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Guo Y, Lin Z, He M, Wang Y, Xu C. A bio-based, self-healable, conductive rubber film with oxidized cellulose nanofiber segregated network. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 281:136428. [PMID: 39389513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.136428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2024] [Revised: 09/19/2024] [Accepted: 10/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
Rubber composites are indispensable in all areas of our daily lives. However, the formation of permanent crosslinked networks in rubber materials makes it difficult to recycle, resulting in a non-negligible waste of resources. In this paper, a vulcanization-free, fully bio-sourced rubber composite was prepared by using oxidized natural rubber (oNR) and oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCFs). TOCFs are selectively dispersed between the latex particles to form a segregated network. Meanwhile, the formation of hydrogen-bonding between oxygenated polar groups of oNR and abundant hydroxyl and carboxyl groups of TOCFs improves their interfacial interactions. This special structure promotes strain-induced crystallization (SIC) behavior of oNR matrix, giving its tensile strength up to 14.7 MPa. Furthermore, the oNR/TOCFs film shows excellent self-healing efficiency (96 %) at 40 °C for 5 h. The hygroscopicity of the TOCFs segregated network can turn the oNR/TOCFs film to be a conductive film by regulating the absorbed water content. The film has high conductivity (0.05 S/m) at a water content of 8.99 wt%, and the resistance change (RV/R0) can be varied between 1-5.9 × 10-6 at a water content range of 0-8.99 wt%, which makes it have potential for a wide range of humidity monitoring applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanming Guo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zihao Lin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Mingkeng He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yueqiong Wang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Rubber Processing, Agricultural Products Processing Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong 524001, China.
| | - Chuanhui Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Rubber Processing, Agricultural Products Processing Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong 524001, China.
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2
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Wang L, He H, Wang J, Meng Z, Wang L, Jin X, Zhang J, Du P, Zhang L, Wang F, Li H, Xie Q. Genome-Wide Identification of the Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (GGPS) Gene Family Associated with Natural Rubber Synthesis in Taraxacum kok-saghyz L. Rodin. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2788. [PMID: 39409658 PMCID: PMC11478434 DOI: 10.3390/plants13192788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 10/02/2024] [Accepted: 10/02/2024] [Indexed: 10/20/2024]
Abstract
Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin (TKS) is a recognized alternative source of natural rubber comparable to the rubber tree. The geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GGPS) catalyzed the synthesis of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), which is an important enzyme in the secondary metabolism pathway. In this study, we present the first analysis of the GGPS gene family in TKS, where a total of seven TkGGPS family members were identified. Their core motifs, conserved structural domains, gene structures, and cis-acting elements were described. In addition, two phylogenetic trees were constructed based on the Neighbor-Joining and Maximum-Likelihood methods, and the TkGGPSs were highly conserved and exhibited good collinearity with the other species. Transcriptome data showed that seven TkGGPS gene members were expressed in all the 12 tissues measured, and TkGGPS1, TkGGPS3, and TkGGPS6 were highly expressed in latex, suggesting that they may be associated with natural rubber synthesis. Meanwhile, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that the expression levels of the TkGGPS genes were regulated by the ethylene and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) pathways. Subcellular localization results indicated that all the TkGGPS proteins were also located in chloroplasts involved in photosynthesis in plants. This study will provide valuable insights into the selection of candidate genes for molecular breeding and natural rubber biosynthesis in TKS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (L.W.); (H.H.); (J.W.); (Z.M.); (L.W.); (J.Z.); (P.D.); (L.Z.)
| | - Huan He
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (L.W.); (H.H.); (J.W.); (Z.M.); (L.W.); (J.Z.); (P.D.); (L.Z.)
| | - Jiayin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (L.W.); (H.H.); (J.W.); (Z.M.); (L.W.); (J.Z.); (P.D.); (L.Z.)
| | - Zhuang Meng
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (L.W.); (H.H.); (J.W.); (Z.M.); (L.W.); (J.Z.); (P.D.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (L.W.); (H.H.); (J.W.); (Z.M.); (L.W.); (J.Z.); (P.D.); (L.Z.)
| | - Xiang Jin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China;
| | - Jianhang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (L.W.); (H.H.); (J.W.); (Z.M.); (L.W.); (J.Z.); (P.D.); (L.Z.)
| | - Pingping Du
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (L.W.); (H.H.); (J.W.); (Z.M.); (L.W.); (J.Z.); (P.D.); (L.Z.)
| | - Liyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (L.W.); (H.H.); (J.W.); (Z.M.); (L.W.); (J.Z.); (P.D.); (L.Z.)
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (L.W.); (H.H.); (J.W.); (Z.M.); (L.W.); (J.Z.); (P.D.); (L.Z.)
| | - Hongbin Li
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (L.W.); (H.H.); (J.W.); (Z.M.); (L.W.); (J.Z.); (P.D.); (L.Z.)
| | - Quanliang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (L.W.); (H.H.); (J.W.); (Z.M.); (L.W.); (J.Z.); (P.D.); (L.Z.)
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3
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Sethulekshmi AS, Joseph K, Santhosh Aprem A, Sisupal SB, Saritha A. Green synthesis of multifunctional natural rubber-lignin nanocomposites: A sustainable approach for waste reduction. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 280:135887. [PMID: 39307510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Lignin, a valuable biomaterial having an array of exciting properties is increasingly favoured as a reinforcement material in the fabrication of green composites. Reinforcement in biopolymers like natural rubber (NR) using lignin nanoparticles (LNP) is considered a hotspot today. In this study, LNP synthesized via the homogenization method was incorporated into natural rubber latex (NRL) using probe sonication, and NR/Lignin nanocomposites (NR/LNP) were fabricated using latex dipping method. The addition of LNP resulted in significant enhancements in mechanical and antibacterial properties, biodegradability, and ultraviolet (UV) blocking capabilities with the addition of 7 parts per hundred rubber (phr) of LNP, due to the uniform dispersion and effective interaction between NR and LNP. This research demonstrates a versatile pathway for integrating LNP into NR through a green method, enabling the production of eco-friendly NR nanocomposites for multifunctional applications. This pathway contributes to a safe disposal of NR based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Sethulekshmi
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - Kuruvilla Joseph
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Valiyamala PO, Kerala, India.
| | - Abi Santhosh Aprem
- Corporate R&D Centre, HLL Lifecare Ltd. Akkulam, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
| | | | - Appukuttan Saritha
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, India.
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Boháč P, Nógellová Z, Šlouf M, Kronek J, Jankovič Ľ, Peidayesh H, Madejová J, Chodák I. Nanocomposites of Natural Rubber Containing Montmorillonite Modified by Poly(2-oxazolines). MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:4017. [PMID: 39203195 PMCID: PMC11356297 DOI: 10.3390/ma17164017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024]
Abstract
Nanocomposites with a natural rubber (NR) matrix containing organomodified montmorillonite (MMT) as a precursor of nanoparticles were prepared using two different polyoxazolines as surface modifiers of the MMT. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electronic microscopy and ultimate mechanical properties, and parameters obtained by DMTA method (storage and loss moduli and loss tangent) were determined. It was found that the effect of nanofillers presence has a significant effect on tensile strength as well as elongation at break, which are higher for materials with higher viscosity due to the presence of carbon blacks compared to the composites without carbon blacks. From the two modifiers, poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) was identified as a prospective modifier for surface modification of MMT used as the possible additive for tyre treads exhibiting optimal balance between fuel consumption and safety of driving concerning breaking action and lateral breakaway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Boháč
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 36 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.B.); (Ľ.J.); (J.M.)
| | - Zuzana Nógellová
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.N.); (J.K.); (H.P.)
| | - Miroslav Šlouf
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Juraj Kronek
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.N.); (J.K.); (H.P.)
| | - Ľuboš Jankovič
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 36 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.B.); (Ľ.J.); (J.M.)
| | - Hamed Peidayesh
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.N.); (J.K.); (H.P.)
| | - Jana Madejová
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 36 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.B.); (Ľ.J.); (J.M.)
| | - Ivan Chodák
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia; (Z.N.); (J.K.); (H.P.)
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5
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Jia H, Miao X, Zhang Z. Building Chemical Interface Layers in Functionalized Graphene Oxide/Rubber Composites to Achieve Enhanced Mechanical Properties and Thermal Control Capability of Tires. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2234. [PMID: 39204454 PMCID: PMC11360434 DOI: 10.3390/polym16162234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of the transport industry, there is a higher demand for environmental friendliness, durability, and stability of tires. Rubber composites with excellent mechanical properties, abrasion resistance, and low heat generation are very important for the preparation of green tires. In this study, the all-aqueous phase process was initially employed to prepare 2-Amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (AZT) functionalized graphene oxide (AGO). Subsequently, modified graphene oxide/silica/natural rubber (AGO/SiO2/NR) composites were obtained through latex blending and hot press vulcanization processes. This method was environmentally friendly and exhibited high modification efficiency. Benefiting from the good dispersion of AGO in the latex and the cross-linking reaction between AGO and NR, AGO/SiO2/NR composites with good dispersion and enhanced interfacial interaction were finally obtained. AGO/SiO2/NR composites showed significantly improved overall performance. Compared to GO/SiO2/NR composites, the tensile strength (28.1 MPa) and tear strength (75.3 N/mm) of the AGO/SiO2/NR composites were significantly increased, while the heat build-up value (10.4 °C) and DIN abrasion volume (74.9 mm3) were significantly reduced. In addition, the steady-state temperature field distribution inside the tire was visualized by ANSYS finite element simulation. The maximum temperature of the prepared AGO/SiO2/NR was reduced by 18.2% compared to that of the GO/SiO2/NR tires. This strategy is expected to provide a new approach for the development of low energy consumption, environmentally friendly, and long-life rubber for tires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiang Jia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanxi College of Technology, Shuozhou 036000, China;
| | - Xiaohe Miao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China;
| | - Zhiyi Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanxi College of Technology, Shuozhou 036000, China;
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China;
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6
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Zhao Q, Niu F, Liu J, Yin H. Research Progress of Natural Rubber Wet Mixing Technology. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1899. [PMID: 39000755 PMCID: PMC11244561 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The performance of natural rubber (NR), a naturally occurring and sustainable material, can be greatly enhanced by adding different fillers to the NR matrix. The homogeneous dispersion of fillers in the NR matrix is a key factor in their ability to reinforce. As a novel method, wet mixing technology may effectively provide good filler dispersion in the NR matrix while overcoming the drawbacks of conventional dry mixing. This study examines the literature on wet mixing fillers, such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, silica, carbon black, and others, to prepare natural rubber composites. It also focuses on the wet preparation techniques and key characteristics of these fillers. Furthermore, the mechanism of filler reinforcement is also examined. To give guidance for the future development of wet mixing technology, this study also highlights the shortcomings of the current system and the urgent need to address them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Haishan Yin
- College of Electromechanical and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China; (Q.Z.); (F.N.); (J.L.)
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7
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Chen X, Zheng J, You L, Qiu T, Christoforo T, Wei Y. Wormwood-infused porous-CaCO 3 for synthesizing antibacterial natural rubber latex. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129322. [PMID: 38242404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Wormwood leaf is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine with a high medicinal value and long application history and its essential oil is a high-purity plant oil extracted from Wormwood leaf. Pharmacological research reveals that Wormwood leaf and Wormwood essential oil are a broad-spectrum antibacterial and antiviral drug, which can inhibit and kill many bacteria and viruses. We loaded wormwood extract on porous calcium carbonate (Porous-CaCO3) and introduced it and Wormwood essential oil into Natural rubber latex (NRL), thus synthesizing NRL composites with excellent vitro and in vivo antibacterial effect, cell compatibility and mechanical properties. This NRL material can delay the light aging and thermal oxidation of some mechanical properties, which provides a broader avenue for its commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- College of Chemistry and Material science, Longyan University, Longyan, Fujian 364000, PR China; Fujian Provincial Colleges and Unversity Engineering Research Center of Soild Waste Resource Utilization, Longyan University, Longyan, Fujian 364000, PR China.
| | - JiaQi Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Material science, Longyan University, Longyan, Fujian 364000, PR China
| | - LinXin You
- College of Chemistry and Material science, Longyan University, Longyan, Fujian 364000, PR China
| | - Tian Qiu
- College of Chemistry and Material science, Longyan University, Longyan, Fujian 364000, PR China
| | - Tyler Christoforo
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yen Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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Zhu W, Li B, Liu J, Sun S, Zhang Y, Zhang D, Li C, Sun T, Qin H, Shi J, Shi Z. A Versatile Approach for the Synthesis of Antimicrobial Polymer Brushes on Natural Rubber/Graphene Oxide Composite Films via Surface-Initiated Atom-Transfer Radical Polymerization. Molecules 2024; 29:913. [PMID: 38398663 PMCID: PMC10891501 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A simple strategy was adopted for the preparation of an antimicrobial natural rubber/graphene oxide (NR/GO) composite film modified through the use of zwitterionic polymer brushes. An NR/GO composite film with antibacterial properties was prepared using a water-based solution-casting method. The composited GO was dispersed uniformly in the NR matrix and compensated for mechanical loss in the process of modification. Based on the high bromination activity of α-H in the structure of cis-polyisoprene, the composite films were brominated on the surface through the use of N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) under the irradiation of a 40 W tungsten lamp. Polymerization was carried out on the brominated films using sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) as a monomer via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP). The NR/GO composite films modified using polymer brushes (PSBMAs) exhibited 99.99% antimicrobial activity for resistance to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. A novel polymer modification strategy for NR composite materials was established effectively, and the enhanced antimicrobial properties expand the application prospects in the medical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenya Zhu
- Collage of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (W.Z.); (B.L.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (T.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment and Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, Haikou 571158, China
- Haikou Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Pollution Control, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Bangsen Li
- Collage of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (W.Z.); (B.L.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (T.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment and Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, Haikou 571158, China
- Haikou Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Pollution Control, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Jinrui Liu
- Collage of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (W.Z.); (B.L.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (T.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment and Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, Haikou 571158, China
- Haikou Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Pollution Control, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Shishu Sun
- Collage of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (W.Z.); (B.L.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (T.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment and Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, Haikou 571158, China
- Haikou Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Pollution Control, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Collage of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (W.Z.); (B.L.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (T.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment and Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, Haikou 571158, China
- Haikou Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Pollution Control, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Dashuai Zhang
- Collage of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (W.Z.); (B.L.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (T.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment and Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, Haikou 571158, China
- Haikou Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Pollution Control, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Chen Li
- Collage of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (W.Z.); (B.L.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (T.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment and Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, Haikou 571158, China
- Haikou Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Pollution Control, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Tianyi Sun
- Collage of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (W.Z.); (B.L.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (T.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment and Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, Haikou 571158, China
- Haikou Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Pollution Control, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Huaide Qin
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China;
| | - Jianjun Shi
- Collage of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (W.Z.); (B.L.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (T.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment and Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, Haikou 571158, China
- Haikou Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Pollution Control, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Zaifeng Shi
- Collage of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (W.Z.); (B.L.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (T.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment and Resource Reuse of Hainan Province, Haikou 571158, China
- Haikou Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Pollution Control, Haikou 571158, China
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9
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Kodal M, Yazıcı Çakır N, Yıldırım R, Karakaya N, Özkoç G. Improved Heat Dissipation of NR/SBR-Based Tire Tread Compounds via Hybrid Fillers of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube and Carbon Black. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4503. [PMID: 38231911 PMCID: PMC10708557 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of thermally conductive rubber nanocomposites for heat management poses a formidable challenge in numerous applications, notably within the realm of tire technology. Notably, rubber materials are characterized by their inherently low thermal conductivity. Consequently, it becomes imperative to incorporate diverse conductive fillers to mitigate the propensity for heat build-up. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), as reinforcement agents within the tire tread compounds, have gained considerable attention owing to their extraordinary attributes. The attainment of high-performance rubber nanocomposites hinges significantly on the uniform distribution of MWCNT. This study presents the influence of MWCNTs on the performance of carbon black (CB)-reinforced natural rubber (NR)/styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) tire compounds prepared via high shear melt mixing. Morphological analysis showed a good distribution of MWCNTs in the NR/SBR/CB compound. The vulcanization parameters, such as the maximum and minimum torque, cross-linking density, hardness, abrasion resistance, tensile strength, and Young modulus, exhibited a progressive improvement with the addition of MWCNT. Remarkably, adding MWCNT into CB improved the heat conductivity of the NR/SBR/CB compounds, hence decreasing the heat build-up. A percolation mode was also proposed for the hybrid carbon fillers based on the data obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Kodal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kocaeli University, 41001 Kocaeli, Türkiye;
- Polymer Science and Technology Graduate Program, Kocaeli University, 41001 Kocaeli, Türkiye;
- Sabancı University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, 34956 Istanbul, Türkiye;
| | - Nazlı Yazıcı Çakır
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kocaeli University, 41001 Kocaeli, Türkiye;
| | - Rumeysa Yıldırım
- Polymer Science and Technology Graduate Program, Kocaeli University, 41001 Kocaeli, Türkiye;
| | | | - Güralp Özkoç
- Sabancı University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, 34956 Istanbul, Türkiye;
- Xplore Instruments B.V., 6135 KT Sittard, The Netherlands;
- Department of Chemistry, Istinye University, 34396 Istanbul, Türkiye
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10
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Cong C, Peng D, Liu Q, Yuan M, Meng X, Zhou Q. Effect of Graphene Oxide-Modified CaAl-Layered Double Hydroxides on the Carbon Dioxide Permeation Properties of Fluoroelastomers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4151. [PMID: 37896397 PMCID: PMC10610964 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to investigate the CO2 gas barrier and mechanical properties of fluorine rubber nanocomposites filled with Ca/Al layered hydroxide (graphene oxide [GO]/LDH-Ca2Al) modified by GO. GO/LDH-Ca2Al nanocomposite fillers were prepared by depositing Ca/Al layered hydroxide (LDH-Ca2Al) into the surface of alkalized GO (Al-GO). The prepared GO/LDH-Ca2Al nanocomposite fillers and complexes were characterized by Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for structural and micromorphological characterization. The results showed that GO/LDH-Ca2Al was successfully prepared with strong interactions between Al-GO and LDH, and the compatibility of GO/LDH-Ca2Al nanocomposite fillers with the polymer was significantly improved compared with that of LDH-Ca2Al. Consequently, both the fracture strength (σb) and strain (εb) of GO/LDH-Ca2Al nanocomplexes remarkably increased, and they exhibited excellent mechanical properties. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis were used to characterize the thermal stability of GO/LDH-Ca2Al nanocomposite fillers, and GO/LDH-Ca2Al nanocomposite fillers have better thermal stability than LDH-Ca2Al. The reaction products (S-LDH-Ca2Al and S-GO-Ca2Al) of LDH-Ca2Al and GO/LDH-Ca2Al with CO2 were characterized using XRD and TGA, respectively, and the results show that LDH-Ca2Al reacts readily and chemically with CO2, resulting in a lower diffusion coefficient of CO2 in the LDH-Ca2Al nanocomplexes than that of the GO/LDH-Ca2Al nanocomplexes and leading to the destruction of the laminar structure of LDH-Ca2Al, while GO/LDH-Ca2Al has better CO2 resistance stability. GO/LDH-Ca2Al nanocomplexes exhibited a reduced content of hydroxyl groups with pro-CO2 nature exposed on the surface of LDH-Ca2Al, improving the interfacial interaction between the nanofillers and the rubber matrix and enhancing the dispersion of GO/LDH-Ca2Al in the polymers. Moreover, CO2 in the soluble GO/LDH-Ca2Al nanocomposites was significantly reduced, while the diffusion properties demonstrated weak temperature dependence on solubility. The mechanism of the CO2 gas barrier of polymers filled with GO/LDH-Ca2Al was proposed on the basis of the Arrhenius equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanbo Cong
- New Energy and Material College, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China; (D.P.); (Q.L.); (M.Y.); (X.M.); (Q.Z.)
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11
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Salamanca FM, Zepeda-Rodríguez Z, Diñeiro L, Escrivá MM, Herrero R, Navarro R, Valentín JL. Introducing "MEW2" Software: A Tool to Analyze MQ-NMR Experiments for Elastomers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4058. [PMID: 37896302 PMCID: PMC10609784 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-field time-domain proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an attractive and powerful tool for studying the structure and dynamics of elastomers. The existence of crosslinks and other topological constraints in rubber matrices (entanglements and filler-rubber interactions, among others) renders the fast segmental fluctuations of the polymeric chains non-isotropic, obtaining nonzero residual dipolar couplings, which is the main observable of MQ-NMR experiments. A new software, Multiple quantum nuclear magnetic resonance analyzer for Elastomeric Networks v2 (MEW2), provides a new tool to facilitate the study of the molecular structure of elastomeric materials. This program quantitatively analyzes two different sets of experimental data obtained in the same experiment, which are dominated by multiple-quantum coherence and polymer dynamics. The proper quantification of non-coupled network defects (dangling chain ends, loops, etc.) allows the analyzer to normalize the multiple quantum intensity, obtaining a build-up curve that contains the structural information without any influence from the rubber dynamics. Finally, it provides the spatial distribution of crosslinks using a fast Tikhonov regularization process based on a statistical criterion. As a general trend, this study provides an automatic solution to a tedious procedure of analysis, demonstrating a new tool that accelerates the calculations of network structure using 1H MQ-NMR low-field time-domain experiments for elastomeric compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando M Salamanca
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Zenen Zepeda-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Diñeiro
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina M Escrivá
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Herrero
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Navarro
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan L Valentín
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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12
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Wei YC, Zhu D, Zhang J, Wang HR, Zhou MZ, Liao S. Octylamine regulating the mechanical robustness of natural rubber by involving in the construction of crosslinking network. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:126202. [PMID: 37573916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The formation of three dimensional network structure is critical in determining mechanical properties of natural rubber (NR). Consequently, it is vital to regulate crosslinking network of NR by controlling vulcanization process. Inspired by our previous studies on contribution of non-rubber components (NRCs) to the excellent properties of NR, we find octylamine in NRCs decreases the activation energy (Ea) of vulcanization from 82.73 kJ/mol to 44.34 kJ/mol, thereby reducing vulcanization time from 18.67 min to 2.71 min. From microscopic perspective, octylamine tends to coordinate with zinc ions to improve dispersion of ZnO in NR. And octylamine promotes ring-opening reaction of S8 to favor formation of polysulfide intermediates. Therefore, the incorporation of octylamine remarkably improves vulcanization efficiency, which contributes to the formation of a more homogeneous network with higher crosslinking density, enhancing remarkably the strength and toughness of NR. As a result, the tensile strength and fracture energy of samples are as high as 31.15 MPa and 68.88 kJ/m2, respectively. In addition, even with a 60 % reduction in ZnO content, the NR samples still maintain high vulcanization efficiency and excellent mechanical properties after the addition of octylamine, which provides a green and feasible way to alleviate the environmental pollution caused by ZnO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Chan Wei
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Ding Zhu
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Hao-Ran Wang
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Meng-Zhen Zhou
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Shuangquan Liao
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China.
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13
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Klongklaew P, Khamjapo P, Sae-Oui P, Jittham P, Loykulnant S, Intiya W. Characterization and Application in Natural Rubber of Leucaena Leaf and Its Extracted Products. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3698. [PMID: 37765552 PMCID: PMC10538027 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucaena is a fast-growing tree in the legume family. Its leaf contains a significant amount of protein and is thus widely used as fodder for cattle. To broaden its application in the rubber field, the effects of Leucaena leaf powder and its extracted products on the cure characteristics and mechanical properties of natural rubber were investigated. The extraction of Leucaena leaf was carried out by using a proteolytic enzyme at 60 °C. The digested protein was separated from the residue by centrifugation. Both digested protein and residue were then dried and ground into powder, namely digested protein powder and residual powder, respectively, before being characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, particle size determination, and protein analysis. After being added to natural rubber at 3 parts per hundred rubber, they significantly reduced both the scorch time and the optimum cure time of the rubber compounds, probably due to the presence of nitrogen-containing substances, without a significant sacrifice of the mechanical properties. For instance, the optimum cure time decreased by approximately 25.5, 35.4, and 54.9% for Leucaena leaf powder, residual powder, and digested protein powder, respectively. Thus, they can be used as green and sustainable fillers with a cure-activation effect in rubber compounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattamaporn Klongklaew
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klong Nueng, Khlong Luang 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Phimthong Khamjapo
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klong Nueng, Khlong Luang 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Pongdhorn Sae-Oui
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klong Nueng, Khlong Luang 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Pairote Jittham
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klong Nueng, Khlong Luang 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Surapich Loykulnant
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klong Nueng, Khlong Luang 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Weenusarin Intiya
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klong Nueng, Khlong Luang 12120, Pathum Thani, Thailand
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14
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Alam MN, Kumar V, Jung HS, Park SS. Fabrication of High-Performance Natural Rubber Composites with Enhanced Filler-Rubber Interactions by Stearic Acid-Modified Diatomaceous Earth and Carbon Nanotubes for Mechanical and Energy Harvesting Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3612. [PMID: 37688238 PMCID: PMC10490170 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical robustness and high energy efficiency of composite materials are immensely important in modern stretchable, self-powered electronic devices. However, the availability of these materials and their toxicities are challenging factors. This paper presents the mechanical and energy-harvesting performances of low-cost natural rubber composites made of stearic acid-modified diatomaceous earth (mDE) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The obtained mechanical properties were significantly better than those of unfilled rubber. Compared to pristine diatomaceous earth, mDE has higher reinforcing efficiencies in terms of mechanical properties because of the effective chemical surface modification by stearic acid and enhanced filler-rubber interactions. The addition of a small amount of CNT as a component in the hybrid filler systems not only improves the mechanical properties but also improves the electrical properties of the rubber composites and has electromechanical sensitivity. For example, the fracture toughness of unfilled rubber (9.74 MJ/m3) can be enhanced by approximately 484% in a composite (56.86 MJ/m3) with 40 phr (per hundred grams of rubber) hybrid filler, whereas the composite showed electrical conductivity. At a similar mechanical load, the energy-harvesting efficiency of the composite containing 57 phr mDE and 3 phr CNT hybrid filler was nearly double that of the only 3 phr CNT-containing composite. The higher energy-harvesting efficiency of the mDE-filled conductive composites may be due to their increased dielectric behaviour. Because of their bio-based materials, rubber composites made by mDE can be considered eco-friendly composites for mechanical and energy harvesting applications and suitable electronic health monitoring devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sang-Shin Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea; (M.N.A.); (V.K.); (H.-S.J.)
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15
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Li GB, Chen J, Liu HR, Song BQ, Ni S, Pan RK, Yang QY. Efficient and Reversible Separation of Chloroform from Chlorinated Hydrocarbons and Water Utilizing a Two-Dimensional Coordination Network. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:37602-37608. [PMID: 37504065 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Chloroform is a volatile organic solvent and a contaminant that is slightly soluble in water, making the reversible separation of chloroform from water a critical and challenging task within the chemical and environmental industries. In this study, we present a newly developed coordination framework, [Zn(4-pmntd)(opa)] [4-pmntd, N,N'-bis(4-pyridylmethyl)naphthalene diimide; opa, o-phthalic acid], which demonstrates a high adsorption capacity for chloroform (2.5 mmol/g) and an excellent ability to separate chloroform from water. The effectiveness of chloroform extraction by Zn(4-pmntd)(opa) was confirmed through vapor sorption, grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The porous framework was also utilized to create a filtration film using natural rubber, which successfully separated chloroform from water with a minimum test concentration of approximately 1 × 10-6 mol/L and a chloroform purity of 99.2%. [Zn(4-pmntd)(opa)] therefore has significant potential for low-energy separation and recycling of chloroform from water under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Bi Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524048, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524048, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao-Ran Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Bai-Qiao Song
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Ni
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Kai Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524048, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Yuan Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, People's Republic of China
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16
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Patterson SBH, Wong R, Barker G, Vilela F. Advances in continuous polymer analysis in flow with application towards biopolymers. J Flow Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-023-00268-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
AbstractBiopolymers, polymers derived from renewable biomass sources, have gained increasing attention in recent years due to their potential to replace traditional petroleum-based polymers in a range of applications. Among the many advantages of biopolymers can be included their biocompatibility, excellent mechanical properties, and availability from renewable feedstock. However, the development of biopolymers has been limited by a lack of understanding of their properties and processing behaviours. Continuous analysis techniques have the potential to hasten progress in this area by providing real-time insights into the properties and processing of biopolymers. Significant research in polymer chemistry has focused on petroleum-derived polymers and has thus provided a wealth of synthetic and analytical methodologies which may be applied to the biopolymer field. Of particular note is the application of flow technology in polymer science and its implications for accelerating progress towards more sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional petroleum-based polymers. In this mini review we have outlined several of the most prominent use cases for biopolymers along with the current state-of-the art in continuous analysis of polymers in flow, including defining and differentiating atline, inline, online and offline analysis. We have found several examples for continuous flow analysis which have direct application to the biopolymer field, and we demonstrate an atline continuous polymer analysis method using size exclusion chromatography.
Graphical abstract
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17
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Masa A, Jehsoh N, Dueramae S, Hayeemasae N. Boosting the Antibacterial Performance of Natural Rubber Latex Foam by Introducing Silver-Doped Zinc Oxide. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15041040. [PMID: 36850322 PMCID: PMC9959198 DOI: 10.3390/polym15041040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural rubber (NR) latex foam is one of the rubber products that are increasingly in demand in the market. This is simply because of its lightweight, good thermal insulation, and resilience. The applications of NR latex foam are mostly for pillows and mattresses. This has resulted in these products requiring antibacterial performance which is very important for the safety of the end-users. In this study, the antibacterial NR latex foam was prepared by incorporating the silver-doped zinc oxide (Ag-doped ZnO) into the NR latex foam. Ag-doped ZnO was prepared by microwave-assisted method and then characterized through morphological characteristics and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The content of Ag doped onto ZnO was designed by varying the AgNO3 content at 15 wt%, 50 wt%, and 100 wt% of ZnO. The results confirmed that the Ag was successfully doped onto ZnO. The silver particles were found to be in the 40-50 nm range, where the size of ZnO ranges between 300 and 400 nm, and the Ag attached to the ZnO particles. The XRD patterns of Ag-doped ZnO correspond to planes of hexagonal wurtzite ZnO structure and cubic metallic Ag. This Ag-doped ZnO was further added to NR latex foam. It was observed that Ag-doped ZnO did not affect the physical properties of the NR latex foam. However, it is clear that both the inhibition zone and percent reduction of bacteria (e.g., E. coli and S. aureus) were enhanced by the addition of Ag-doped ZnO. It showed a decrease in the amount of cell growth over contact time. The content of 100 wt% AgNO3 could reduce E. coli and S. aureus up to 64.72% and 58.90%, respectively, when samples were maintained for 24 h. This study provides a scientific understanding of how Ag-doped ZnO could facilitate the development of eventual rubber foam products based on the respective results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulhakim Masa
- Rubber Engineering & Technology Program, International College, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Nureeyah Jehsoh
- Department of Rubber Technology and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani Campus, Pattani 94000, Thailand
| | - Sawitree Dueramae
- Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Nabil Hayeemasae
- Department of Rubber Technology and Polymer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani Campus, Pattani 94000, Thailand
- Correspondence:
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18
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Guo X, Guo S, Liu G, Bai L, Liu H, Xu Y, Zhao J, Chai H, Jian X, Guo L, Liu F. Improving Dispersion of Carbon Nanotubes in Natural Rubber by Using Waterjet-Produced Rubber Powder as a Carrier. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030477. [PMID: 36771778 PMCID: PMC9921097 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotube (CNT), as reinforcing agents in natural rubber (NR), has gained a large amount of consideration due to their excellent properties. Uniform dispersion of CNT is the key to obtaining high-performance NR nanocomposites. In this contribution, a novel ultrasonic grinding dispersion method of CNT with waterjet-produced rubber powder (WPRP) as a carrier is proposed. Microscopic morphologies show that a Xanthium-like structure with WPRP as the core and CNTs as the spikes is formed, which significantly improves the dispersion of CNT in the NR matrix and simultaneously strengthens the bonding of the WPRP and NR matrix. With the increase in the WPRP loading, the Payne effect of CNT/WPRP/NR composites decreases, indicating the effectiveness of the dispersion method. The vulcanization MH and ML value and crosslinking density increase with the increase in the WPRP loading, whereas the scorch time and cure time exhibit a decreasing trend when the WPRP loading is less than 15 phr. It is found that the CNT/WPRP/NR composites filled with 5 phr WPRP have a 4% increase in 300% modulus, a 3% increase in tensile strength, while a 5% decrease in Akron abrasion loss, compared to CNT/NR composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiurui Guo
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Shouyun Guo
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Gongxu Liu
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Lichen Bai
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Haichao Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Tire Equipment and Key Materials, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Sino-Thai International Rubber College, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Jinyang Zhao
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Hailin Chai
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Xingao Jian
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Lei Guo
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Tire Equipment and Key Materials, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Fumin Liu
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (F.L.)
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19
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Sethulekshmi AS, Saritha A, Joseph K, Aprem AS, Sisupal SB, Nair VS, G S. Multifunctional role of tannic acid in improving the mechanical, thermal and antimicrobial properties of natural rubber-molybdenum disulfide nanocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 225:351-360. [PMID: 36427617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Natural rubber is the only biosynthesized rubber and the most prominent of all the elastomers. Insertion of nanofillers into natural rubber matrix has received much research interest because of the enhanced mechanical, thermal, electrical, antibacterial, etc. properties of the final natural rubber nanocomposite. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), an important member in transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) is having excellent optical, thermal, mechanical, electronic and antibacterial properties. The inherent properties of this novel filler was exploited through the preparation of natural rubber-MoS2 nanocomposites via latex dipping method in which tannic acid (TA), naturally occurring macromolecule was used as an exfoliating agent for MoS2. MoS2:TA dispersions were prepared in 1:2, 1:4 and 1:6 ratios by mechanical stirring followed by sonication method for analyzing the optimum amount of exfoliating agent for the preparation of NR-MoS2 nanocomposite. MoS2:TA in 1:4 ratio was found to be the optimum loading for the NR nanocomposite preparation with improved mechanical, thermal and antibacterial properties. The enhanced properties of the NR composites could be attributed to the synergistic effect of both MoS2 and TA. The current study shows the role of TA in tuning the properties of NR/MoS2 nanocomposites that enable their potential utilization in various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Sethulekshmi
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, India
| | - Appukuttan Saritha
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, India.
| | - Kuruvilla Joseph
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Valiyamala PO, Kerala, India.
| | - Abi Santhosh Aprem
- Corporate R&D Centre, HLL Lifecare Ltd. Akkulam, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
| | | | - Vidhu S Nair
- Corporate R&D Centre, HLL Lifecare Ltd. Akkulam, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Sidharth G
- Corporate R&D Centre, HLL Lifecare Ltd. Akkulam, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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20
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Barbosa R, Gonçalves R, Blanco GEDO, Saccardo MC, Tozzi KA, Zuquello AG, Scuracchio CH. Multi-sensing properties of hybrid filled natural rubber nanocomposites using impedance spectroscopy. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Thermomechanical and Tribological Properties of Graphene-Reinforced Natural Rubber Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235056. [PMID: 36501452 PMCID: PMC9739364 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermomechanical and tribological properties of graphene (GNS)-reinforced NR were investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The amorphous molecular dynamics models of two nanocomposites, i.e., natural rubber (pure NR) and graphene/natural rubber (GNS/NR), were established. In addition, the thermodynamic properties of the two materials, before and after the incorporation of graphene into the natural rubber matrix, were investigated through analytical comparison. The results showed that after the graphene was added to the rubber matrix as a reinforcing material, the elastic modulus and shear modulus were increased by 110% and 94.8%, respectively, the tensile property was increased by 178%, the overall thermal conductivity of the composite system was increased by 59%, the glass transition temperature increased from 223 K to 236 K, and the rigidity of the material matrix was significantly improved. The inherent interactions and wear mechanisms of the polymer nanocomposites were discussed at the atomic scale by analyzing the changes in temperature, atomic velocity, relative atomic concentration, and radial distribution functions at the friction interface in the thickness direction.
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22
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Tom M, Thomas S, Seantier B, Grohens Y, Mohamed PK, Haponiuk JT, Kim J. APPROACHING SUSTAINABILITY: NANOCELLULOSE REINFORCED ELASTOMERS—A REVIEW. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.5254/rct.22.77013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Awareness of the environmental implications of conventional reinforcing fillers and the urge to reduce the carbon footprint have lead researchers to focus more on natural and sustainable materials. Nanocellulose from multitudinous sources finds use in elastomer engineering because of its distinctive properties, such as renewability, sustainability, abundance, biodegradability, high aspect ratio, excellent mechanical properties, and low cost. Green alternatives for conventional fillers in elastomer reinforcing have gained considerable interest to curb the risk of fillers from nonrenewable sources. The differences in properties of nanocellulose and elastomers render attractiveness in the search for synergistic properties resulting from their combination. This review addresses the isolation techniques for nanocellulose and challenges in its incorporation into the elastomer matrix. Surface modifications for solving incompatibility between filler and matrices are discussed. Processing of nanocomposites, various characterization techniques, mechanical behavior, and potential applications of nanocellulose elastomer composites are also discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milanta Tom
- 1 School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India 686560
- 2 Université Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, 56100 Lorient, France
| | - Sabu Thomas
- 1 School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India 686560
- 3 Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa 17011
| | - Bastien Seantier
- 2 Université Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, 56100 Lorient, France
| | - Yves Grohens
- 2 Université Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, 56100 Lorient, France
| | - P. K. Mohamed
- 4 Global R&D Centre, Asia, Apollo Tyres Ltd., Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India 602105
| | - Józef T. Haponiuk
- 5 Department of Polymer Technology, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland 80-233
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- 6 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea 22212
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Ahmad MN, Nadeem S, Javed M, Iqbal S, Hassan SU, Aljazzar SO, Elkaeed EB, Pashameah RA, Alzahrani E, Farouk AE, Alotaibi MT, Abd-Rabboh HSM. Improving the Thermal Behavior and Flame-Retardant Properties of Poly(o-anisidine)/MMT Nanocomposites Incorporated with Poly(o-anisidine) and Clay Nanofiller. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175477. [PMID: 36080245 PMCID: PMC9457598 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of MMT and poly(o-anisidine) (MMT/POA) clay nanocomposites was carried out by using the chemical oxidative polymerization of POA and MMT clay with POA, respectively. By maintaining the constant concentration of POA, different percentage loads of MMT clay were used to determine the effect of MMT clay on the properties of POA. The interaction between POA and MMT clay was investigated by FTIR spectroscopy, and, to reveal the complete compactness and homogeneous distribution of MMT clay in POA, were assessed by using scanning-electron-microscope (SEM) analysis. The UV–visible spectrum was studied for the optical and absorbance properties of MMT/POA ceramic nanocomposites. Furthermore, the horizontal burning test (HBT) demonstrated that clay nanofillers inhibit POA combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Nadeem Ahmad
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sohail Nadeem
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54770, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (S.N.); (S.I.)
| | - Mohsin Javed
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54770, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences (SNS), National University of Science and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad 46000, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (S.N.); (S.I.)
| | - Sadaf ul Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54770, Pakistan
| | - Samar O. Aljazzar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eslam B. Elkaeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rami Adel Pashameah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24230, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Alzahrani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abd-ElAziem Farouk
- Department of Biotechnology College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed T. Alotaibi
- Department of Chemistry, Turabah University College, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham S. M. Abd-Rabboh
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P. O Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
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Chen J, Liao L, Zhang F, Gao T, Gao L, Ma L, Ma X. Improving reinforcement of natural rubber latex by introducing poly‐zinc dimethacrylate and sulfur vulcanizing system. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Materials Chemistry of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes Lingnan Normal University Zhanjiang People's Republic of China
| | - Lusheng Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Rubber Processing Agricultural Products Processing Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences Zhanjiang Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Fuquan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Rubber Processing Agricultural Products Processing Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences Zhanjiang Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Tiaoming Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Materials Chemistry of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes Lingnan Normal University Zhanjiang People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Materials Chemistry of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes Lingnan Normal University Zhanjiang People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Materials Chemistry of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes Lingnan Normal University Zhanjiang People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaocong Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Materials Chemistry of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes Lingnan Normal University Zhanjiang People's Republic of China
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