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Hassan DM, El-Kamel AH, Allam EA, Bakr BA, Ashour AA. Chitosan-coated nanostructured lipid carriers for effective brain delivery of Tanshinone IIA in Parkinson's disease: interplay between nuclear factor-kappa β and cathepsin B. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024; 14:400-417. [PMID: 37598133 PMCID: PMC10761445 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01407-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with increased oxidative stress, the underlying vital process contributing to cell death. Tanshinone IIA (TAN) is a phytomedicine with a documented activity in treating many CNS disorders, particularly PD owing to its unique anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect. However, its clinical utility is limited by its poor aqueous solubility, short half-life, and hence low concentration reaching targeted cells. This work aimed to develop a biocompatible chitosan-coated nanostructured lipid carriers (CS-NLCs) for effective brain delivery of TAN for PD management. The proposed nanosystem was successfully prepared using a simple melt-emulsification ultra-sonication method, optimized and characterized both in vitro and in vivo in a rotenone-induced PD rat model. The developed TAN-loaded CS-NLCs (CS-TAN-NLCs) showed good colloidal properties (size ≤ 200 nm, PDI ≤ 0.2, and ζ-potential + 20 mV) and high drug entrapment efficiency (> 97%) with sustained release profile for 24 h. Following intranasal administration, CS-TAN-NLCs succeeded to achieve a remarkable antiparkinsonian and antidepressant effect in diseased animals compared to both the uncoated TAN-NLCs and free TAN suspension as evidenced by the conducted behavioral tests and improved histopathological findings. Furthermore, biochemical evaluation of oxidative stress along with inflammatory markers, nuclear factor-kabba β (NF-Kβ) and cathepsin B further confirmed the potential of the CS-TAN-NLCs in enhancing brain delivery and hence the therapeutic effect of TAN of treatment of PD. Accordingly, CS-TAN-NLCs could be addressed as a promising nano-platform for the effective management of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donia M Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 1 Khartoum Square, Azarita, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amal H El-Kamel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 1 Khartoum Square, Azarita, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Eman A Allam
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Basant A Bakr
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A Ashour
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 1 Khartoum Square, Azarita, Alexandria, Egypt
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2
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Gawas CG, Mathur S, Wani M, Tabassum H. Nigella sativa and its nano-mediated approach toward management of neurodegenerative disorders: A review. IBRAIN 2023; 9:111-123. [PMID: 37786518 PMCID: PMC10529340 DOI: 10.1002/ibra.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Nigella sativa L., also known as black seed or black cumin, is a plant that has been used for centuries. In the past, this flowering plant was used as a food preservative and medicinal herb. A vital component of Nigella sativa, thymoquinone (TQ), plays a significant therapeutic role in the management of most diseases, including cancer, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, inflammation, gastrointestinal disorders, and neurodegenerative disorders. Neurodegenerative disorders are primarily caused by neurotransmitter hypoactivity, particularly insufficient serotonin activity. It has been discovered that many medicinal herbs and their active compounds have therapeutic value. Black cumin seeds have been used to heal ailments and its history traces back to ancient times such as ancient Babylonia. They can be used applied to alleviate edema, hair loss, and bruising, and consumd to treat stomach issues. It is one of the most feasible and effective medicinal plants. The use of nanoformulations based on Nigella sativa and TQ to treat neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) has yielded promising outcomes. Customized administration of nanoparticle (NP) systems and nanomedicine are two of the many options for drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) that are attracting increasing interest. Delivering a therapeutic and diagnostic substance to a particular location is the core target of NPs. Because of their distinct cell uptake and trafficking mechanisms, NPs can reduce the amount that accumulates in undesirable organs. The focus of the current review is on recent studies on the various neuroprotective properties of Nigella sativa as well as nanoformulations for NDs and the brain's uptake of NPs. The review summarizes the In vivo, In vitro, and In silico studies on the protective effects of black cumin against neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitali G. Gawas
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil VidyapeethPuneMaharashtraIndia
| | - Sakshi Mathur
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil VidyapeethPuneMaharashtraIndia
| | - Minal Wani
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil VidyapeethPuneMaharashtraIndia
| | - Heena Tabassum
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil VidyapeethPuneMaharashtraIndia
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3
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Md S, Rahman Mahrous HA, Alhakamy NA, Shaik RA, Eid BG. Protective effect of statistically designed and optimized Icariin nanoemulsion on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity: Inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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4
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Khatri DK, Preeti K, Tonape S, Bhattacharjee S, Patel M, Shah S, Singh PK, Srivastava S, Gugulothu D, Vora L, Singh SB. Nanotechnological Advances for Nose to Brain Delivery of Therapeutics to Improve the Parkinson Therapy. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:493-516. [PMID: 35524671 PMCID: PMC10207920 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220507022701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) acts as a highly impermeable barrier, presenting an impediment to the crossing of most classical drugs targeted for neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD). About the nature of drugs and other potential molecules, they impose unavoidable doserestricted limitations eventually leading to the failure of therapy. However, many advancements in formulation technology and modification of delivery approaches have been successful in delivering the drug to the brain in the therapeutic window. The nose to the brain (N2B) drug delivery employing the nanoformulation, is one such emerging delivery approach, overcoming both classical drug formulation and delivery-associated limitations. This latter approach offers increased bioavailability, greater patient acceptance, lesser metabolic degradation of drugs, circumvention of BBB, ample drug loading along with the controlled release of the drugs. In N2B delivery, the intranasal (IN) route carries therapeutics firstly into the nasal cavity followed by the brain through olfactory and trigeminal nerve connections linked with nasal mucosa. The N2B delivery approach is being explored for delivering other biologicals like neuropeptides and mitochondria. Meanwhile, this N2B delivery system is associated with critical challenges consisting of mucociliary clearance, degradation by enzymes, and drug translocations by efflux mechanisms. These challenges finally culminated in the development of suitable surfacemodified nano-carriers and Focused- Ultrasound-Assisted IN as FUS-IN technique which has expanded the horizons of N2B drug delivery. Hence, nanotechnology, in collaboration with advances in the IN route of drug administration, has a diversified approach for treating PD. The present review discusses the physiology and limitation of IN delivery along with current advances in nanocarrier and technical development assisting N2B drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra K. Khatri
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Kumari Preeti
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Shivraj Tonape
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Sheoshree Bhattacharjee
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Monica Patel
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Saurabh Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Pankaj K. Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Dalapathi Gugulothu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi-110017, India
| | - Lalitkumar Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast-BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Shashi B. Singh
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
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5
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Ahmad MZ, Ahmad J, Alasmary MY, Akhter S, Aslam M, Pathak K, Jamil P, Abdullah M. Nanoemulgel as an approach to improve the biopharmaceutical performance of lipophilic drugs: Contemporary research and application. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Rawal SU, Patel BM, Patel MM. New Drug Delivery Systems Developed for Brain Targeting. Drugs 2022; 82:749-792. [PMID: 35596879 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-022-01717-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSF) are two of the most complex and sophisticated concierges that defend the central nervous system (CNS) by numerous mechanisms. While they maintain the neuro-ecological homeostasis through the regulated entry of essential biomolecules, their conservative nature challenges the entry of most of the drugs intended for CNS delivery. Targeted delivery challenges for a diverse spectrum of therapeutic agents/drugs (non-small molecules, small molecules, gene-based therapeutics, protein and peptides, antibodies) are diverse and demand specialized delivery and disease-targeting strategies. This review aims to capture the trends that have shaped the current brain targeting research scenario. This review discusses the physiological, neuropharmacological, and etiological factors that participate in the transportation of various drug delivery cargoes across the BBB/BCSF and influence their therapeutic intracranial concentrations. Recent research works spanning various invasive, minimally invasive, and non-invasive brain- targeting approaches are discussed. While the pre-clinical outcomes from many of these approaches seem promising, further research is warranted to overcome the translational glitches that prevent their clinical use. Non-invasive approaches like intranasal administration, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibition, pro-drugs, and carrier/targeted nanocarrier-aided delivery systems (alone or often in combination) hold positive clinical prospects for brain targeting if explored further in the right direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti U Rawal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway, Chharodi, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, L.J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University, Sarkhej-Sanand Circle Off. S.G. Road, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382210, India
| | - Bhoomika M Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway, Chharodi, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
| | - Mayur M Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway, Chharodi, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India.
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7
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Iqubal A, Iqubal MK, Sharma S, Wasim M, Alfaleh MA, Md S, Baboota S, Ali J, Haque SE. Pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic promise of phytochemicals and nanocarriers based drug delivery against radiotherapy-induced neurotoxic manifestations. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:1492-1511. [PMID: 35543534 PMCID: PMC9103628 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2064562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the extensively used therapeutic modalities in glioblastoma and other types of cancers. Radiotherapy is either used as a first-line approach or combined with pharmacotherapy or surgery to manage and treat cancer. Although the use of radiotherapy significantly increased the survival time of patients, but its use has been reported with marked neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction that eventually reduced the quality of life of patients. Based on the preclinical and clinical investigations, the profound role of increased oxidative stress, nuclear translocation of NF-kB, production of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-β, increased level of MMPs, increased apoptosis, reduced angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and histological aberrations in CA1, CA2, CA3 and DG region of the hippocampus have been reported. Various pharmacotherapeutic drugs are being used as an adjuvant to counteract this neurotoxic manifestation. Still, most of these drugs suffer from systemic adverse effect, causes interference to ongoing chemotherapy, and exhibit pharmacokinetic limitations in crossing the blood-brain barrier. Therefore, various phytoconstituents, their nano carrier-based drug delivery systems and miRNAs have been explored to overcome the aforementioned limitations. The present review is focused on the mechanism and evidence of radiotherapy-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction, pathological and molecular changes in the brain homeostasis, available adjuvants, their limitations. Additionally, the potential role and mechanism of neuroprotection of various nanocarrier based natural products and miRNAs have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Kashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.,Product Development Department, Sentiss Research Centre, Sentiss Pharma Pvt Ltd, Gurugram, India
| | - Sumit Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Wasim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohamed A Alfaleh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shadab Md
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Center of Excellence for Drug Research & Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sanjula Baboota
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Javed Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Syed Ehtaishamul Haque
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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8
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Ahmad MA, Kareem O, Khushtar M, Akbar M, Haque MR, Iqubal A, Haider MF, Pottoo FH, Abdulla FS, Al-Haidar MB, Alhajri N. Neuroinflammation: A Potential Risk for Dementia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020616. [PMID: 35054805 PMCID: PMC8775769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a neurodegenerative condition that is considered a major factor contributing to cognitive decline that reduces independent function. Pathophysiological pathways are not well defined for neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia; however, published evidence has shown the role of numerous inflammatory processes in the brain contributing toward their pathology. Microglia of the central nervous system (CNS) are the principal components of the brain’s immune defence system and can detect harmful or external pathogens. When stimulated, the cells trigger neuroinflammatory responses by releasing proinflammatory chemokines, cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and nitrogen species in order to preserve the cell’s microenvironment. These proinflammatory markers include cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNFα chemokines such as CCR3 and CCL2 and CCR5. Microglial cells may produce a prolonged inflammatory response that, in some circumstances, is indicated in the promotion of neurodegenerative diseases. The present review is focused on the involvement of microglial cell activation throughout neurodegenerative conditions and the link between neuroinflammatory processes and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Afroz Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow 226021, India; (M.A.A.); (M.K.); (M.F.H.)
| | - Ozaifa Kareem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, India;
| | - Mohammad Khushtar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow 226021, India; (M.A.A.); (M.K.); (M.F.H.)
| | - Md Akbar
- Pharmaceutical Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (M.A.); (A.I.)
| | - Md Rafiul Haque
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Al-Karim University, Katihar 854106, India;
| | - Ashif Iqubal
- Pharmaceutical Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (M.A.); (A.I.)
| | - Md Faheem Haider
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow 226021, India; (M.A.A.); (M.K.); (M.F.H.)
| | - Faheem Hyder Pottoo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fatima S. Abdulla
- College of Medicine and Health Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates; (F.S.A.); (M.B.A.-H.)
| | - Mahia B. Al-Haidar
- College of Medicine and Health Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates; (F.S.A.); (M.B.A.-H.)
| | - Noora Alhajri
- Department of Medicine, Sheikh Shakhbout Medical City (SSMC), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence:
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Zhu FD, Hu YJ, Yu L, Zhou XG, Wu JM, Tang Y, Qin DL, Fan QZ, Wu AG. Nanoparticles: A Hope for the Treatment of Inflammation in CNS. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:683935. [PMID: 34122112 PMCID: PMC8187807 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.683935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, an inflammatory response within the central nervous system (CNS), is a main hallmark of common neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), among others. The over-activated microglia release pro-inflammatory cytokines, which induces neuronal death and accelerates neurodegeneration. Therefore, inhibition of microglia over-activation and microglia-mediated neuroinflammation has been a promising strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Many drugs have shown promising therapeutic effects on microglia and inflammation. However, the blood–brain barrier (BBB)—a natural barrier preventing brain tissue from contact with harmful plasma components—seriously hinders drug delivery to the microglial cells in CNS. As an emerging useful therapeutic tool in CNS-related diseases, nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely applied in biomedical fields for use in diagnosis, biosensing and drug delivery. Recently, many NPs have been reported to be useful vehicles for anti-inflammatory drugs across the BBB to inhibit the over-activation of microglia and neuroinflammation. Therefore, NPs with good biodegradability and biocompatibility have the potential to be developed as an effective and minimally invasive carrier to help other drugs cross the BBB or as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of neuroinflammation-mediated neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we summarized various nanoparticles applied in CNS, and their mechanisms and effects in the modulation of inflammation responses in neurodegenerative diseases, providing insights and suggestions for the use of NPs in the treatment of neuroinflammation-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Dan Zhu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yu-Jiao Hu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesia, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Gang Zhou
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ming Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Da-Lian Qin
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qing-Ze Fan
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - An-Guo Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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