261:109427. [PMID: 35944825 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Butachlor herbicide belongs to the family of chloroacetanilide group, widely used for control of grass and broadleaf weeds in paddy fields however, its repeated application may result in aquatic pollution. Butachlor residue has been detected in aquatic environments, which may produce toxic effects on non-target organisms including fish. Keeping this in mind, the present study was designed to estimate the LC50 of butachlor (Shaktiman®), and to evaluate the sub-lethal toxicity at two concentrations (12.42 μg L-1 and 62.10 μg L-1) in Labeo rohita for a period of 24, 48, and 72 h. Fish exposed to butachlor reduced the counts of red blood cells (RBC), haemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), and white blood cells (WBC). A significant (p < 0.05) increase in the antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase-SOD, glutathione-s-transferase-GST), and hepatic enzyme (glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase-GOT, glutamate-pyruvate transaminase-GPT) were noticed in butachlor exposed fish. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and HSP90 in gill; cortisol, protein, albumin, globulin, and triglyceride in serum were increased upon exposure of butachlor. On the contrary, complement 3 (C3) and immunoglobulin (IgM) in serum was found to be decreased compared to control fish. The findings thus suggest that the fish upon exposure to butachlor disrupts the biomarkers which ultimately leads to growth retardation in fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kumar
- Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia 741252, West Bengal, India; ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Himanshu Sekhar Swain
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Sankhajit Roy
- Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia 741252, West Bengal, India
| | - Basanta Kumar Das
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India.
| | - Aurobinda Upadhyay
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Mitesh Hiradas Ramteke
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Vikash Kumar
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Ramen Kumar Kole
- Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia 741252, West Bengal, India
| | - Hemanta Banerjee
- Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia 741252, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Montenegro D, González MT, Hickey T, Rahnama M, Green S, Lear G. Assessing integrated biomarkers of triplefin fish Forsterygion capito inhabiting contaminated marine water - A multivariate approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132590. [PMID: 34662640 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The presence of multiple chemicals in aquatic ecosystems makes evaluation of their real impact on the biota difficult. Integrated biomarkers are therefore needed to evaluate how these chemicals contribute to environmental degradation. The aims of the present study were to evaluate responses to and effects of marine pollution using a series of biomarkers through multivariate analyses. Transcriptional responses of cyp1a (cytochrome P450), mt (metallothionein), vtg (vitellogenin) and cyp19b (cytochrome P450 aromatase); branchial and hepatic histological alterations; and Fulton condition factors (CF) were evaluated, as well as the metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons present in Forsterygion capito in Auckland, New Zealand. Sites were selected along a contamination gradient: four highly contaminated sites and four less contaminated. Molecular responses with a higher relative expression of the mt and cyp1a genes were detected at a highly contaminated site (Panmure). Several histological lesion types were found in the livers of fish inhabiting both types of sites, but gill lesions were present primarily at highly contaminated sites. In terms of general health status, the lowest CF values were overwhelmingly found in fish from the same site (Panmure). The multivariate approach revealed that telangiectasia and hyperplasia were associated with the presence of chemicals, and these showed negative associations with the CF values, with fish from three highly contaminated sites being most affected. In conclusion, the multivariate approach helped to integrate these biological markers in this blennioid fish, thus providing a more holistic view of the complex chemical mixtures involved. Future studies should implement these analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Montenegro
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand; Natural Science Institute Alexander von Humboldt, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Biological Resources, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile.
| | - M Teresa González
- Natural Science Institute Alexander von Humboldt, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Biological Resources, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Tony Hickey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Mostafa Rahnama
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40546, USA
| | - Saras Green
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Gavin Lear
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Assessment of the effect of sub-lethal acute toxicity of Emamectin benzoate in Labeo rohita using multiple biomarker approach. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:102-110. [PMID: 35036329 PMCID: PMC8749126 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emamectin benzoate (EMB) is a potent neurotoxin agent, widely used for ectoparasites control in aquaculture, but their detailed toxicological implications in Labeo rohita are unknown. Thus, this study was conceptualized to determine the LC50 and to investigate the effects of two sub-lethal concentrations 1/50th of 96 h LC50 (1.82 μgL-1) and 1/10thof 96 h LC50 (9.1 μgL-1) on hemato-immunological and biochemical responses in L. rohita (mean weight 25.54 ± 2.3 g and length 10.35 ± 2.4 cm) for a period of 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. LC50 of EMB were 163 μgL-1, 112 μgL-1, 99 μgL-1 and 91 μgL-1 at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 96 h respectively. The safe limit at 96 h LC50 of EMB was 2.30 μgL-1. In EMB treated fish, red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit counts were reduced (p < 0.05) significantly. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the liver and kidney declined (p < 0.05) at 72 h while in gill and muscle the activity increased significantly. Glutathione-s-transferase (GST) activity in the liver, gill, and kidney increased (p < 0.05) while muscle decreased significantly. Catalase (CAT) activity in liver, gill, and muscle decreased while in kidney increases. Glutamic-oxaloacetic acid transaminase (GOT) activity and Glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) activity were increased in liver, kidney, and muscle tissue. The change in serum triglycerides, serum protein level was noticed. The level of cortisol, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and HSP90 increased (p < 0.05) while the immunological responses like immunoglobulin M (IgM) and complement 3(C3) activity decreased (p < 0.05) in EMB exposed fish. Thus, EMB exposure at two sub-lethal concentrations in L. rohita induces several hemato-immuno, and biochemical alterations in blood, serum, and different organs. The overall result of the present study indicated that EMB is toxic to fish even for a short-term exposure and low doses, and therefore utmost caution should be taken to prevent their drainage into water bodies.
Collapse
|