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Chen H, Bai Z, Tao S, Li M, Jian L, Zhang Y, Yang X. Optimization of enzyme-assisted microwave extraction, structural characterization, antioxidant activity and in vitro protective effect against H 2O 2-induced damage in HepG2 cells of polysaccharides from roots of Rubus crataegifolius Bunge. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:133969. [PMID: 39029849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
In this study, an enzyme-assisted microwave extraction process was obtained by response surface method of polysaccharide from roots of Rubus crataegifolius Bunge. The optimized extraction process was as follow: enzyme dosage 2 %, enzymatic time was 3.6 h, enzymatic pH 4.9, and microwave time 4.7 min, with the extraction yield of 9.07 %. Four homogeneous polysaccharides (RCP-1, RCP-3, RCP-4 and RCP-5) were purified through column chromatography. Four polysaccharides have the relative higher molecular weights of 1.70 × 106 Da, 5.56 × 106 Da, 4.97 × 106 Da, and 9.80 × 106 Da and mainly consisted of GluN, GluA, Glu, Gal and Arab. FT-IR and NMR spectral analysis confirmed that the purified polysaccharides were polypyranose containing α- and β-glycosidic bonds. RCP - 1 has a relative high crystallinity. Four purified polysaccharides contained triple helical conformations, and have good antioxidant activities. Among the purified polysaccharides, RCP - 1 was found to reduce the oxidative cell damage induced by H2O2 through increasing of cell viability, inhibition of AST and ALT levels, ROS production and cell apoptosis, increasing of the activities of antioxidative enzymes, as well as reduction of MDA content. Our findings would provide a foundation for purified polysaccharides efficient extraction and demonstrated that the polysaccharides from R. crataegifolius roots could be a promising hepatoprotective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Chen
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City 132022, PR China
| | - Zifan Bai
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City 132022, PR China
| | - Shuo Tao
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City 132022, PR China
| | - Muchun Li
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City 132022, PR China
| | - Liqiao Jian
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City 132022, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Medical, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, PR China.
| | - Xiudong Yang
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City 132022, PR China.
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Gao Q, Zhang K, Fan M, Qian H, Li Y, Wang L. Effects of short-term carbohydrate deprivation on glycolipid metabolism and hepatic lipid accumulation in mice. Food Funct 2024; 15:7400-7415. [PMID: 38288875 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo05024f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of dietary carbohydrate levels on liver glycolipid metabolism, this study used C57BL/6J male mice receiving standard diet (CON), no-carbohydrate high-fat diet (NCD), and high-carbohydrate no-fat diet (HCD). One week after intervention, mice in the NCD group showed lower blood glucose, HbA1c and LDL-C as well as liver weight and liver index compared with the CON group. Further research found that the liver fat synthesis genes of mice in the NCD group were significantly down-regulated at the gene level, and histopathological sections showed that the livers of mice in the NCD group had less lipid accumulation. Furthermore, liver metabolomic analysis showed that primary bile acid levels and acylcarnitine levels in the liver of mice in the NCD group were significantly increased, and conversely, lysophosphatidylcholine and fatty acyl metabolites were significantly decreased. KEGG metabolic pathway analysis showed that metabolic pathways such as biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and starch and sucrose metabolism were significantly inhibited in mice in the NCD group, while metabolic pathways such as primary bile acid biosynthesis, linoleic acid metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism were enhanced. Taken together, these results indicate that short-term carbohydrate deprivation improves blood glucose and lipid metabolism levels in mice; the molecular mechanism of action may involve inhibition of de novo lipogenesis and enhancement of bile acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Gao
- School of Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Kuiliang Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mingcong Fan
- School of Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Haifeng Qian
- School of Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
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Yang Z, Wang Z, Wang R, Zhang W. A Novel Dry-Cured Ham Broth-Derived Peptide JHBp2 Effectively Inhibits Salmonella typhimurium In Vitro: Integrated Metabolomic, Proteomic, and Molecular Simulation Analyses. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:14433-14447. [PMID: 38866717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
JHBp2 is a peptide purified from Jinhua ham broth with antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium. Untargeted metabolomics and label-free quantitative proteomics were used to analyze metabolic and protein expression changes in S. typhimurium after JHBp2 treatment. Cell wall and membrane damage results indicate that JHBp2 has membrane-disruptive properties, causing leakage of intracellular nucleic acids and proteins. Metabolomics revealed 516 differentially expressed metabolites, involving cofactor biosynthesis, purine metabolism, ABC transporters, glutathione metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, etc. Proteomics detected 735 differentially expressed proteins, involving pyruvate metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, purine metabolism, carbon metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, etc. RT-qPCR and proteomics results showed a positive correlation, and molecular docking demonstrated stable binding of JHBp2 to some differentially expressed proteins. In summary, JHBp2 could disrupt the S. typhimurium cell wall and membrane structure, interfere with synthesis of membrane-related proteins, trigger intracellular substance leak, and reduce levels of enzymes and metabolites involved in energy metabolism, amino acid anabolism, and nucleotide anabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education China, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zixu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education China, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ruoxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education China, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wangang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education China, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Deng GH, Zhao CC, Cai X, Zhang XQ, Ma MZ, Lv JH, Jiang WL, Peng DY, Wang YY, Xing LH, Yu NJ. Untargeted metabonomics and TLR4/ NF-κB signaling pathway analysis reveals potential mechanism of action of Dendrobium huoshanense polysaccharide in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1374158. [PMID: 38887554 PMCID: PMC11180771 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1374158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is marked by hepatic steatosis accompanied by an inflammatory response. At present, there are no approved therapeutic agents for NAFLD. Dendrobium Huoshanense polysaccharide (DHP), an active ingredient extracted from the stems of Dendrobium Huoshanense, and exerts a protective effect against liver injury. However, the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of action DHP against NAFLD remain unclear. DHP was extracted, characterized, and administered to mice in which NAFLD had been induced with a high-fat and high-fructose drinking (HFHF) diet. Our results showed that DHP used in this research exhibits the characteristic polysaccharide peak with a molecular weight of 179.935 kDa and is composed primarily of Man and Glc in a molar ratio of 68.97:31.03. DHP treatment greatly ameliorated NAFLD by significantly reducing lipid accumulation and the levels of liver function markers in HFHF-induced NAFLD mice, as evidenced by decreased serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total cholesterol (TC) and total triglyceride (TG). Furthermore, DHP administration reduced hepatic steatosis, as shown by H&E and Oil red O staining. DHP also inhibited the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway expression, thereby reducing levels of hepatic proinflammatory cytokines. Besides, untargeted metabolomics further indicated that 49 metabolites were affected by DHP. These metabolites are strongly associated the metabolism of glycine, serine, threonine, nicotinate and nicotinamide, and arachidonic acid. In conclusion, DHP has a therapeutic effect against NAFLD, whose underlying mechanism may involve the modulation of TLR4/NF-κB, reduction of inflammation, and regulation of the metabolism of glycine, serine, threonine, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, and arachidonic acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-hui Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Institute of Conservation and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Hefei, China
| | - Chen-chen Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Institute of Conservation and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Institute of Conservation and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-qian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Institute of Conservation and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Hefei, China
| | - Meng-zhen Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Institute of Conservation and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Hefei, China
| | - Jia-hui Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Institute of Conservation and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Hefei, China
| | - Wen-li Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Institute of Conservation and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Hefei, China
| | - Dai-yin Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Institute of Conservation and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Hefei, China
- MOE-Anhui Joint Collaborative Innovation Center for Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials, Hefei, China
| | - Yan-yan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Institute of Conservation and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Hefei, China
| | - Li-hua Xing
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Institute of Conservation and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Hefei, China
| | - Nian-jun Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Institute of Conservation and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Hefei, China
- MOE-Anhui Joint Collaborative Innovation Center for Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials, Hefei, China
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Dong T, Li J, Liu Y, Zhou S, Wei X, Hua H, Tang K, Zhang X, Wang Y, Wu Z, Gao C, Zhang H. Roles of immune dysregulation in MASLD. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:116069. [PMID: 38147736 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. Its occurrence and progression involve the process from simple hepatic steatosis to metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis (MASH), which could develop into advanced liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Growing evidences support that the pathogenesis and progression of MASLD are closely related to immune system dysfunction. This review aims to summarize the association of MASLD with immune disorders and the prospect of using immunotherapy for MASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Dong
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Metabolic Disease Research Center, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jiajin Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Metabolic Disease Research Center, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yuqing Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Metabolic Disease Research Center, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Shikai Zhou
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xiang Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Metabolic Disease Research Center, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Hongting Hua
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Kechao Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Metabolic Disease Research Center, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Metabolic Disease Research Center, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Metabolic Disease Research Center, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Metabolic Disease Research Center, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Chaobing Gao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Huabing Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Metabolic Disease Research Center, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
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Yang JZ, Zhang KK, Shen HW, Liu Y, Li XW, Chen LJ, Liu JL, Li JH, Zhao D, Wang Q, Zhou CS. Sigma-1 receptor knockout disturbs gut microbiota, remodels serum metabolome, and exacerbates isoprenaline-induced heart failure. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1255971. [PMID: 37720144 PMCID: PMC10501138 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1255971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Heart failure (HF) is usually the end stage of the continuum of various cardiovascular diseases. However, the mechanism underlying the progression and development of HF remains poorly understood. The sigma-1 receptor (Sigmar1) is a non-opioid transmembrane receptor implicated in many diseases, including HF. However, the role of Sigmar1 in HF has not been fully elucidated. Methods In this study, we used isoproterenol (ISO) to induce HF in wild-type (WT) and Sigmar1 knockout (Sigmar1-/-) mice. Multi-omic analysis, including microbiomics, metabolomics and transcriptomics, was employed to comprehensively evaluate the role of Sigmar1 in HF. Results Compared with the WT-ISO group, Sigmar1-/- aggravated ISO-induced HF, including left ventricular systolic dysfunction and ventricular remodeling. Moreover, Sigmar1-/- exacerbated ISO-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis, which was demonstrated by the lower abundance of probiotics g_Akkermansia and g_norank_f_Muribaculaceae, and higher abundance of pathogenic g_norank_f_Oscillospiraceae and Allobaculum. Furthermore, differential metabolites among WT-Control, WT-ISO and Sigmar-/--ISO groups were mainly enriched in bile secretion, tryptophan metabolism and phenylalanine metabolism, which presented a close association with microbial dysbiosis. Corresponding with the exacerbation of the microbiome, the inflammation-related NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, NF-kappa B signaling pathway and TNF signaling pathway were activated in the heart tissues. Conclusion Taken together, this study provides evidence that a Sigmar1 knockout disturbs the gut microbiota and remodels the serum metabolome, which may exacerbate HF by stimulating heart inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Zheng Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai-Kai Zhang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Wu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science (China University of Political Science and Law), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Security Department, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Wen Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Jian Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Li Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Hao Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science (China University of Political Science and Law), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chu-Song Zhou
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Hu C, Gao X, Dou K, Zhu C, Zhou Y, Hu Z. Physiological and Metabolic Changes in Tamarillo ( Solanum betaceum) during Fruit Ripening. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041800. [PMID: 36838788 PMCID: PMC9966127 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiological and metabolic profiles in tamarillo were investigated to reveal the molecular changes during fruit maturation. The firmness, ethylene production, soluble sugar contents, and metabolomic analysis were determined in tamarillo fruit at different maturity stages. The firmness of tamarillo fruit gradually decreased during fruit ripening with increasing fructose and glucose accumulation. The rapid increase in ethylene production was found in mature fruit. Based on the untargeted metabolomic analysis, we found that amino acids, phospholipids, monosaccharides, and vitamin-related metabolites were identified as being changed during ripening. The contents of malic acid and citric acid were significantly decreased in mature fruits. Metabolites involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, caffeine metabolism, monoterpenoid biosynthesis, and thiamine metabolism pathways showed high abundance in mature fruits. However, we also found that most of the mature-enhanced metabolites showed reduced abundance in over-mature fruits. These results reveal the molecular profiles during tamarillo fruit maturing and suggest tamarillos have potential benefits with high nutrition and health function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyi Hu
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Xinhao Gao
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kaiwei Dou
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Changan Zhu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572000, China
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhangjian Hu
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572000, China
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Correspondence:
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