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Villa C, Caviglia D, Robustelli Della Cuna FS, Zuccari G, Russo E. NaDES Application in Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Fields: An Overview. Gels 2024; 10:107. [PMID: 38391437 PMCID: PMC10888423 DOI: 10.3390/gels10020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) represent a new generation of green, non-flammable solvents, useful as an efficient alternative to the well-known ionic liquids. They can be easily prepared and exhibit unexpected solubilizing power for lipophilic molecules, although those of a hydrophilic nature are mostly used. For their unique properties, they can be recommend for different cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications, ranging from sustainable extraction, obtaining ready-to-use ingredients, to the development of biocompatible drug delivery responsive systems. In the biomedical field, NaDES can be used as biopolymer modifiers, acting as delivery compounds also known as "therapeutic deep eutectic systems", being able to solubilize and stabilize different chemical and galenical formulations. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the current knowledge regarding natural deep eutectic solvents specifically applied in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical fields. The work could help to disclose new opportunities and challenges for their implementation not only as green alternative solvents but also as potential useful pathways to deliver bioactive ingredients in innovative formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Villa
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Drug and Cosmetic Chemistry, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Debora Caviglia
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Drug and Cosmetic Chemistry, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Guendalina Zuccari
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Drug and Cosmetic Chemistry, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Drug and Cosmetic Chemistry, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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Ferreira IJ, Paiva A, Diniz M, Duarte AR. Uncovering biodegradability and biocompatibility of betaine-based deep eutectic systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:40218-40229. [PMID: 36607574 PMCID: PMC10067644 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-25000-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Deep eutectic systems (DES) have shown increasing popularity in last decade; however, the number of studies on the potential toxicity towards living organisms remains scarce. These studies are of the utmost importance to infer on the claimed non-toxicity and biocompatibility of DES. Most articles published, at this moment, only evaluate the toxicity towards a cell model or in different strains of bacteria. For this purpose, in this work, the effect of two DES (betaine:sorbitol:water 1:1:3 and betaine:glycerol 1:2) and their individual components were evaluated at different concentrations after administered via intraperitoneal injection in zebrafish (Danio rerio). The total antioxidant capacity, lipoperoxidation, and the activity of various enzymes that work in different antioxidant pathways (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase) were assessed. The results show no significant toxicity within the tested concentrations: up to 5000 µM and 3000 µM, for the assays using the system betaine:sorbitol:water 1:1:3 and for betaine:glycerol 1:2, respectively. The toxicity of individual components was studied up to 1000 µM. Based on the encouraging results that have been obtained, it is safe to conclude that these two deep eutectic systems can be used as the new class of environmentally friendly solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês João Ferreira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technolog, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Paiva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technolog, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Mário Diniz
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516, Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry / Department of Life Sciences, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Duarte
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technolog, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
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Deep eutectic solvents-assisted stimuli-responsive smart hydrogels – a review. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Current methodologies for the assessment of deep eutectic systems toxicology: Challenges and perspectives. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ferreira IJ, Meneses L, Paiva A, Diniz M, Duarte ARC. Assessment of deep eutectic solvents toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 299:134415. [PMID: 35351475 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Deep Eutectic Systems (DES) have emerged as a "green alternative" to organic solvents and have been coined as biocompatible and biodegradable. However, the number of studies concerning the real biodegradability and biocompatibility are scarce. Thus, to study the toxicity of certain DES, two different approaches were used: i) zebrafish exposure via water, where the system (DES) was tested at potentially realistic environmental concentrations and ii) via intraperitoneal injection, where the system was tested in different concentrations, relevant to the pharmaceutical industry. These studies were performed using zebrafish, a standardized animal model often used in biomedicine and toxicological assays. The results show low toxicity according to tested concentrations (up to 73.47 μM), when the system CA:T:W, with a 2:1:3 molar ratio, was tested through exposure via water and also in the intraperitoneal injection tests with concentrations up to 6000 μM. The activity of different enzymes involved in antioxidant pathways (glutathione S-transferase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase), the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and lipoperoxidation (MDA content) were determined suggesting low toxicity of the tested system (DES). The promising results herein presented show that DES present the potential to be used as the new class of green solvents, not only for use in the pharmaceutical industry, but also in cosmetic and chemical engineering processes without causing negative impact on living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês João Ferreira
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Liane Meneses
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Paiva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Mário Diniz
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry / Department of Life Sciences, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516, Caparica, Portugal; Associate Laboratory I4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita C Duarte
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
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Kang K, Liu Y, Song X, Xu L, Zhang W, Jiao Y, Zhao Y. Hemostatic Performance of ɑ-Chitin/gelatin Composite Sponges with Directional Pore Structure. Macromol Biosci 2022; 22:e2200020. [PMID: 35488361 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical materials with effective hemostatic properties are in great demand in clinical and battlefield application for severe hemorrhage control. In this study, nearly amorphous chitin is obtained by treating α-chitin with superfine grinding, and the solubility of chitin in hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) is significantly increased. Chitin and gelatin mixtures are prepared by adding different amount of gelatin to the 8mg ml-1 chitin solution. In the presence water (non-solvent), the mixtures are gelled as HFIP is replaced by water, and chitin/gelatin composite sponges with directional pore structure are prepared by directional freeze drying of the hydrogel. The structure, porosity, liquid absorbing capacity, biodegradability, and hemostatic properties of the sponges with different ratios of gelatin are investigated. The results show that the sponge with the mass ratio of chitin/gelatin of 1:1 is potential hemostatic material with high absorbing capacity, hemocompatibility, and the best hemostatic performance. The in vivo study demonstrates that hemostatic time of the composite sponge (73 s) is much shorter than of that of gauze (193 s), chitin sponge (132s) as well as gelatin sponge (116 s) in rat femoral artery injury model. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.,School of Materials science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yunen Liu
- Shenyang Medical College, No.146 Huanghe North Street, Shenyang, 110034, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Song
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.,School of Materials science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Wenchang Zhang
- Jihua Laboratory, No.28 Island Ring South Road, Guicheng Street, Foshan, Guangdong, 528200, China
| | - Yilai Jiao
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Jihua Laboratory, No.28 Island Ring South Road, Guicheng Street, Foshan, Guangdong, 528200, China
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Khajavian M, Vatanpour V, Castro-Muñoz R, Boczkaj G. Chitin and derivative chitosan-based structures - Preparation strategies aided by deep eutectic solvents: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 275:118702. [PMID: 34742428 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The high molecular weight of chitin, as a biopolymer, challenges its extraction due to its insolubility in the solvents. Also, chitosan, as the N-deacetylated form of chitin, can be employed as a primary material for different industries. The low mechanical stability and poor plasticity of chitosan films, as a result of incompatible interaction between chitosan and the used solvent, have limited its industrialization. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), as novel solvents, can solve the extraction difficulties of chitin, and the low mechanical stability and weak plasticity of chitosan films. Also, DESs can be considered for the different chitosan and chitin productions, including chitin nanocrystal and nanofiber, N,N,N-trimethyl-chitosan, chitosan-based imprinted structures, and DES-chitosan-based beads and monoliths. This review aims to focus on the preparation and characterization (chemistry and morphology) of DES-chitin-based and DES-chitosan-based structures to understand the influence of the incorporation of DESs into the chitin and chitosan structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khajavian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran
| | - Vahid Vatanpour
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, P.O. Box 15719-14911, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Roberto Castro-Muñoz
- Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk 80-233, Poland; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Toluca, Avenida Eduardo Monroy, Cárdenas 2000 San Antonio Buenavista, 50110 Toluca de Lerdo, Mexico
| | - Grzegorz Boczkaj
- Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk 80-233, Poland; EcoTech Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk 80-233, Poland
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Flexible and robust porous thermoplastic polyurethane/reduced graphene oxide monolith with special wettability for continuous oil/water separation in harsh environment. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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