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Rodrigues JS, de S M de Freitas A, de Lima LF, Lopes HSM, Maciel CC, Fré LVBV, Pires AAF, de Lima VH, Oliveira VJR, de A Olivati C, Ferreira M, Riul A, Botaro VR. Synthesis of lignin-based carbon/graphene oxide foam and its application as sensors for ammonia gas detection. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131883. [PMID: 38677702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The present study highlights the integration of lignin with graphene oxide (GO) and its reduced form (rGO) as a significant advancement within the bio-based products industry. Lignin-phenol-formaldehyde (LPF) resin is used as a carbon source in polyurethane foams, with the addition of 1 %, 2 %, and 4 % of GO and rGO to produce carbon structures thus producing carbon foams (CFs). Two conversion routes are assessed: (i) direct addition with rGO solution, and (ii) GO reduction by heat treatment. Carbon foams are characterized by thermal, structural, and morphological analysis, alongside an assessment of their electrochemical behavior. The thermal decomposition of samples with GO is like those having rGO, indicating the effective removal of oxygen groups in GO by carbonization. The addition of GO and rGO significantly improved the electrochemical properties of CF, with the GO2% sensors displaying 39 % and 62 % larger electroactive area than control and rGO2% sensors, respectively. Furthermore, there is a significant electron transfer improvement in GO sensors, demonstrating a promising potential for ammonia detection. Detailed structural and performance analysis highlights the significant enhancement in electrochemical properties, paving the way for the development of advanced sensors for gas detection, particularly ammonia, with the prospective market demands for durable, simple, cost-effective, and efficient devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica S Rodrigues
- Science and Technology Center for Sustainability (CCTS), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), João Leme dos Santos, km 110, 18052-780 Sorocaba, Brazil.
| | - Amanda de S M de Freitas
- Institute of Science and Technology (ICT), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), 12231-280 São José do Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas F de Lima
- Portable Chemical Sensors Lab, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Henrique S M Lopes
- Science and Technology Center for Sustainability (CCTS), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), João Leme dos Santos, km 110, 18052-780 Sorocaba, Brazil; Polymer Materials Characterization Laboratory (LCaMP), Technological College of Sorocaba (FATEC), Eng. Carlos Reinaldo Mendes, 2015, 18013-280 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristiane C Maciel
- Science and Technology Institute of Sorocaba (ICTS), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Três de Março, 511, 18087-180 Sorocaba, Brazil
| | - Lucas V B V Fré
- Science and Technology Center for Sustainability (CCTS), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), João Leme dos Santos, km 110, 18052-780 Sorocaba, Brazil
| | - Ariane A F Pires
- Science and Technology Center for Sustainability (CCTS), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), João Leme dos Santos, km 110, 18052-780 Sorocaba, Brazil
| | - Vitor H de Lima
- Science and Technology Center for Sustainability (CCTS), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), João Leme dos Santos, km 110, 18052-780 Sorocaba, Brazil
| | - Vinicius J R Oliveira
- Department of Physics, Paulista State University (UNESP), 19060-900 Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Clarissa de A Olivati
- Department of Physics, Paulista State University (UNESP), 19060-900 Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Marystela Ferreira
- Science and Technology Center for Sustainability (CCTS), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), João Leme dos Santos, km 110, 18052-780 Sorocaba, Brazil
| | - Antonio Riul
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin, Campinas, SP 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Vagner R Botaro
- Science and Technology Center for Sustainability (CCTS), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), João Leme dos Santos, km 110, 18052-780 Sorocaba, Brazil
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Diment D, Tkachenko O, Schlee P, Kohlhuber N, Potthast A, Budnyak TM, Rigo D, Balakshin M. Study toward a More Reliable Approach to Elucidate the Lignin Structure-Property-Performance Correlation. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:200-212. [PMID: 38112036 PMCID: PMC10777350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The correlation between lignin structure, its properties, and performance is crucial for lignin engineering in high-value products. Currently, a widespread approach is to compare lignins which differ by more than one parameter (i.e., Kraft vs organosolv vs lignosulfonates) in various applications by attributing the changes in their properties/performance specifically to a certain variable (i.e., phenolic -OH groups). Herein, we suggest a novel approach to overcome this issue by changing only one variable at a time while keeping all others constant before investigating the lignin properties/performance. Indulin AT (Ind-AT), a softwood Kraft lignin, was chosen as the model substrate for this study. Selective (analytical) lignin modifications were used to mask/convert specific functionalities, such as aliphatic (AliphOH) including benzylic -OH (BenzOH) and phenolic -OH (PhOH) groups, carboxyl groups (-COOH) and carbonyl groups (CO) via methylation, acetylation, and reduction. The selectivity and completeness of the reactions were verified by comprehensive NMR analysis (31P and 2D HSQC) of the modified preparations together with state-of-the-art molar mass (MM) characterization. Methylene blue (MB) adsorption, antioxidant activity, and glass transition temperature (Tg) were used to demonstrate and compare the properties/performance of the obtained modified lignins. We found that the contribution of different functionalities in the adsorption of MB follows the trend BenzOH > -COOH > AlipOH > PhOH. Noteworthy, benzylic -OH contributes ca. 3 and 2.3 times more than phenolic and aliphatic -OH, respectively. An 11% and 17% increase of Tg was observed with respect to the unmodified Indulin by methylating benzylic -OH groups and through reduction, respectively, while full acetylation/methylation of aliphatic and phenolic -OH groups resulted in lower Tg. nRSI experiments revealed that phenolic -OH play a crucial role in increasing the antioxidant activity of lignin, while both aliphatic -OH groups and -COOHs possess a detrimental effect, most likely due to H-bonding. Overall, for the first time, we provide here a reliable approach for the engineering of lignin-based products in high value applications by disclosing the role of specific lignin functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryna Diment
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Oleg Tkachenko
- Division
of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, 751 03, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Philipp Schlee
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Nadine Kohlhuber
- Institute
of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
(BOKU), 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Antje Potthast
- Institute
of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
(BOKU), 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Tetyana M. Budnyak
- Division
of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, 751 03, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Davide Rigo
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Mikhail Balakshin
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
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