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Jin YY, Liang YP, Pan JQ, Huang WH, Feng YM, Sui WJ, Yu H, Tang XD, Zhu L, Chen JH. RNA editing in response to COVID-19 vaccines: unveiling dynamic epigenetic regulation of host immunity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1413704. [PMID: 39308856 PMCID: PMC11413487 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1413704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 vaccines are crucial for reducing the threat and burden of the pandemic on global public health, yet the epigenetic, especially RNA editing in response to the vaccines remains unelucidated. Results Our current study performed an epitranscriptomic analysis of RNA-Seq data of 260 blood samples from 102 healthy and SARS-CoV-2 naïve individuals receiving different doses of the COVID-19 vaccine and revealed dynamic, transcriptome-wide adenosine to inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing changes in response to COVID-19 vaccines (RNA editing in response to COVID-19 vaccines). 5592 differential RNA editing (DRE) sites in 1820 genes were identified, with most of them showing up-regulated RNA editing and correlated with increased expression of edited genes. These deferentially edited genes were primarily involved in immune- and virus-related gene functions and pathways. Differential ADAR expression probably contributed to RNA editing in response to COVID-19 vaccines. One of the most significant DRE in RNA editing in response to COVID-19 vaccines was in apolipoprotein L6 (APOL6) 3' UTR, which positively correlated with its up-regulated expression. In addition, recoded key antiviral and immune-related proteins such as IFI30 and GBP1 recoded by missense editing was observed as an essential component of RNA editing in response to COVID-19 vaccines. Furthermore, both RNA editing in response to COVID-19 vaccines and its functions dynamically depended on the number of vaccine doses. Conclusion Our results thus underscored the potential impact of blood RNA editing in response to COVID-19 vaccines on the host's molecular immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yun Jin
- Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Joint Primate Research Center for Chronic Diseases, Institute of Zoology of Guangdong Academy of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangnan University Brain Institute, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ya-Ping Liang
- Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Joint Primate Research Center for Chronic Diseases, Institute of Zoology of Guangdong Academy of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangnan University Brain Institute, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia-Qi Pan
- Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Joint Primate Research Center for Chronic Diseases, Institute of Zoology of Guangdong Academy of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangnan University Brain Institute, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Hao Huang
- Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Joint Primate Research Center for Chronic Diseases, Institute of Zoology of Guangdong Academy of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangnan University Brain Institute, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan-Meng Feng
- Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Joint Primate Research Center for Chronic Diseases, Institute of Zoology of Guangdong Academy of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangnan University Brain Institute, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei-Jia Sui
- Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Joint Primate Research Center for Chronic Diseases, Institute of Zoology of Guangdong Academy of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangnan University Brain Institute, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Han Yu
- Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Joint Primate Research Center for Chronic Diseases, Institute of Zoology of Guangdong Academy of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangnan University Brain Institute, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Tang
- Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Joint Primate Research Center for Chronic Diseases, Institute of Zoology of Guangdong Academy of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangnan University Brain Institute, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Joint Primate Research Center for Chronic Diseases, Institute of Zoology of Guangdong Academy of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangnan University Brain Institute, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian-Huan Chen
- Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Joint Primate Research Center for Chronic Diseases, Institute of Zoology of Guangdong Academy of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangnan University Brain Institute, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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Holmes J, Islam SM, Milligan KA. Exploring Cannabinoids as Potential Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Papain-like Protease: Insights from Computational Analysis and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Viruses 2024; 16:878. [PMID: 38932170 PMCID: PMC11209085 DOI: 10.3390/v16060878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has triggered a global COVID-19 pandemic, challenging healthcare systems worldwide. Effective therapeutic strategies against this novel coronavirus remain limited, underscoring the urgent need for innovative approaches. The present research investigates the potential of cannabis compounds as therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2 through their interaction with the virus's papain-like protease (PLpro) protein, a crucial element in viral replication and immune evasion. Computational methods, including molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, were employed to screen cannabis compounds against PLpro and analyze their binding mechanisms and interaction patterns. The results showed cannabinoids with binding affinities ranging from -6.1 kcal/mol to -4.6 kcal/mol, forming interactions with PLpro. Notably, Cannabigerolic and Cannabidiolic acids exhibited strong binding contacts with critical residues in PLpro's active region, indicating their potential as viral replication inhibitors. MD simulations revealed the dynamic behavior of cannabinoid-PLpro complexes, highlighting stable binding conformations and conformational changes over time. These findings shed light on the mechanisms underlying cannabis interaction with SARS-CoV-2 PLpro, aiding in the rational design of antiviral therapies. Future research will focus on experimental validation, optimizing binding affinity and selectivity, and preclinical assessments to develop effective treatments against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahidul M. Islam
- Department of Chemistry, Delaware State University, 1200 N. DuPont Hwy, Dover, DE 19901, USA; (J.H.); (K.A.M.)
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Oprinca GC, Mohor CI, Bereanu AS, Oprinca-Muja LA, Bogdan-Duică I, Fleacă SR, Hașegan A, Diter A, Boeraș I, Cristian AN, Tâlvan ET, Mohor CI. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Viral Genome and Viral Nucleocapsid in Various Organs and Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5755. [PMID: 38891942 PMCID: PMC11172220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
While considerable attention has been devoted to respiratory manifestations, such as pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), emerging evidence underlines the significance of extrapulmonary involvement. In this study, we examined 15 hospitalized patients who succumbed to severe complications following SARS-CoV-2 infection. These patients were admitted to the Sibiu County Clinical Emergency Hospital in Sibiu, Romania, between March and October 2021. All patients were ethnic Romanians. Conducted within a COVID-19-restricted environment and adhering to national safety protocols, autopsies provided a comprehensive understanding of the disease's multisystemic impact. Detailed macroscopic evaluations and histopathological analyses of myocardial, renal, hepatic, splenic, and gastrointestinal tissues were performed. Additionally, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (rt-qPCR) assays and immunohistochemical staining were employed to detect the viral genome and nucleocapsid within the tissues. Myocardial lesions, including ischemic microstructural changes and inflammatory infiltrates, were prevalent, indicative of COVID-19's cardiac implications, while renal pathology revealed the chronic alterations, acute tubular necrosis, and inflammatory infiltrates most evident. Hepatic examination identified hepatocellular necroinflammatory changes and hepatocytic cytopathy, highlighting the hepatic involvement of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Splenic parenchymal disorganization was prominent, indicating systemic immune dysregulation. Furthermore, gastrointestinal examinations unveiled nonspecific changes. Molecular analyses detected viral genes in various organs, with immunohistochemical assays confirming viral presence predominantly in macrophages and fibroblasts. These findings highlighted the systemic nature of SARS-CoV-2 infection, emphasizing the need for comprehensive clinical management strategies and targeted therapeutic approaches beyond respiratory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Călin Oprinca
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (G.C.O.); (L.-A.O.-M.); (S.R.F.); (A.H.); (A.D.); (A.N.C.); (E.-T.T.); (C.I.M.)
| | - Cosmin-Ioan Mohor
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (G.C.O.); (L.-A.O.-M.); (S.R.F.); (A.H.); (A.D.); (A.N.C.); (E.-T.T.); (C.I.M.)
| | - Alina-Simona Bereanu
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (G.C.O.); (L.-A.O.-M.); (S.R.F.); (A.H.); (A.D.); (A.N.C.); (E.-T.T.); (C.I.M.)
| | - Lilioara-Alexandra Oprinca-Muja
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (G.C.O.); (L.-A.O.-M.); (S.R.F.); (A.H.); (A.D.); (A.N.C.); (E.-T.T.); (C.I.M.)
| | - Iancu Bogdan-Duică
- County Clinical Emergency Hospital, Bld. Corneliu Coposu, Nr. 2-4, 550245 Sibiu, Romania
| | - Sorin Radu Fleacă
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (G.C.O.); (L.-A.O.-M.); (S.R.F.); (A.H.); (A.D.); (A.N.C.); (E.-T.T.); (C.I.M.)
| | - Adrian Hașegan
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (G.C.O.); (L.-A.O.-M.); (S.R.F.); (A.H.); (A.D.); (A.N.C.); (E.-T.T.); (C.I.M.)
| | - Atasie Diter
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (G.C.O.); (L.-A.O.-M.); (S.R.F.); (A.H.); (A.D.); (A.N.C.); (E.-T.T.); (C.I.M.)
| | - Ioana Boeraș
- Faculty of Sciences, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550012 Sibiu, Romania;
| | - Adrian Nicolae Cristian
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (G.C.O.); (L.-A.O.-M.); (S.R.F.); (A.H.); (A.D.); (A.N.C.); (E.-T.T.); (C.I.M.)
| | - Elena-Teodora Tâlvan
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (G.C.O.); (L.-A.O.-M.); (S.R.F.); (A.H.); (A.D.); (A.N.C.); (E.-T.T.); (C.I.M.)
| | - Călin Ilie Mohor
- Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (G.C.O.); (L.-A.O.-M.); (S.R.F.); (A.H.); (A.D.); (A.N.C.); (E.-T.T.); (C.I.M.)
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Yamauchi Y, Konno S, Omura N, Yoshioka N, Hingst A, Gütschow M, Müller CE, Taguchi A, Taniguchi A, Kawaguchi A, Hayashi Y. Detection of Active SARS-CoV-2 3CL Protease in Infected Cells Using Activity-Based Probes with a 2,6-Dichlorobenzoyloxymethyl Ketone Reactive Warhead. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:1028-1034. [PMID: 38668705 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.4c00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The 3CL protease (3CLpro) is a viral cysteine protease of SARS-CoV-2 and is responsible for the main processing of the viral polyproteins involved in viral replication and proliferation. Despite the importance of 3CLpro as a drug target, the intracellular dynamics of active 3CLpro, including its expression and subcellular localization in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells, are poorly understood. Herein, we report an activity-based probe (ABP) with a clickable alkyne and an irreversible warhead for the SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease. We designed and synthesized two ABPs that contain a chloromethyl ketone (probe 2) or 2,6-dichlorobenzoyloxymethyl ketone (probe 3) reactive group at the P1' site. Labeling of recombinant 3CLpro by the ABPs in the purified and proteome systems revealed that probe 3 displayed ligand-directed and selective labeling against 3CLpro. Labeling of transiently expressed active 3CLpro in COS-7 cells also validated the good target selectivity of probe 3 for 3CLpro. We finally demonstrated that endogenously expressed 3CLpro in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells can be detected by fluorescence microscopy imaging using probe 3, suggesting that active 3CLpro at 5 h postinfection is localized in the juxtanuclear region. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report investigating the subcellular localization of active 3CLpro by using ABPs. We believe that probe 3 will be a useful chemical tool for acquiring important biological knowledge of active 3CLpro in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yamauchi
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Sho Konno
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Noriko Omura
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Narumi Yoshioka
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Alexandra Hingst
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn 53121, Germany
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn 53121, Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn 53121, Germany
| | - Akihiro Taguchi
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Taniguchi
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawaguchi
- Institute of Medicine, Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hayashi
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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5
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Needham D. Niclosamide: A career builder. J Control Release 2024; 369:786-856. [PMID: 37544514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
My contribution to honoring Professor Kinam Park celebrates and resonates with his scholarly career in drug delivery, his commitment to encouraging the next generation(s), and his efforts to keep us focused on clinically effective formulations. To do this I take as my example, niclosamide, a small molecule protonophore that, uniquely, can "target" all cell membranes, both plasma and organelle. As such, it acts upstream of many cell pathways and so has the potential to affect many of the essential events that a cell, and particularly a diseased cell or other entities like a virus, use to stay alive and prosper. Literature shows that it has so far been discovered to positively influence (at least): cancer, bacterial and viral infection, metabolic diseases such as Type II diabetes, NASH and NAFLD, artery constriction, endometriosis, neuropathic pain, rheumatoid arthritis, sclerodermatous graft-versus-host disease, systemic sclerosis, Parkinson's, and COPD. With such a fundamental action and broad-spectrum activity, I believe that studying niclosamide in all its manifestations, discovering if and to what extent it can contribute positively to disease control (and also where it can't), formulating it as effective therapeutics, and testing them in preclinical and clinical trials is a career builder for our next generation(s). The article is divided into two parts: Part I introduces niclosamide and other proton shunts mainly in cancer and viral infections and reviews an exponentially growing literature with some concepts and physicochemical properties that lead to its proton shunt mechanism. Part II focuses on repurposing by reformulation of niclosamide. I give two examples of "carrier-free formulations", - one for cancer (as a prodrug therapeutic of niclosamide stearate for i.v. and other administration routes, exemplified by our recent work on Osteosarcoma in mice and canine patients), and the other as a niclosamide solution formulation (that could provide the basis for a preventative nasal spray and early treatment option for COVID19 and other respiratory virus infections). My goal is to excite and enthuse, encourage, and motivate all involved in the drug development and testing process in academia, institutes, and industry, to learn more about this interesting molecule and others like it. To enable such endeavors, I give many proposed ideas throughout the document, that have been stimulated and inspired by gaps in the literature, urgent needs in disease, and new studies arising from our own work. The hope is that, by reading through this document and studying the suggested topics and references, the drug delivery and development community will continue our lineage and benefit from our legacy to achieve niclosamide's potential as an effective contributor to the treatment and control of many diseases and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Needham
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Translational Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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6
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Priyanka, Mohan B, Poonia E, Kumar S, Virender, Singh C, Xiong J, Liu X, Pombeiro AJL, Singh G. COVID-19 Virus Structural Details: Optical and Electrochemical Detection. J Fluoresc 2024; 34:479-500. [PMID: 37382834 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03307-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The increasing viral species have ruined people's health and the world's economy. Therefore, it is urgent to design bio-responsive materials to provide a vast platform for detecting a different family's passive or active virus. One can design a reactive functional unit for that moiety based on the particular bio-active moieties in viruses. Nanomaterials as optical and electrochemical biosensors have enabled better tools and devices to develop rapid virus detection. Various material science platforms are available for real-time monitoring and detecting COVID-19 and other viral loads. In this review, we discuss the recent advances of nanomaterials in developing the tools for optical and electrochemical sensing COVID-19. In addition, nanomaterials used to detect other human viruses have been studied, providing insights for developing COVID-19 sensing materials. The basic strategies for nanomaterials develop as virus sensors, fabrications, and detection performances are studied. Moreover, the new methods to enhance the virus sensing properties are discussed to provide a gateway for virus detection in variant forms. The study will provide systematic information and working of virus sensors. In addition, the deep discussion of structural properties and signal changes will offer a new gate for researchers to develop new virus sensors for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Brij Mohan
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. RoviscoPais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Ekta Poonia
- Department of Chemistry, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology, Murthal, Sonepat, 131039, Haryana, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Virender
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Charan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar, Uttarakhand, 246174, India
| | - Jichuan Xiong
- Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Armando J L Pombeiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. RoviscoPais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gurjaspreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Perez-Favila A, Garza-Veloz I, Hernandez-Marquez LDS, Gutierrez-Vela EF, Flores-Morales V, Martinez-Fierro ML. Antifibrotic Drugs against Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Pulmonary Fibrosis Induced by COVID-19: Therapeutic Approaches and Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1562. [PMID: 38338840 PMCID: PMC10855955 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the health and economy of the global population. Even after recovery from the disease, post-COVID-19 symptoms, such as pulmonary fibrosis, continue to be a concern. This narrative review aims to address pulmonary fibrosis (PF) from various perspectives, including the fibrotic mechanisms involved in idiopathic and COVID-19-induced pulmonary fibrosis. On the other hand, we also discuss the current therapeutic drugs in use, as well as those undergoing clinical or preclinical evaluation. Additionally, this article will address various biomarkers with usefulness for PF prediction, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and severity assessment in order to provide better treatment strategies for patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Margarita L. Martinez-Fierro
- Doctorado en Ciencias con Orientación en Medicina Molecular, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana y CS, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico; (A.P.-F.); (I.G.-V.); (L.d.S.H.-M.); (E.F.G.-V.); (V.F.-M.)
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8
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Rahmasari R, Raekiansyah M, Aliyah SH, Yodi P, Baihaqy F, Irhamsyah M, Sari KCDP, Suryadi H, Moi ML, Sauriasari R. Development and validation of cost-effective SYBR Green-based RT-qPCR and its evaluation in a sample pooling strategy for detecting SARS-CoV-2 infection in the Indonesian setting. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1817. [PMID: 38245603 PMCID: PMC10799953 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52250-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
A low-cost SYBR Green-based RT-qPCR method to detect SARS-CoV-2 were developed and validated. Primers targeting a conserved and vital region of the N genes of SARS-CoV-2 were designed. In-silico study was performed to analyse the compatibility of the selected primer pair with Indonesian SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences available from the GISAID database. We determined the linearity of our new assay using serial dilution of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from clinical samples with known virus concentration. The assay was then evaluated using clinically relevant samples in comparison to a commercial TaqMan-based test kit. Finally, we applied the assay in sample pooling strategies for SARS-CoV-2 detection. The SYBR Green-based RT-qPCR method was successfully developed with sufficient sensitivity. There is a very low prevalence of genome variation in the selected N primer binding regions, indicating their high conservation. The validation of the assay using clinical samples demonstrated similar performance to the TaqMan method suggesting the SYBR methods is reliable. The pooling strategy by combining 5 RNA samples for SARS-CoV-2 detection using the SYBR RT-qPCR methods is feasible and provides a high diagnostic yield. However, when dealing with samples having a very low viral load, it may increase the risk of missing positive cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratika Rahmasari
- Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia.
| | | | - Siti Hana Aliyah
- Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Priska Yodi
- Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Fathan Baihaqy
- Helix Laboratory & Clinic, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences & Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Herman Suryadi
- Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Meng Ling Moi
- School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rani Sauriasari
- Clinical Pharmacy and Social Pharmacy Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
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Oyola S. Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 genetic evolution in vaccinated and non-vaccinated patients from the Kenyan population. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3457875. [PMID: 37961584 PMCID: PMC10635312 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3457875/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is a key control measure of COVID-19 by preventing severe effects of disease outcomes, reducing hospitalization rates and death, and increasing herd immunity. However, vaccination can affect the evolution and adaptation of SARS-CoV-2, largely through vaccine-induced immune pressure. Here we investigated the recombination events and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on SARS-CoV-2 genome in non-vaccinated and vaccinated patients in the Kenyan population. We identified recombination hotspots in the S, N, and ORF1a/b genes and showed the genetic evolution landscape of SARS-CoV-2 by comparing within-wave and inter-wave recombination events from the beginning of the pandemic (June 2020) to (October 2022) in Kenya. An in-depth analysis of (SNPs) on the S, ORf1a/b, and N genes identified previously unreported mutations. We detected a minority variant in non-vaccinated patients in Kenya, that contained immune escape mutation S255F of the spike gene and showing a differential recombination pattern within the non-vaccinated patients. Detailed analysis of recombination between waves suggested an association between increased population immunity and declining risk of emergence of variants of concern. Overall, this work identified unique mutations in SARS-CoV-2 which could have significant implications for virus evolution, virulence, and immune escape.
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Kakavandi S, Zare I, VaezJalali M, Dadashi M, Azarian M, Akbari A, Ramezani Farani M, Zalpoor H, Hajikhani B. Structural and non-structural proteins in SARS-CoV-2: potential aspects to COVID-19 treatment or prevention of progression of related diseases. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:110. [PMID: 37189112 PMCID: PMC10183699 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01104-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a new member of the Coronaviridae family known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). There are structural and non-structural proteins (NSPs) in the genome of this virus. S, M, H, and E proteins are structural proteins, and NSPs include accessory and replicase proteins. The structural and NSP components of SARS-CoV-2 play an important role in its infectivity, and some of them may be important in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases, including cancer, coagulation disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. The SARS-CoV-2 proteins interact with targets such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 can stimulate pathological intracellular signaling pathways by triggering transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), neuropilin-1 (NRP-1), CD147, and Eph receptors, which play important roles in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis, and multiple cancers such as glioblastoma, lung malignancies, and leukemias. Several compounds such as polyphenols, doxazosin, baricitinib, and ruxolitinib could inhibit these interactions. It has been demonstrated that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein has a stronger affinity for human ACE2 than the spike protein of SARS-CoV, leading the current study to hypothesize that the newly produced variant Omicron receptor-binding domain (RBD) binds to human ACE2 more strongly than the primary strain. SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) viruses against structural and NSPs have become resistant to previous vaccines. Therefore, the review of recent studies and the performance of current vaccines and their effects on COVID-19 and related diseases has become a vital need to deal with the current conditions. This review examines the potential role of these SARS-CoV-2 proteins in the initiation of chronic diseases, and it is anticipated that these proteins could serve as components of an effective vaccine or treatment for COVID-19 and related diseases. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareh Kakavandi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Iman Zare
- Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies Co. Ltd., Shiraz, 7178795844, Iran
| | - Maryam VaezJalali
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Dadashi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Maryam Azarian
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Abdullatif Akbari
- Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Ramezani Farani
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Nano Bio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hamidreza Zalpoor
- Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bahareh Hajikhani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Franchi C, Rossi R, Malizia A, Gaudio P, Di Giovanni D. Biological risk in Italian prisons: data analysis from the second to the fourth wave of COVID-19 pandemic. Occup Environ Med 2023; 80:273-279. [PMID: 36927731 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2022-108599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of COVID-19 in Italian prisons triggered considerable concern at the beginning of the pandemic due to numerous riots which resulted in inmate deaths, damages and prison breaks. The aim of this study is to shed some light, through analysis of the infection and relevant disease parameters, on the period spanning from the second to the fourth wave of the outbreak in Italy's prisons. METHODS Reproductive number (Rt) and Hospitalisation were calculated through a Eulerian approach applied to differential equations derived from compartmental models. Comparison between trends was performed through paired t-test and linear regression analyses. RESULTS The infection trends (prevalence and Rt) show a high correlation between the prison population and the external community. Both the indices appear to be lagging 1 week in prison. The prisoners' Rt values are not statistically different from those of the general population. The hospitalisation trend of inmates strongly correlates with the external population's, with a delay of 2 weeks. The magnitude of hospitalisations in prison is less than in the external community for the period analysed. CONCLUSIONS The comparison with the external community revealed that in prison the infection prevalence was greater, although Rt values showed no significant difference, and the hospitalisation rate was lower. These results suggest that the consistent monitoring of inmates results in a higher infection prevalence while a wide vaccination campaign leads to a lower hospitalisation rate. All three indices demonstrate a lag of 1 or 2 weeks in prison. This delay could represent a useful time-window to strengthen planned countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Franchi
- Industrial Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata Engineering Macro Area, Roma, Italy
| | - Riccardo Rossi
- Industrial Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata Engineering Macro Area, Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Malizia
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Roma, Italy
| | - Pasqualino Gaudio
- Industrial Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata Engineering Macro Area, Roma, Italy
| | - Daniele Di Giovanni
- Industrial Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata Engineering Macro Area, Roma, Italy.,UniCamillus, Rome, Italy
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12
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Andreu S, von Kobbe C, Delgado P, Ripa I, Buzón MJ, Genescà M, Gironès N, del Moral-Salmoral J, Ramírez GA, Zúñiga S, Enjuanes L, López-Guerrero JA, Bello-Morales R. Dextran sulfate from Leuconostoc mesenteroides B512F exerts potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and in vivo. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1185504. [PMID: 37206325 PMCID: PMC10189130 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1185504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergent human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and its resistance to current drugs makes the need for new potent treatments for COVID-19 patients strongly necessary. Dextran sulfate (DS) polysaccharides have long demonstrated antiviral activity against different enveloped viruses in vitro. However, their poor bioavailability has led to their abandonment as antiviral candidates. Here, we report for the first time the broad-spectrum antiviral activity of a DS-based extrapolymeric substance produced by the lactic acid bacterium Leuconostoc mesenteroides B512F. Time of addition assays with SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses in in vitro models confirm the inhibitory activity of DSs in the early stages of viral infection (viral entry). In addition, this exopolysaccharide substance also reports broad-spectrum antiviral activity against several enveloped viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, HCoV229E, HSV-1, in in vitro models and in human lung tissue. The toxicity and antiviral capacity of DS from L. mesenteroides was tested in vivo in mouse models which are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The described DS, administered by inhalation, a new route of administration for these types of polymers, shows strong inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo, significantly reducing animal mortality and morbidity at non-toxic doses. Therefore, we suggest that it may be considered as a potential candidate for antiviral therapy against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Andreu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council—Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Sabina Andreu
| | - Cayetano von Kobbe
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council—Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Delgado
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council—Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Ripa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council—Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Buzón
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, VHIR Task Force COVID-19, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, VHIR Task Force COVID-19, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Gironès
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council—Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier del Moral-Salmoral
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council—Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sonia Zúñiga
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Enjuanes
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio López-Guerrero
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council—Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Bello-Morales
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council—Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
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13
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Smeller L, Toth-Molnar E, Sohar N. White Dot Syndrome Report in a SARS-CoV-2 Patient. Case Rep Ophthalmol 2022; 13:744-750. [PMID: 36845457 PMCID: PMC9944209 DOI: 10.1159/000526090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our purpose was to report clinical features in bilateral white dot syndrome in a 47-year-old female patient who was tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2. A 47-year-old female visited our department with complaints of bilateral photophobia and blurred vision in both her eyes. She visited our department during the pandemic period after her PCR-proven SARS-CoV-2 positivity. Her symptoms were chills and fever with a temperature of 40.0°C, associated with fatigue, sweat, and complete loss of taste. Besides basic ophthalmological examinations, ocular diagnostic testing were made to differentiate between specific white dot syndromes with suggestive features of fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography, and fundus autofluorescence. Laboratory tests were ordered, including immunserological and haematological ones. Eye examination revealed mild bilateral vitritis and white dots in the fundus of both eyes, including the macula explaining the blurred vision. Herpes simplex virus reactivation was proved, after the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Local corticosteroids were given according to the European Reference Network's recommendations for patients with uveitis during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our report demonstrates that white dot syndrome with blurred vision could be associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, being potentially sight-threatening because of macular involvement. Ophthalmological examinations found posterior uveitis white dot syndrome, and this should call attention to the risk of acute 2019-CoV infection or occurred 2019-CoV infection. Immunodeficiency favours the occurrence of other viral infections, such as herpes virus infections. Everybody should be aware of the risk of 2019-CoV infection, especially professionals, social workers, and those who work or live with elder people and people with immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilla Smeller
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Edit Toth-Molnar
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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14
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Wang M, Chang W, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Pyroptotic cell death in SARS-CoV-2 infection: revealing its roles during the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:5827-5848. [PMID: 36263178 PMCID: PMC9576507 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.77561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid dissemination of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), remains a global public health emergency. The host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 plays a key role in COVID-19 pathogenesis. SARS-CoV-2 can induce aberrant and excessive immune responses, leading to cytokine storm syndrome, autoimmunity, lymphopenia, neutrophilia and dysfunction of monocytes and macrophages. Pyroptosis, a proinflammatory form of programmed cell death, acts as a host defense mechanism against infections. Pyroptosis deprives the replicative niche of SARS-CoV-2 by inducing the lysis of infected cells and exposing the virus to extracellular immune attack. Notably, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved sophisticated mechanisms to hijack this cell death mode for its own survival, propagation and shedding. SARS-CoV-2-encoded viral products act to modulate various key components in the pyroptosis pathways, including inflammasomes, caspases and gasdermins. SARS-CoV-2-induced pyroptosis contriubtes to the development of COVID-19-associated immunopathologies through leakage of intracellular contents, disruption of immune system homeostasis or exacerbation of inflammation. Therefore, pyroptosis has emerged as an important mechanism involved in COVID-19 immunopathogenesis. However, the entangled links between pyroptosis and SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis lack systematic clarification. In this review, we briefly summarize the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19-related immunopathologies. Moreover, we present an overview of the interplay between SARS-CoV-2 infection and pyroptosis and highlight recent research advances in the understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the implication of the pyroptosis pathways in COVID-19 pathogenesis, which will provide informative inspirations and new directions for further investigation and clinical practice. Finally, we discuss the potential value of pyroptosis as a therapeutic target in COVID-19. An in-depth discussion of the underlying mechanisms of COVID-19 pathogenesis will be conducive to the identification of potential therapeutic targets and the exploration of effective treatment measures aimed at conquering SARS-CoV-2-induced COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wang
- ✉ Corresponding author: Man Wang, Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, China. Tel.: +86-532-82991791; E-mail address:
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15
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Devarapalli P, Kumari P, Soni S, Mishra V, Yadav S. Patent intelligence of RNA viruses: Implications for combating emerging and re-emerging RNA virus based infectious diseases. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 219:1208-1215. [PMID: 36058387 PMCID: PMC9434957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The recent outbreak of one of the RNA viruses (2019-nCoV) has affected most of the population and the fatalities reported may label it as a modern-day scourge. Active research on RNA virus infections and vaccine development had more commercial impact which leads to an increase in patent filings. Patents are a goldmine of information whose mining yields crucial technological inputs for further research. In this research article, we have investigated both the patent applications and granted patents, to identify the technological trends and their impact on 2019-nCoV infection using biotechnology-related keywords such as genes, proteins, nucleic acid etc. related to the RNA virus infection. In our research, patent analysis was majorly focused on prospecting for patent data related to the RNA virus infections. Our patent analysis specifically identified spike protein (S protein) and nucleocapsid proteins (N proteins) as the most actively researched macromolecules for vaccine and/or drug development for diagnosis and treatment of RNA virus based infectious diseases. The outcomes of this patent intelligence study will be useful for the researchers who are actively working in the area of vaccine or drug development for RNA virus-based infections including 2019-nCoV and other emerging and re-emerging viral infections in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratap Devarapalli
- University of Tasmania, Centre for Law and Genetics, Faculty of Law, Hobart, Australia
| | - Pragati Kumari
- S-02, Scientist Hostel, Chauras campus, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand 246174, India
| | - Seema Soni
- Queensland University of Technology, Faculty of Law, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Saurabh Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, H.N.B. Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar (Garhwal) 246174, Uttarakhand, India.
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16
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Wang Y, Wu M, Li Y, Yuen HH, He ML. The effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on modulating innate immunity and strategies of combating inflammatory response for COVID-19 therapy. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:27. [PMID: 35505345 PMCID: PMC9063252 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00811-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of COVID-19 has caused huge causality and unquantifiable loss of social wealth. The innate immune response is the first line of defense against SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, strong inflammatory response associated with dysregulation of innate immunity causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and death. In this review, we update the current knowledge on how SARS-CoV-2 modulates the host innate immune response for its evasion from host defense and its corresponding pathogenesis caused by cytokine storm. We emphasize Type I interferon response and the strategies of evading innate immune defense used by SARS-CoV-2. We also extensively discuss the cells and their function involved in the innate immune response and inflammatory response, as well as the promises and challenges of drugs targeting excessive inflammation for antiviral treatment. This review would help us to figure out the current challenge questions of SARS-CoV-2 infection on innate immunity and directions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mandi Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yichen Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ho Him Yuen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ming-Liang He
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,CityU Shenzhen Research Institute, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China.
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17
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Chavda VP, Bezbaruah R, Athalye M, Parikh PK, Chhipa AS, Patel S, Apostolopoulos V. Replicating Viral Vector-Based Vaccines for COVID-19: Potential Avenue in Vaccination Arena. Viruses 2022; 14:759. [PMID: 35458489 PMCID: PMC9025561 DOI: 10.3390/v14040759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)" is the third member of human coronavirus (CoV) that is held accountable for the current "coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)" pandemic. In the past two decades, the world has witnessed the emergence of two other similar CoVs, namely SARS-CoV in 2002 and MERS-CoV in 2013. The extent of spread of these earlier versions was relatively low in comparison to SARS-CoV-2. Despite having numerous reports inclined towards the zoonotic origin of the virus, one cannot simply sideline the fact that no animal originated CoV is thus far identified that is considered similar to the initial edition of SARS-CoV-2; however, under-sampling of the diverse variety of coronaviruses remains a concern. Vaccines are proved to be an effective tool for bringing the end to such a devastating pandemic. Many vaccine platforms are explored for the same but in this review paper, we will discuss the potential of replicating viral vectors as vaccine carriers for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P. Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India;
- Department of Pharmaceutics, K B Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kadi Sarva Vishwavidhyalaya, Gandhinagar 382023, Gujarat, India
| | - Rajashri Bezbaruah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh 786004, Assam, India;
| | - Mansi Athalye
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India;
| | - Palak K. Parikh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India;
| | - Abu Sufiyan Chhipa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India; (A.S.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Snehal Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India; (A.S.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
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18
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Song C, Li Z, Li C, Huang M, Liu J, Fang Q, Cao Z, Zhang L, Gao P, Nie W, Luo X, Kang J, Xie S, Lyu J, Zhu X. SARS-CoV-2: The Monster Causes COVID-19. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:835750. [PMID: 35211423 PMCID: PMC8861077 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.835750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are viruses whose particles look like crowns. SARS-CoV-2 is the seventh member of the human coronavirus family to cause COVID-19 which is regarded as a once-in-a-century pandemic worldwide. It holds has the characteristics of a pandemic, which has broy -55ught many serious negative impacts to human beings. It may take time for humans to fight the pandemic. In addition to humans, SARS-CoV-2 also infects animals such as cats. This review introduces the origins, structures, pathogenic mechanisms, characteristics of transmission, detection and diagnosis, evolution and variation of SARS-CoV-2. We summarized the clinical characteristics, the strategies for treatment and prevention of COVID-19, and analyzed the problems and challenges we face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Song
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Zhu’s Team, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zesong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Meiying Huang
- Zhu’s Team, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jianhong Liu
- Zhu’s Team, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Qiuping Fang
- Zhu’s Team, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zitong Cao
- Zhu’s Team, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Zhu’s Team, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Pengbo Gao
- Zhu’s Team, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Wendi Nie
- Zhu’s Team, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xueyao Luo
- Zhu’s Team, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jianhao Kang
- Zhu’s Team, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Shimin Xie
- Zhu’s Team, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jianxin Lyu
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao Zhu, ; Jianxin Lyu,
| | - Xiao Zhu
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Zhu’s Team, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao Zhu, ; Jianxin Lyu,
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19
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"Five Keys to Safer Food" and COVID-19. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124491. [PMID: 34960042 PMCID: PMC8705606 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
On 11 March 2020, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) and, up to 18:37 a.m. on 9 December 2021, it has produced 268,440,530 cases and 5,299,511 deaths. This disease, in some patients, included pneumonia and shortness of breath, being transmitted through droplets and aerosols. To date, there is no scientific literature to justify transmission directly from foods. In this review, we applied the precautionary principle for the home and the food industry using the known "Five Keys to Safer Food" manual developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and extended punctually in its core information from five keys, in the light of new COVID-19 evidence, to guarantee a possible food safety tool.
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