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Vijayakkannan K, Rajendran I. Extraction and characterization of a new natural cellulosic fiber from the Habara Plant Stem (HF) as potential reinforcement for polymer composites. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:131818. [PMID: 38670191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
In this present work, characterize the chemical, physical, thermal and Morphological behaviour of raw and alkali-treated (NaOH 5 %,10 % & 15 %) new natural cellulose Habara plant stem fiber (HF). From the chemical analysis, the 10 % alkali-treated HF obtained cellulose (67.9 %), hemicellulose (12.7 %), lignin (11.8 %) wax (0.18 %), moisture (2.44 %) and Ash (1.21 %). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis, alkali treatment effectively eliminates hemicellulose and lignin from the surfaces of natural fiber, as seen changes in the FTIR peaks at 1730, 1480, and 1140 cm-1.The X-ray analysis results indicate that, there is crystalline cellulose present, with a crystallinity level of 43.87 %, and that the other components are amorphous. In addition, the thermal stability of lignocellulosic fiber up to 230 °C was observed, and the degradation steps of each major component could be identified. The 10 % alkali-treated HF provides tensile strength of 790.9 MPa, with an elongation at break of about 3.41 %. The Scanning Electron Microscope analysis showcased the morphological changes on the fiber fractured surface, diameter variation, and impurities, etc. The Atomic Force Microscopy was used to determine the surface roughness characteristics of the HF, which confirmed the possible reinforcement in the structure of the polymer matrix composite structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vijayakkannan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology, Pollachi, Tamilnadu 642003, India
| | - I Rajendran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Paavai Engineering College, Pachal, Tamilnadu 637018, India.
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2
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Eyupoglu S, Eyupoglu C, Merdan N. Investigation of the effect of enzymatic and alkali treatments on the physico-chemical properties of Sambucus ebulus L. plant fiber. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:130968. [PMID: 38521324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The investigation aims to determine the effect of enzymatic and alkali treatments on Sambucus ebulus L. stem fiber. For this purpose, Sambucus ebulus L. stem fibers were treated with alkali, cellulase, and pectinase enzymes. An image processing technique was developed and implemented to calculate the average thicknesses of Sambucus ebulus L. fibers. The thickness of alkali, cellulase and pectinase enzyme treated fibers was determined as 478.62 μm, 808.28 μm and 478.20 μm, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy analysis illustrated that enzymatic and alkali treatments lead to the breakage of fiber structure. Furthermore, enzymatic and alkali treatments induce variations in elemental ingredients. All treatments increased the crystallinity index of Sambucus ebulus L. fiber from 72 % (raw fiber) to 83 % (alkali treated), 75.2 % (cellulase enzyme treated) and 86.3 % (pectinase enzyme treated) due to the hydrolysis of hemicellulose. Fourier transform infrared analysis indicated that there are no significant differences in functional groups. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that enzymatic and alkali treatments improve final degradation temperature of the fiber. Mechanical behaviors of cellulase enzyme-treated fiber decrease compared to raw fiber, while pectinase enzyme and alkali treatment cause to improve mechanical properties. Tensile strength of samples was determined as 76.4 MPa (cellulase enzyme treated fiber), 210 MPa (pectinase enzyme treated fiber) and 240 MPa (alkali treated fiber). Young's modules of cellulase enzyme, pectinase enzyme and alkali treated fibers were predicted as 5.5 GPa, 13.1 GPa and 16.6 GPa. Elongation at break of samples was calculated as 5.5 % (cellulase enzyme treated fiber), 6.5 % (pectinase enzyme treated fiber) and 6 % (alkali treated fiber). The results suggest that enzymatic and alkali treatments can modify the functional and structural attributes of Sambucus ebulus L. fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyda Eyupoglu
- Department of Textile, Clothing, Footwear and Leather, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Istanbul University - Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Türkiye.
| | - Can Eyupoglu
- Department of Computer Engineering, Turkish Air Force Academy, National Defence University, Istanbul, Türkiye.
| | - Nigar Merdan
- Department of Fashion and Textile Design, Architecture and Design Faculty, Istanbul Commerce University, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Divakaran D, Suyambulingam I, Sanjay MR, Raghunathan V, Ayyappan V, Siengchin S. Isolation and characterization of microcrystalline cellulose from an agro-waste tamarind (Tamarindus indica) seeds and its suitability investigation for biofilm formulation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127687. [PMID: 37890740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The exploration of potential bio-fillers for bio-film application is a promising approach to ensure biodegradable, eco-friendly, good-quality materials with high-performance applications. This is a comprehensive study executed to establish the utility of an agro-waste Tamarindus indica seeds for microcrystalline cellulose production and to assess its feasibility for biofilm fabrication. The extraction was carried out through consecutive chemical-mediated alkalization, acid hydrolysis and bleaching. The isolated microcrystalline cellulose from Tamarindus indica seeds (TSMCC) was characterized through chemical, thermal and morphological characterization to validate the cellulose contribution, thermal resistance, and compatibility of the material. The physical parameters as density and yield percentage were assessed to evaluate its light-weight utility and economic productivity. These examinations revealed that TSMCC has good specific properties such as high cellulose content (90.57 %), average density (1.561 g/cm3), feasible average roughness (12.161 nm), desired particle size (60.40 ± 21.10 μm), good crystallinity (CI-77.6 %) and thermal stability (up to 230 °C); which are worthwhile to consider TSMCC for bio-film formulation. Subsequently, bio-films were formulated by reinforcing TSMCC in polylactic acid (PLA) matrix and the mechanical properties of the bio-films were then studied to establish the efficacy of TSMCC. It is revealed that the properties of pure PLA film increased after being incorporated with TSMCC, where 5 %TSMCC addition showed greater impact on crystalline index (26.16 % to 39.62 %), thermal stability (333oc to 389 °C), tensile strength (36.11 ± 2.90 MPa to 40.22 ± 3.22 MPa) and modulus (2.62 ± 0.55GPa to 4.15 ± 0.53GPa). In light of all promising features, 5 % TSMCC is recommended as a potential filler reinforcement for the groundwork of good quality bio-films for active packaging applications in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Divakaran
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Indran Suyambulingam
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok 10800, Thailand.
| | - M R Sanjay
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Vijay Raghunathan
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Vinod Ayyappan
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Suchart Siengchin
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok 10800, Thailand
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Lu W, Cai H, Han X, Yang K, Wang H, Wu X, Liu L. Sustainable Biochar Nanosheets Derived from Sweet Sorghum Residues via Superbase Pretreatment. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:15942-15949. [PMID: 37914676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) sheet-like biochar as promising alternatives to graphene nanosheets has gained significant attention in materials science while being highly restricted by its complicated synthetic steps. In this study, the dimethyl sulfoxide/potassium hydroxide (DMSO/KOH) superbase system was first used to pretreat sweet sorghum residues (SS) and then carbonized to prepare sheet-like biochar. Ascribing to the strong nucleophilicity of DMSO/KOH, a synergistic effect was achieved by partially removing non-cellulosic components in SS and swelling the amorphous region of cellulose, leaving more layered cellulose behind (∼46.5 wt %), which was favorable for the formation of 2D biochar nanosheets with high graphitization degrees (∼93.1%). This strategy was also suitable for other biomass fibers (e.g., straw, wood powders, and nuclear shells) to obtain sheet-like biochar. The resulting sheet-like biochar could be compounded with cellulose nanofibers to achieve the structural design of composites and solve the molding problem of biochar, which was beneficial for dyeing wastewater treatment. Thus, this work provides insight into a simple strategy for developing 2D ultrathin sheet-like biochar from sustainable biomass wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Lu
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
- Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Clean Energy, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Hongzhen Cai
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
- Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Clean Energy, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Xiangsheng Han
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
- Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Clean Energy, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Keyan Yang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
- Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Clean Energy, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
- Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Clean Energy, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Xun Wu
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
- Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Clean Energy, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
- Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Clean Energy, Zibo 255000, China
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de Vilhena MB, Matos RM, Ramos Junior GSDS, Viegas BM, da Silva Junior CAB, Macedo EN, Paula MVDS, da Silva Souza JA, Candido VS, de Sousa Cunha EJ. Influence of Glycerol and SISAL Microfiber Contents on the Thermal and Tensile Properties of Thermoplastic Starch Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4141. [PMID: 37896385 PMCID: PMC10610935 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing use of petroleum plastics has caused environmental damage due to the degradation time of these materials. An alternative to petroleum plastics could be thermoplastic starch (TPS). However, thermoplastic starch does not exhibit satisfactory tensile properties. The mechanical properties of thermoplastic starch can be improved by adding sisal microfibers. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different levels of glycerol and sisal microfibers on the thermal and tensile properties of thermoplastic corn starch composites. The microfibers were obtained via mechanical treatment followed by chemical treatment (alkaline treatment and bleaching). The films were obtained by the casting method using commercial corn starch and glycerol as a plasticizing agent, reinforced with sisal microfibers. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results revealed that the addition of microfibers did not change the chemical structure of the TPS matrix. The films from the samples with 18% glycerol and 10% microfibers had the highest value for the maximum tension, equal to 4.78 MPa. The thermal decomposition profile of TPS was not altered by the addition of microfibers. Our findings demonstrated the profound influence of glycerol and microfiber contents on the tensile properties of thermoplastic starch composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mailson Batista de Vilhena
- Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon Program, Federal University of Pará—UFPA, Belem 66075-110, Brazil; (M.B.d.V.); (E.N.M.); (J.A.d.S.S.)
| | - Rochelle Moraes Matos
- Faculty of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Pará-UFPA, Ananindeua 67130-660, Brazil; (R.M.M.); (E.J.d.S.C.)
| | - Gilberto Sérgio da Silva Ramos Junior
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Federal University of Pará—UFPA, Ananindeua 67130-660, Brazil; (G.S.d.S.R.J.); (C.A.B.d.S.J.); (M.V.d.S.P.)
| | - Bruno Marques Viegas
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Federal University of Pará—UFPA, Belem 66075-110, Brazil;
| | - Carlos Alberto Brito da Silva Junior
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Federal University of Pará—UFPA, Ananindeua 67130-660, Brazil; (G.S.d.S.R.J.); (C.A.B.d.S.J.); (M.V.d.S.P.)
| | - Emanuel Negrão Macedo
- Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon Program, Federal University of Pará—UFPA, Belem 66075-110, Brazil; (M.B.d.V.); (E.N.M.); (J.A.d.S.S.)
| | - Marcos Vinícius da Silva Paula
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Federal University of Pará—UFPA, Ananindeua 67130-660, Brazil; (G.S.d.S.R.J.); (C.A.B.d.S.J.); (M.V.d.S.P.)
| | - José Antônio da Silva Souza
- Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon Program, Federal University of Pará—UFPA, Belem 66075-110, Brazil; (M.B.d.V.); (E.N.M.); (J.A.d.S.S.)
| | - Verônica Scarpini Candido
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Federal University of Pará—UFPA, Ananindeua 67130-660, Brazil; (G.S.d.S.R.J.); (C.A.B.d.S.J.); (M.V.d.S.P.)
| | - Edinaldo José de Sousa Cunha
- Faculty of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Pará-UFPA, Ananindeua 67130-660, Brazil; (R.M.M.); (E.J.d.S.C.)
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da Silveira PHPM, dos Santos MCC, Chaves YS, Ribeiro MP, Marchi BZ, Monteiro SN, Gomes AV, Tapanes NDLCO, Pereira PSDC, Bastos DC. Characterization of Thermo-Mechanical and Chemical Properties of Polypropylene/Hemp Fiber Biocomposites: Impact of Maleic Anhydride Compatibilizer and Fiber Content. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3271. [PMID: 37571165 PMCID: PMC10422450 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This article presents a comprehensive study on the physical, mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties of polypropylene (PP) composites reinforced with hemp fibers (HF) and compatibilized with maleic anhydride (MAPP). The composites were processed using a twin-screw extruder, followed by hot compression at 190 °C. Subsequently, the composites were analyzed using Izod impact and Shore D hardness tests to evaluate their mechanical properties. Thermal properties were investigated through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), while X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed to study their chemical properties. Additionally, a statistical analysis was conducted to compare the average results of the impact and hardness tests. XRD analysis revealed that the addition of HF and MAPP led to the disappearance of peaks corresponding to the beta phase in pure PP. Hemp fibers exhibited an impressive crystallinity of 82.10%, surpassing other natural fibers, and had a significant molecular orientation angle (MFA) of 6.06°, making them highly desirable for engineering applications. The crystallite size was observed to be relatively large, at 32.49 nm. FTIR analysis demonstrated strong interactions between the fiber, compatibilizing agent, and polymer matrix. TGA tests showed that the addition of 5 and 10 wt.% MAPP resulted in complete degradation of the composites, similar to pure PP. DSC analyses indicated a reduction in crystallinity (Xc) due to the incorporation of HF and MAPP. Shore D hardness tests revealed an increase in hardness with the addition of 5 wt.% MAPP, while a steep decline in this property was observed with 10 wt.% MAPP. In terms of impact resistance, fractions of 3 and 5 wt.% MAPP in the composites exhibited improved performance compared to the pure polymer. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to ensure the statistical reliability of the mechanical test results. This comprehensive study sheds light on the diverse properties of PP composites reinforced with hemp fibers and compatibilized with MAPP, emphasizing their potential as sustainable materials for engineering applications. The results contribute to the understanding of the structural and functional aspects of these composites, guiding future research and developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Poubel Mendonça da Silveira
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (Y.S.C.); (M.P.R.); (B.Z.M.); (S.N.M.); (A.V.G.)
| | - Mônica Cristina Celestino dos Santos
- Department of Materials, Rio de Janeiro State University, West Zone Campus —UERJ-ZO, Avenida, Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga, 1203—Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro 23070-200, Brazil; (M.C.C.d.S.); (N.d.L.C.O.T.); (P.S.d.C.P.); (D.C.B.)
| | - Yago Soares Chaves
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (Y.S.C.); (M.P.R.); (B.Z.M.); (S.N.M.); (A.V.G.)
| | - Matheus Pereira Ribeiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (Y.S.C.); (M.P.R.); (B.Z.M.); (S.N.M.); (A.V.G.)
| | - Belayne Zanini Marchi
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (Y.S.C.); (M.P.R.); (B.Z.M.); (S.N.M.); (A.V.G.)
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (Y.S.C.); (M.P.R.); (B.Z.M.); (S.N.M.); (A.V.G.)
| | - Alaelson Vieira Gomes
- Department of Materials Science, Military Institute of Engineering-IME, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil; (Y.S.C.); (M.P.R.); (B.Z.M.); (S.N.M.); (A.V.G.)
| | - Neyda de La Caridad Om Tapanes
- Department of Materials, Rio de Janeiro State University, West Zone Campus —UERJ-ZO, Avenida, Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga, 1203—Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro 23070-200, Brazil; (M.C.C.d.S.); (N.d.L.C.O.T.); (P.S.d.C.P.); (D.C.B.)
| | - Patricia Soares da Costa Pereira
- Department of Materials, Rio de Janeiro State University, West Zone Campus —UERJ-ZO, Avenida, Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga, 1203—Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro 23070-200, Brazil; (M.C.C.d.S.); (N.d.L.C.O.T.); (P.S.d.C.P.); (D.C.B.)
| | - Daniele Cruz Bastos
- Department of Materials, Rio de Janeiro State University, West Zone Campus —UERJ-ZO, Avenida, Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga, 1203—Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro 23070-200, Brazil; (M.C.C.d.S.); (N.d.L.C.O.T.); (P.S.d.C.P.); (D.C.B.)
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Chen Z, Du K, Li F, Song W, Boukhair M, Li H, Zhang S. Mussel-inspired laccase-mediated polydopamine graft onto bamboo fibers and its improvement effect on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) based biocomposite. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 238:123985. [PMID: 36921826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Bamboo fiber (BF) reinforced polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) has become popular in developing an eco-friendly and sustainable biocomposite, while the weak interfacial compatibility between them is a major problem to overcome. This work, inspired by mussel super adhesion, creates a facile, highly efficient, and environmentally friendly solution based on in situ laccase-catalysed dopamine polymerization under a naturally acidic environment. The result indicates that a stabilized polydopamine coating is successfully grafted onto the lignin of BF, and it also enhances the thermal stability of the BF and biocomposite. Furthermore, modification of BF via laccase-catalysed polydopamine is superior to the conventional method of polydopamine under alkaline condition, and has outstanding advantages in terms of BF integrity protection. The optimal composition of biocomposite with BF treated by polydopamine under 1 U/ml concentration of laccase shows improvement in the impact strength, tensile strength, tensile modulus, bending strength, and modulus of elastic by 33.85 %, 9.27 %, 31.74 %, 11.76 %, and 12.92 %, respectively, compared to the unmodified counterpart. This work provides an insightful understanding of the mechanism and benefits of laccase-catalysed polydopamine modification of BF in a natural environment. It contributes to the efficient and environmentally friendly utilization of polydopamine for fabricating high-performance lignocellulosic fiber reinforced biocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Application (Beijing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Composite Materials and Engineering Center, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States of America
| | - Keke Du
- Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Application (Beijing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Application (Beijing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wei Song
- Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Application (Beijing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Mustapha Boukhair
- Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Application (Beijing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hui Li
- Composite Materials and Engineering Center, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States of America
| | - Shuangbao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wood Material Science and Application (Beijing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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8
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Brailson Mansingh B, Binoj JS, Siengchin S, Sanjay MR. Influence of surface treatment on properties of
Cocos nucifera L. Var typica
fiber reinforced polymer composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Selvi Binoj
- Institute of Mechanical Engineering Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS) Chennai India
| | - Suchart Siengchin
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai‐German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS) King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB) Bangkok Thailand
| | - Mavinkere Rangappa Sanjay
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai‐German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS) King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB) Bangkok Thailand
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Mudoi MP, Sinha S, Parthasarthy V. Optimizing the alkali treatment of cellulosic Himalayan nettle fibre for reinforcement in polymer composites. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 296:119937. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kamaruddin ZH, Jumaidin R, Ilyas RA, Selamat MZ, Alamjuri RH, Yusof FAM. Influence of Alkali Treatment on the Mechanical, Thermal, Water Absorption, and Biodegradation Properties of Cymbopogan citratus Fiber-Reinforced, Thermoplastic Cassava Starch-Palm Wax Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142769. [PMID: 35890548 PMCID: PMC9321355 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, thermoplastic cassava starch–palm wax blends, reinforced with the treated Cymbopogan citratus fiber (TPCS/ PW/ CCF) were successfully developed. The TPCS were priorly modified with palm wax to enhance the properties of the matrix. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of alkali treatments on the TPCS/PW/CCF biocomposite. The fiber was treated with different sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentrations (3%, 6%, and 9%) prior to the composite preparation via hot pressing. The obtained results revealed improved mechanical characteristics in the treated composites. The composites that underwent consecutive alkali treatments at 6% NaOH prior to the composite preparation had higher mechanical strengths, compared to the untreated fibers. A differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that adding treated fibers into the TPCS matrix improved the thermal stability of the samples. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated an improved fiber–matrix adhesion due to the surface modification. An increment in the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the composites after undergoing NaOH treatment denoted an improved interfacial interaction in the treated samples. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed the elimination of hemicellulose at wavelength 1717 cm−1, for the composites treated with 6% NaOH. The water absorption, solubility, and thickness swelling revealed a higher water resistance of the composites following the alkali treatment of the fiber. These findings validated that the alkaline treatment of CCF is able to improve the functionality of the Cymbopogan citratus fiber-reinforced composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zatil Hafila Kamaruddin
- Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Malaysia; (Z.H.K.); (M.Z.S.)
- German-Malaysian Institute, Jalan Ilmiah Taman Universiti, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
| | - Ridhwan Jumaidin
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (R.J.); (R.H.A.)
| | - Rushdan Ahmad Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zulkefli Selamat
- Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal 76100, Malaysia; (Z.H.K.); (M.Z.S.)
| | - Roziela Hanim Alamjuri
- Faculty of Tropical Forestry, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (R.J.); (R.H.A.)
| | - Fahmi Asyadi Md Yusof
- Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Alor Gajah 78000, Malaysia;
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Experimental testing and evaluation of coating on cables in container fire test facility. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2021.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Low toxicity carbon dots are combating the disadvantages of quantum dots. The carbon dots find their applications in many fields due to their versatile nature. Four different types of carbon dots are present, according to the way of manufacturing and application the type is chosen. The water-soluble characteristics of carbon dots help them be involved in biomedicine applications. The optical properties of the carbon dots find applications as drug delivery, biosensors, LED, etc. The properties like fluorescence, photoluminescence, and phosphorescence are found in the carbon dots. The carbon dots occupy the tiny spot that exhibits different optical properties on excitation. The carbon dots excitation is mainly due to surface states. The characterization of surface states is very complex. The surface states contain the core structure of carbon and oxygen functional groups on the surfaces. The anions and cations formed from functional groups on excitation will recombine themselves. The functional groups are usually carboxyl and hydroxyl groups. The Π-collaborative network of the electronic structure contains many quantization levels which help the carbon dots to produce different wavelengths adapting to different applications. Due to the interference of the structure of the carbon dots, the entire property will vary. Doping of heteroatom methods is employed to enhance the fluorescence, and photoluminescence property carried out. They used N, S, P, and B heteroatoms singly and in combination to doping carbon dots. Here, the paper proposes the sulphur dioxide adsorption technique to enhance the optical properties of the carbon dots. The proposed method shows 8.5% efficiency in relative fluorescence intensity and 8% efficiency in terms of photoluminescence intensity.
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