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Boctor J, Pandey G, Xu W, Murphy DV, Hoyle FC. Nature's Plastic Predators: A Comprehensive and Bibliometric Review of Plastivore Insects. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1671. [PMID: 38932021 PMCID: PMC11207432 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Unprecedented plastic production has resulted in over six billion tons of harmful waste. Certain insect taxa emerge as potential agents of plastic biodegradation. Through a comprehensive manual and bibliometric literature analysis, this review analyses and consolidates the growing literature related to insect-mediated plastic breakdown. Over 23 insect species, representing Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and 4 other orders, have been identified for their capacity to consume plastic polymers. Natural and synthetic polymers exhibit high-level similarities in molecular structure and properties. Thus, in conjunction with comparative genomics studies, we link plastic-degrading enzymatic capabilities observed in certain insects to the exaptation of endogenous enzymes originally evolved for digesting lignin, cellulose, beeswax, keratin and chitin from their native dietary substrates. Further clarification is necessary to distinguish mineralisation from physicochemical fragmentation and to differentiate microbiome-mediated degradation from direct enzymatic reactions by insects. A bibliometric analysis of the exponentially growing body of literature showed that leading research is emerging from China and the USA. Analogies between natural and synthetic polymer's degradation pathways will inform engineering robust enzymes for practical plastic bioremediation applications. By aggregating, analysing, and interpreting published insights, this review consolidates our mechanistic understanding of insects as a potential natural solution to the escalating plastic waste crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Boctor
- Bioplastics Innovation Hub, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; (W.X.); (D.V.M.); (F.C.H.)
| | - Gunjan Pandey
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Environment, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | - Wei Xu
- Bioplastics Innovation Hub, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; (W.X.); (D.V.M.); (F.C.H.)
| | - Daniel V. Murphy
- Bioplastics Innovation Hub, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; (W.X.); (D.V.M.); (F.C.H.)
- SoilsWest, Centre for Sustainable Farming Systems, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Frances C. Hoyle
- Bioplastics Innovation Hub, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; (W.X.); (D.V.M.); (F.C.H.)
- SoilsWest, Centre for Sustainable Farming Systems, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
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Betancur-D´Ambrosio MC, Pérez-Cervera CE, Barrera-Martinez C, Andrade-Pizarro R. Antimicrobial activity, mechanical and thermal properties of cassava starch films incorporated with beeswax and propolis. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2024; 61:782-789. [PMID: 38410275 PMCID: PMC10894146 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-023-05878-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Edible films can be formed from different polymeric compounds. The use of starch has gained extra value; because it can be used in combination with plasticizers and lipids, helping to improve mechanical properties. Besides, with the addition of an antimicrobial, the function of these films can be extended. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of native cassava starch, beeswax and ethanolic propolis extract (EPE) on the mechanical, thermal and inhibitory properties against the Aspergillus niger fungus. An experimental Box-Behnken design with three factors: cassava starch concentration (2-4%w/v), beeswax (0.5-0.9%w/w) and EPE (1-4%v/w) was used. The films obtained were opaque and with low mechanical properties. EPE concentration affected tensile strength, elongation at break (EB) and Young's modulus (YM), and cassava starch content only affected EB and YM. In thermal properties, the weight loss was affected by the cassava starch-beeswax interaction, where the most loss occurred at high levels of these factors in the temperature range of 200-360 °C. The films reduced the growth of the Aspergillus niger by 51%, where the beeswax-EPE interaction had a significant positive effect. The characteristics of the developed films suggest that they would be more acceptable as fruit and vegetable coatings.
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Xu X, Wang B, Gao W, Sui J, Wang J, Cui B. Effect of different proportions of glycerol and D-mannitol as plasticizer on the properties of extruded corn starch. Front Nutr 2024; 10:1335812. [PMID: 38299182 PMCID: PMC10829104 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1335812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, thermoplastic starch (TPS) was prepared by melt extrusion process, in which glycerol and/or D-mannitol were used as plasticizers, and the effect of different glycerol/D-mannitol ratios (4:0, 3:1, 2:2, 1:3, and 0:4) on the physicochemical properties of the extruded starch samples was investigated. The short-range molecular order, crystallization, gelatinization, thermal stability, and thermal properties of the TPS samples were analyzed through attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), rapid visco analysis (RVA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that the crystallinity and short-range molecular order of the TPS samples increased with increasing glycerol content. Conversely, the water absorption index (WAI) and water solubility index (WSI) of the TPS samples decreased with increasing glycerol content. In addition, the TPS samples with higher glycerol content exhibited higher gel and thermal stabilities. This study provides a theoretical basis for starch extrusion and plasticization in the preparation of TPS-based materials with specific properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Sui
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jianfei Wang
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bo Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Development of antimicrobial gelatin-ulvan-beeswax composite films: Optimization of formulation using mixture design methodology. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123384. [PMID: 36690230 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A new generation of antimicrobial film was developed by incorporation of ulvan extracted from Ulva intestinalis into gelatin from common carp scale and its water sensitivity was reduced with addition of beeswax. Optimum composition of gelatin (0-100%w/w), ulvan (0-100%w/w) and beeswax (0-10%w/w) for achieving composite films with minimum water solubility (S) and water vapor permeability (WVP) and maximum tensile strength (TS), elongation at break point (EAB) and antibacterial effect on E. coli (EC) were investigated using mixture design methodology. Both pure gelatin and ulvan films and their composites had relatively good mechanical and optical properties. Addition of ulvan to gelatin produced composite films with good antibacterial properties but water resistance of all the films was weak. Addition of beeswax up to ∼5 % improved the water resistance and mechanical properties of the films without jeopardizing their antibacterial properties. The final optimum formulation with a desirability of 0.709 was achieved as 52.18 % of gelatin, 40.83 % of ulvan and 6.97 % of beeswax resulting in a minimum possible S (40 %) and WVP (1.86 10-10 g/ms Pa) and maximum possible TS (6.23 MPa) and EAB (89 %) with good EC (7.66 mm). Finally, good mechanical, thermal and microstructural properties of the optimum composite film was confirmed. Altogether, a combination of ulvan and beeswax can be a promising solution for development of gelatin films with both antimicrobial properties and lower water sensitivity.
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Mendoza-Duarte ME, Estrada-Moreno IA, López-Martínez EI, Vega-Rios A. Effect of the Addition of Different Natural Waxes on the Mechanical and Rheological Behavior of PLA-A Comparative Study. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020305. [PMID: 36679186 PMCID: PMC9866918 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) blended with different natural waxes (beeswax, candelilla, carnauba, and cocoa) was investigated. Different wax amounts, 3, 5, 10, and 15 wt%, were incorporated into the PLA using a Brabender internal mixer. The blends were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), rotational rheometer (RR), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and contact angle to observe the effect of the different waxes on the PLA physicochemical, rheological, mechanical behavior, and wetting properties. The complex viscosity of the blends was studied by employing a RR. The effect of the addition of the waxes on the mechanical properties of PLA was evaluated by DMA in the tension modality. A slight decrease in the thermal stability of PLA was observed with the addition of the waxes. However, in the case of the mechanical properties, the cocoa wax showed a considerable effect, especially in the elongation at break of PLA. Likewise, waxes had an essential impact on the water affinity of PLA. Specifically, with the addition of cocoa, the PLA became more hydrophilic, while the rest of the waxes increased the hydrophobic character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Elvira Mendoza-Duarte
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, SC, Av. Miguel de Cervantes #120, Chihuahua 31136, Mexico
- Correspondence: (M.E.M.-D.); (A.V.-R.)
| | | | | | - Alejandro Vega-Rios
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, SC, Av. Miguel de Cervantes #120, Chihuahua 31136, Mexico
- Correspondence: (M.E.M.-D.); (A.V.-R.)
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Cui Y, Zhang R, Cheng M, Guo Y, Wang X. Sustained release and antioxidant activity of active potato starch packaging films encapsulating thymol with MCM-41. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Guo Y, Cheng M, Cui Y, Zhang R, Zhao Z, Wang X, Guo S. Effect of SBA-15-CEO on properties of potato starch film modified by low-temperature plasma. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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8
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Grzelczyk J, Oracz J, Gałązka-Czarnecka I. Quality Assessment of Waste from Olive Oil Production and Design of Biodegradable Packaging. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233776. [PMID: 36496585 PMCID: PMC9740201 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of olive pomace from olive oil production is still insufficient. The lingering olive pomace is harmful to the environment. On the other hand, the world is increasingly polluted with plastic or by-products from the production of biodegradable products. Considering these two problems, the aim of this work was to develop a mixture and create biodegradable disposable tableware characterized by high antioxidant activity. The disposable tableware was made by mixing olive pomace with teff flour or/and sorghum groats and lecithin. Baking was carried out at the temperature of 180 °C. The best variant of the mixture for the preparation of disposable tableware was olive pomace, teff flour, sorghum groats and lecithin. These vessels were the toughest, with low water absorption and had a high antioxidant potential due to the high content of polyphenols and omega acids. Protecting the cups and bowls with beeswax had a positive effect on reducing water absorption.
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Lee NA, Shen SC, Buehler MJ. An automated biomateriomics platform for sustainable programmable materials discovery. MATTER 2022; 5:3597-3613. [PMID: 36817352 PMCID: PMC9937510 DOI: 10.1016/j.matt.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the potential to create functional materials from various forms of organic matter has received increased interest due to its potential to address environmental concerns. However, the process of creating novel materials from biomass requires extensive experimentation. A promising means of predicting the properties of such materials would be the use of machine-learning models trained on or integrated into self-learned experimental data and methods. We outline an automated system for the discovery and characterization of novel, sustainable, and functional materials from input biomass. Artificial intelligence provides the capacity to examine experimental data, draw connections between composite composition and behavior, and design future experiments to expand the system's understanding of the studied materials. Extensions to the system are described that could further accelerate the discovery of sustainable composites, including the use of interpretable machine-learning methods to expand the insights gleaned from to human-readable materiomic insights about material process-structure-functional relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas A. Lee
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 1-165, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- School of Architecture and Planning, Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 75 Amherst Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sabrina C. Shen
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 1-165, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Markus J. Buehler
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 1-165, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Center for Computational Science and Engineering, Schwarzman College of Computing, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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10
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Guo Y, Cui Y, Cheng M, Zhang R, Zhao Z, Wang X, Guo S. Development and properties of active films based on potato starch modified by low-temperature plasma and enriched with cinnamon essential oil coated with nanoparticles. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Jumaidin R, Abdul Rahman AH, Sapuan SM, Rushdan AI. Effect of sugarcane bagasse on thermal and mechanical properties of thermoplastic cassava starch/beeswax composites. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2022-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The demand for biodegradable material has been an important issue, especially in food packaging applications. Among many biodegradable materials, starch biopolymer has been recognised as a completely biodegradable material that can be produced from various plants. It is one of the richest resources that are renewable, biodegradable, and available at low cost. However, starch biopolymers are often associated with poor mechanical properties. Hence, the main objective of this study is to evaluate the mechanical and thermal characteristics of sugarcane bagasse fibre (SBF) reinforced thermoplastic cassava starch (TPCS), which was prior modified with beeswax (BW). It was found that the mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural, and impact strength have improved significantly with the incorporation of SBF loading into the TPCS/BW matrix. The highest tensile strength (12.2 MPa) and modulus (2222.6 MPa) were exhibit by sample with 20 wt% SBF loading and further increment of fibre led to decrease in the strength of the materials. The thermal properties showed that higher SBF loading resulted in improved thermal stability of the material, i.e., higher glass transition and melting temperature than the polymer matrix. Overall, SBF has shown good potential as a reinforcing material which is able to improve the functional characteristics of TPCS/BW as a new potential biodegradable material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridhwan Jumaidin
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka , Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal , Melaka , Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang 43400 , Malaysia
| | - Amirul Hazim Abdul Rahman
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka , Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal , Melaka , Malaysia
| | - Salit Mohd Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composite Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang 43400 , Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Ilyas Rushdan
- Sustainable Waste Management Research Group (SWAM), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , 81310 UTM Johor Bahru , Johor , Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , 81310 UTM Johor Bahru , Johor , Malaysia
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Liu R, Zhang R, Zhai X, Li C, Hou H, Wang W. Effects of beeswax emulsified by octenyl succinate starch on the structure and physicochemical properties of acid-modified starchfilms. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 219:262-272. [PMID: 35931295 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to develop a novel strategy to modulate the distribution of beeswax in acid-modified starch films via tuning octenyl succinate starch (OSS) ratios and to elucidate their structure-property relationships. The apparent viscosity and storage modulus of the film-forming solution decreased with the increase of OSS ratio. Attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy revealed that the hydrogen bond in the film-forming network was cleaved with the presence of OSS. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrated that OSS ratio had an obvious effect on the formation and distribution of beeswax crystal particles. Uniform distribution of beeswax effectively enhanced the hydrophobicity and water barrier properties of films and performed preferable elongation at break but at the expense of tensile strength and optical properties. The films with higher OSS ratio (>12 %) presented higher thermal stability. This study provides new information on the rational design of emulsified films to obtain desirable physicochemical properties by tuning the distribution of beeswax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiping Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Engineering and Technology Center for Grain Processing of Shandong Province, Tai'an, PR China
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Engineering and Technology Center for Grain Processing of Shandong Province, Tai'an, PR China
| | - Xiaosong Zhai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Engineering and Technology Center for Grain Processing of Shandong Province, Tai'an, PR China
| | - Cheng Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Engineering and Technology Center for Grain Processing of Shandong Province, Tai'an, PR China
| | - Hanxue Hou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Engineering and Technology Center for Grain Processing of Shandong Province, Tai'an, PR China
| | - Wentao Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Engineering and Technology Center for Grain Processing of Shandong Province, Tai'an, PR China.
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Selected Physical and Spectroscopic Properties of TPS Moldings Enriched with Durum Wheat Bran. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15145061. [PMID: 35888526 PMCID: PMC9317448 DOI: 10.3390/ma15145061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The impact of the amount of durum wheat bran additive used on the selected structural, mechanical, and spectroscopic properties of thermoplastic starch moldings was examined in this study. Bran was added to corn starch from 10 to 60% by weight in the blends. Four temperature settings were used for the high-pressure injection: 120, 140, 160, and 180 °C. The highest value of elongation at break (8.53%) was observed for moldings containing 60% bran. Moreover, for these moldings, the tensile strength and flexural strength were lower (appropriately 3.43 MPa and 27.14 MPa). The highest deformation at break (1.56%) were obtained for samples with 60% bran and injection molded at 180 °C. We saw that higher bran content (50 and 60%) and a higher injection molding temperature (160 °C and 180 °C) significantly changed the color of the samples. The most significant changes in the FTIR spectra were observed at 3292 and 1644 cm−1 and in the region of 1460–1240 cm−1. Moreover, notable changes were observed in the intensity ratio of bands at 1015 and 955 cm−1. The changes observed correspond well with the amount of additive used and with the injection temperature applied; thus it may be considered as a marker of interactions affecting plasticization of the material obtained.
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Yang P, Yan M, Tian C, Huang X, Lu H, Zhou X. Solvent-free preparation of thermoplastic bio-materials from microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) through reactive extrusion. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 217:193-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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15
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Hafila KZ, Jumaidin R, Ilyas RA, Selamat MZ, Yusof FAM. Effect of palm wax on the mechanical, thermal, and moisture absorption properties of thermoplastic cassava starch composites. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:851-860. [PMID: 34838853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Thermoplastic starch is a potentially sustainable and biodegradable material. However, it possesses some limitations in terms of mechanical performance and high moisture sensitivity. In this current work, the characteristics of thermoplastic cassava starch (TPCS) containing palm wax at various loading were evaluated. TPCS was prepared via hot pressing by varying the ratios of palm wax (2.5, 5, 10, and 15 wt%). Next, characterization via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), mechanical, water solubility, thickness swelling and moisture absorption tests, were conducted on the samples. The findings showed that incorporating starch-based thermoplastics with palm wax has remarkably improved mechanical characteristics of the thermoplastic blends. Besides, the morphology of the samples demonstrated irregular and rougher cleavage fracture after palm wax addition. FT-IR indicated the existence of intermolecular interaction between TPCS and palm wax with the intermolecular hydrogen bonds that existed between them. The thermal stability of TPCS has improved with rising palm wax content. The incorporation of 15 wt% palm wax resulted in the lowest moisture absorption value among the samples. Overall, the developed TPCS/palm wax with improved mechanical and moisture resistance characteristics has the potential to be used as biodegradable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Z Hafila
- Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia; German-Malaysian Institute, Jalan Ilmiah Taman Universiti, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - R Jumaidin
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia.
| | - R A Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - M Z Selamat
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Mekanikal dan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Fahmi Asyadi Md Yusof
- Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology, Taboh Naning, Alor Gajah, Melaka 78000, Malaysia
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