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Su Y, Wang W, Dai Y, Qi R, Gu H, Guo X, Liu X, Ren Y, Li F, Li B, Sun H. JH degradation pathway participates in hormonal regulation of larval development of Bombyx mori following λ-cyhalothrin exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140871. [PMID: 38056714 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
λ-Cyhalothrin (λ-cyh), a widely utilized pyrethroid insecticide, poses serious threats to non-target organisms due to its persistence nature in the environment. Exposure to low concentrations of λ-cyh has been observed to result in prolonged larval development in Bombyx mori, leading to substantial financial losses in sericulture. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the underlying mechanisms for prolonged development caused by λ-cyh (LC10) exposure. The results showed that the JH Ⅲ titer was significantly increased at 24 h of λ-cyh exposure, and the JH interacting genes Methoprene-tolerant 2, Steroid Receptor Co-activator, Krüppel-homolog 1, and JH binding proteins were also up-regulated. Although the target of rapamycin (Tor) genes were induced by λ-cyh, the biosynthesis of JH in the corpora allata was not promoted. Notably, 13 JH degradation genes were found to be significantly down-regulated in the midgut of B. mori. The mRNA levels and enzyme activity assays indicated that λ-cyh had inhibitory effects on JH esterase, JH epoxide hydrolase, and JH diol kinase (JHDK). Furthermore, the suppression of JHDK (KWMTBOMO01580) was further confirmed by both western blot and immunohistochemistry. This study has offered a comprehensive perspective on the mechanisms underlying the prolonged development caused by insecticides, and our results also hold significant implications for the safe production of sericulture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Su
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Wanwan Wang
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Yixin Dai
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Ruinan Qi
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Haoyi Gu
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Xiqian Guo
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Yuying Ren
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Fanchi Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China; Sericulture Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China; Sericulture Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China.
| | - Haina Sun
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China; Sericulture Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China.
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Dai H, Liu B, Yang L, Yao Y, Liu M, Xiao W, Li S, Ji R, Sun Y. Investigating the Regulatory Mechanism of the Sesquiterpenol Nerolidol from a Plant on Juvenile Hormone-Related Genes in the Insect Spodoptera exigua. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13330. [PMID: 37686136 PMCID: PMC10488281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Various plant species contain terpene secondary metabolites, which disrupt insect growth and development by affecting the activity of juvenile hormone-degrading enzymes, and the juvenile hormone (JH) titers maintained in insects. Nerolidol, a natural sesquiterpenol belonging to the terpenoid group, exhibits structural similarities to insect JHs. However, the impact of nerolidol on insect growth and development, as well as its underlying molecular mechanism, remains unclear. Here, the effects of nerolidol on Spodoptera exigua were investigated under treatment at various sub-lethal doses (4.0 mg/mL, 1.0 mg/mL, 0.25 mg/mL). We found that a higher dose (4.0 mg/mL) of nerolidol significantly impaired the normal growth, development, and population reproduction of S. exigua, although a relatively lower dose (0.25 mg/mL) of nerolidol had no significant effect on this growth and development. Combined transcriptome sequencing and gene family analysis further revealed that four juvenile hormone esterase (JHE)-family genes that are involved in juvenile hormone degradation were significantly altered in S. exigua larvae after nerolidol treatment (4.0 mg/mL). Interestingly, the juvenile hormone esterase-like (JHEL) gene Sexi006721, a critical element responsive to nerolidol stress, was closely linked with the significant augmentation of JHE activity and JH titer in S. exigua (R2 = 0.94, p < 0.01). Taken together, we speculate that nerolidol can function as an analog of JH by modulating the expression of the enzyme genes responsible for degrading JH, resulting in JH disorders and ultimately disrupting the development of insect larvae. This study ultimately provides a theoretical basis for the sustainable control of S. exigua in the field whilst proposing a new perspective for the development of novel biological pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyang Dai
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (H.D.); (B.L.)
| | - Baosheng Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (H.D.); (B.L.)
| | - Lei Yang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (H.D.); (B.L.)
| | - Yu Yao
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Mengyun Liu
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Wenqing Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (H.D.); (B.L.)
| | - Rui Ji
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (H.D.); (B.L.)
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (H.D.); (B.L.)
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
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Zhang L, Xu H, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Wang Z, Guo P, Zhao P. Structural characterization and functional analysis of juvenile hormone acid methyltransferase JHAMT3 from the silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 151:103863. [PMID: 36341863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile hormone acid methyltransferase (JHAMT) is a rate-limiting enzyme of juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis in insects. It transfers the methyl group of S-adenosyl methionine to either the carboxyl group of JH acids or farnesoic acid to produce JH. Six JHAMT paralogues have been identified in the silkworm (Bombyx mori); among them, JHAMT1 and JHAMT2 display a methyltransferase activity. Here, the three-dimensional crystal structure of inactive JHAMT3 and the binary complex of JHAMT3 with its cofactor S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine were determined through X-ray crystallization. Comparative structural analysis revealed that JHAMT3 adopted a similar structural pattern to that of functional JHAMT2, which comprised one core Rossmann fold domain and one substrate-binding domain. Similar to JHAMT2, JHAMT3 underwent a conformational change at the Rossmann fold domain because of cofactor binding, which promoted ligand accommodation. However, it exhibited a relatively rigid substrate-binding pocket compared with that of JHAMT2. JHAMT3 was also highly expressed in the silk gland of fourth- and fifth-instar B. mori larvae. The results of expression profiling combined with activity analysis suggested that JHAMT3 might function as a binding protein of JH acids for the regulation of JH acid titers. These findings provide a structural basis for enhancing the understanding of the physiological function of JHAMT3 and a rational framework for the development of potent and specific inhibitors of JHAMT family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Haiyang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Yunshi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Zhan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Pengchao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
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Zhang H, Liu J, Wang H, Fang H, Zhao P, Xia Q, Guo P. Structural insights into the substrate binding of phosphomevalonate kinase from the silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 150:103849. [PMID: 36209956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phosphomevalonate kinase (PMK) is an important enzyme involved in the juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis pathway that catalyzes the phosphorylation of mevalonate 5-phosphate into mevalonate 5-diphosphate in the mevalonate pathway. Herein, we report the crystal structure of insect PMK from Bombyx mori (BmPMK) at a resolution of 1.60 Å. The overall structure of BmPMK adopts a compact α/β conformation with two parts: the core and lid regions. The interface between the core and lid regions forms a continuous and negatively charged groove to accommodate the substrates. Using computational simulation combined with site-directed mutagenesis and biochemical analysis, we define the binding mode of BmPMK with the cofactor and the substrate, which provides a structural basis for understanding the catalytic mechanism and the design of inhibitors of PMK. Moreover, BmPMK showed the optimal enzyme activity at pH 8.0, and the optimal temperature was 30 °C, using mevalonate 5-phosphate as the substrate. The expression profiles and kinetic analyses of BmPMK indicated that it plays critical role in the control of JH biosynthesis in silkworms. Collectively, these findings provide a better understanding of the structural and biochemical features of insect PMK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Hanlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Huan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Pengchao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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Sun Y, Li Y, Zhang W, Jiang B, Tao SM, Dai HY, Xu XT, Sun YX, Yang L, Zhang YJ. The main component of the aphid alarm pheromone ( E)-β-farnesene affects the growth and development of Spodoptera exigua by mediating juvenile hormone-related genes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:863626. [PMID: 36082292 PMCID: PMC9445801 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.863626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The (E)-β-farnesene (EβF) is one of the most important secondary metabolites in some plants and provides indirect defense against aphids. However, the direct effect of EβF against pests is still unclear. In this study, various concentrations of EβF (0.16, 0.8, and 4 g/kg) were provided in an artificial diet to determine the direct effects of EβF on Spodoptera exigua. The results showed that an artificial diet containing 4 g/kg of EβF reduced the final survival of the S. exigua larvae and per female fecundity of adults significantly when compared with CK and SC controls (p < 0.05), then ultimately it also significantly affected the intrinsic rate of increase (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the results of the EβF bioassay in an artificial diet also indicated that the proliferation of the S. exigua population was inhibited by the ingestion of EβF in a dose-dependent manner. Combined differential RNA-seq data and RT-qPCR analysis, it was found that four key genes involved in juvenile hormone degradation significantly upregulated in S. exigua larvae treated by EβF at a dose of 0.8 and 4 g/kg when compared with two controls (p < 0.05). This indicated that EβF could disturb the normal function of juvenile hormones and reduce the survival rate of S. exigua larvae. Additionally, two key genes that regulate per fecundity of S. exigua females, including SeVg and SeVgR, were significantly downregulated in adult females (p < 0.05) when they were treated with 0.8 and 4 g/kg of EβF at the larval stage, relative to the expression of these genes after treatment with controls. These findings suggested that EβF first disturbed the normal function of juvenile hormone by upregulating key degradation genes, and then inhibited the expression of SeVg/SeVgR genes and proteins, thus reducing the population size of S. exigua by increasing larval mortality and inhibiting per female fecundity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
- Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Si-Min Tao
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Han-Yang Dai
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin-Tong Xu
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Yue-Xin Sun
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-Jun Zhang
- Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Guo J, Keegan RM, Rigden DJ, Erskine PT, Wood SP, Li S, Cooper JB. The X-ray structure of juvenile hormone diol kinase from the silkworm Bombyx mori. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2021; 77:465-472. [PMID: 34866602 PMCID: PMC8647211 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x21012012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect juvenile hormones (JHs) are a family of sesquiterpenoid molecules that are secreted into the haemolymph. JHs have multiple roles in insect development, metamorphosis and sexual maturation. A number of pesticides work by chemically mimicking JHs, thus preventing insects from developing and reproducing normally. The haemolymph levels of JH are governed by the rates of its biosynthesis and degradation. One enzyme involved in JH catabolism is JH diol kinase (JHDK), which uses ATP (or GTP) to phosphorylate JH diol to JH diol phosphate, which can be excreted. The X-ray structure of JHDK from the silkworm Bombyx mori has been determined at a resolution of 2.0 Å with an R factor of 19.0% and an Rfree of 24.8%. The structure possesses three EF-hand motifs which are occupied by calcium ions. This is in contrast to the recently reported structure of the JHDK-like-2 protein from B. mori (PDB entry 6kth), which possessed only one calcium ion. Since JHDK is known to be inhibited by calcium ions, it is likely that our structure represents the calcium-inhibited form of the enzyme. The electrostatic surface of the protein suggests a binding site for the triphosphate of ATP close to the N-terminal end of the molecule in a cavity between the N- and C-terminal domains. Superposition with a number of calcium-activated photoproteins suggests that there may be parallels between the binding of JH diol to JHDK and the binding of luciferin to aequorin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxu Guo
- Division of Medicine, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Ronan M. Keegan
- Scientific Computing Department, Science and Technologies Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. Rigden
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7BE, United Kingdom
| | - Peter T. Erskine
- Division of Medicine, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom
| | - Steve P. Wood
- Division of Medicine, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, King Henry Building, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, United Kingdom
| | - Sheng Li
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jonathan B. Cooper
- Division of Medicine, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom
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