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Kadir NAAA, Azlan A, Abas F, Ismail IS. Hepatoprotective Effect of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extracted Dabai Pulp Oil and Its Defatted Pulp. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030671. [PMID: 33525363 PMCID: PMC7865250 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
All food scientists must utilize plants for their application as functional foods to reduce hypercholesterolemia incidence through diet. Canarium odontophyllum (dabai) is a novel source for new healthy oil and functional foods. In this work, we evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extracted dabai pulp oil (DPO) and defatted dabai pulp (DDP) against hypercholesterolemia elicited by a high-cholesterol diet in rats. Our results show that DPO and DDP supplementation exerted beneficial hypocholesterolemic effects against the high-cholesterol diet-fed rat. Nevertheless, supplementation with DDP revealed superior total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and HMG-CoA reductase lowering efficacy (p < 0.05). Supplementation of either DPO or DDP did not significantly affect AST and ALT levels than normal rats (p > 0.05). Therefore, DDP and DPO are considered as having no toxicological significance. The histological section of rats treated with DPO and DDP showed improved steatosis in hepatocytes. HPLC analysis revealed that DPO and DDP contained syringic acid, which plays an important role in the beneficial effect. In conclusion, our results support the hypocholesterolemic and hepatoprotective effects of DPO and DDP in the hypercholesterolemic rats model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Atiqah Aizan Abdul Kadir
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Azrina Azlan
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Research Centre for Excellence for Nutrition and Non-Communicable Disease, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-97692466
| | - Faridah Abas
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Intan Safinar Ismail
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
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Effect of Defatted Dabai Pulp Extract in Urine Metabolomics of Hypercholesterolemic Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113511. [PMID: 33202660 PMCID: PMC7697915 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A source of functional food can be utilized from a source that might otherwise be considered waste. This study investigates the hypocholesterolemic effect of defatted dabai pulp (DDP) from supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and the metabolic alterations associated with the therapeutic effects of DDP using 1H NMR urinary metabolomic analysis. Male-specific pathogen-free Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with a high cholesterol diet for 30 days to induce hypercholesterolemia. Later, the rats were administered with a 2% DDP treatment diet for another 30 days. Supplementation with the 2% DDP treatment diet significantly reduced the level of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (α-TNF)) and significantly increased the level of antioxidant profile (total antioxidant status (TAS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxide (GPX), and catalase (CAT)) compared with the positive control group (PG) group (p < 0.05). The presence of high dietary fibre (28.73 ± 1.82 g/100 g) and phenolic compounds (syringic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and gallic acid) are potential factors contributing to the beneficial effect. Assessment of 1H NMR urinary metabolomics revealed that supplementation of 2% of DDP can partially recover the dysfunction in the metabolism induced by hypercholesterolemia via choline metabolism. 1H-NMR-based metabolomic analysis of urine from hypercholesterolemic rats in this study uncovered the therapeutic effect of DDP to combat hypercholesterolemia.
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Motkowski R, Maciejczyk M, Hryniewicka M, Karpińska J, Mikołuć B. Effect of Statin Therapy on the Plasma Concentrations of Retinol, Alpha-Tocopherol and Coenzyme Q10 in Children with Familial Hypercholesterolemia. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2020; 36:75-84. [PMID: 33052507 PMCID: PMC8770382 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-020-07091-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) requires early treatment. However, statins, which are regarded the first-line therapy, have an influence on redox balance. Antioxidant vitamins are important for many metabolic processes in the developing body. There are few data available on the long-term safety of statin use in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of statin treatment in children with FH on plasma concentrations of antioxidant vitamins: retinol, alpha-tocopherol and coenzyme Q10. Methods The first study group consisted of 13 children aged 10–18 years treated with simvastatin for at least 6 months, and the second group comprised 13 age- and sex-matched children with hypercholesterolemia, in whom pharmacological treatment had not been applied yet. Analyses were performed using a high-performance liquid chromatograph coupled with a MS detector. Results The analysis did not reveal significant differences in the concentration of retinol, alpha-tocopherol or coenzyme Q10 between the studied groups. The adjustment of the concentrations of the vitamins to the cholesterol level also indicated no significant differences. We found no deficits in antioxidant vitamins in patients treated with statins, or any risk of adverse effects associated with an increase in their concentration. Conclusion There is no rationale for additional supplementation using antioxidant vitamins or modification of low-fat and low-cholesterol diet in pediatric patients treated with statins. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10557-020-07091-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Motkowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Rheumatology, Immunology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 17, 15-274, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Mateusz Maciejczyk
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marta Hryniewicka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, 15-274, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Karpińska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, 15-274, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Bożena Mikołuć
- Department of Pediatrics, Rheumatology, Immunology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 17, 15-274, Bialystok, Poland
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Ziegler M, Wallert M, Lorkowski S, Peter K. Cardiovascular and Metabolic Protection by Vitamin E: A Matter of Treatment Strategy? Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E935. [PMID: 33003543 PMCID: PMC7600583 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) cause about 1/3 of global deaths. Therefore, new strategies for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular events are highly sought-after. Vitamin E is known for significant antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, and has been studied in the prevention of CVD, supported by findings that vitamin E deficiency is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events. However, randomized controlled trials in humans reveal conflicting and ultimately disappointing results regarding the reduction of cardiovascular events with vitamin E supplementation. As we discuss in detail, this outcome is strongly affected by study design, cohort selection, co-morbidities, genetic variations, age, and gender. For effective chronic primary and secondary prevention by vitamin E, oxidative and inflammatory status might not have been sufficiently antagonized. In contrast, acute administration of vitamin E may be more translatable into positive clinical outcomes. In patients with myocardial infarction (MI), which is associated with severe oxidative and inflammatory reactions, decreased plasma levels of vitamin E have been found. The offsetting of this acute vitamin E deficiency via short-term treatment in MI has shown promising results, and, thus, acute medication, rather than chronic supplementation, with vitamin E might revitalize vitamin E therapy and even provide positive clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Ziegler
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Internal Medicine III, University Clinic of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Maria Wallert
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.W.); (S.L.)
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.W.); (S.L.)
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
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Choi SW, Ho CK. Antioxidant properties of drugs used in Type 2 diabetes management: could they contribute to, confound or conceal effects of antioxidant therapy? Redox Rep 2018; 23:1-24. [PMID: 28514939 PMCID: PMC6748682 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2017.1324381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This is a narrative review, investigating the antioxidant properties of drugs used in the management of diabetes, and discusses whether these antioxidant effects contribute to, confound, or conceal the effects of antioxidant therapy. METHODS A systematic search for articles reporting trials, or observational studies on the antioxidant effect of drugs used in the treatment of diabetes in humans or animals was performed using Web of Science, PubMed, and Ovid. Data were extracted, including data on a number of subjects, type of treatment (and duration) received, and primary and secondary outcomes. The primary outcomes were reporting on changes in biomarkers of antioxidants concentrations and secondary outcomes were reporting on changes in biomarkers of oxidative stress. RESULTS Diabetes Mellitus is a disease characterized by increased oxidative stress. It is often accompanied by a spectrum of other metabolic disturbances, including elevated plasma lipids, elevated uric acid, hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, and central obesity. This review shows evidence that some of the drugs in diabetes management have both in vivo and in vitro antioxidant properties through mechanisms such as scavenging free radicals and upregulating antioxidant gene expression. CONCLUSION Pharmaceutical agents used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes has been shown to exert an antioxidant effect..
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Wai Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Queen Mary
Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong
Kong SAR
| | - Cyrus K. Ho
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural
Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne,
Australia
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences,
School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University,
Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
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Mohn ES, Kern HJ, Saltzman E, Mitmesser SH, McKay DL. Evidence of Drug-Nutrient Interactions with Chronic Use of Commonly Prescribed Medications: An Update. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E36. [PMID: 29558445 PMCID: PMC5874849 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term use of prescription and over-the-counter drugs can induce subclinical and clinically relevant micronutrient deficiencies, which may develop gradually over months or even years. Given the large number of medications currently available, the number of research studies examining potential drug-nutrient interactions is quite limited. A comprehensive, updated review of the potential drug-nutrient interactions with chronic use of the most often prescribed medications for commonly diagnosed conditions among the general U.S. adult population is presented. For the majority of the interactions described in this paper, more high-quality intervention trials are needed to better understand their clinical importance and potential consequences. A number of these studies have identified potential risk factors that may make certain populations more susceptible, but guidelines on how to best manage and/or prevent drug-induced nutrient inadequacies are lacking. Although widespread supplementation is not currently recommended, it is important to ensure at-risk patients reach their recommended intakes for vitamins and minerals. In conjunction with an overall healthy diet, appropriate dietary supplementation may be a practical and efficacious way to maintain or improve micronutrient status in patients at risk of deficiencies, such as those taking medications known to compromise nutritional status. The summary evidence presented in this review will help inform future research efforts and, ultimately, guide recommendations for patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Mohn
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, and Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Hua J Kern
- Nutrition & Scientific Affairs, Nature's Bounty Co., Ronkonkoma, NY 11779, USA.
| | - Edward Saltzman
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, and Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Susan H Mitmesser
- Nutrition & Scientific Affairs, Nature's Bounty Co., Ronkonkoma, NY 11779, USA.
| | - Diane L McKay
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, and Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Schmölz L, Birringer M, Lorkowski S, Wallert M. Complexity of vitamin E metabolism. World J Biol Chem 2016; 7:14-43. [PMID: 26981194 PMCID: PMC4768118 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v7.i1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioavailability of vitamin E is influenced by several factors, most are highlighted in this review. While gender, age and genetic constitution influence vitamin E bioavailability but cannot be modified, life-style and intake of vitamin E can be. Numerous factors must be taken into account however, i.e., when vitamin E is orally administrated, the food matrix may contain competing nutrients. The complex metabolic processes comprise intestinal absorption, vascular transport, hepatic sorting by intracellular binding proteins, such as the significant α-tocopherol-transfer protein, and hepatic metabolism. The coordinated changes involved in the hepatic metabolism of vitamin E provide an effective physiological pathway to protect tissues against the excessive accumulation of, in particular, non-α-tocopherol forms. Metabolism of vitamin E begins with one cycle of CYP4F2/CYP3A4-dependent ω-hydroxylation followed by five cycles of subsequent β-oxidation, and forms the water-soluble end-product carboxyethylhydroxychroman. All known hepatic metabolites can be conjugated and are excreted, depending on the length of their side-chain, either via urine or feces. The physiological handling of vitamin E underlies kinetics which vary between the different vitamin E forms. Here, saturation of the side-chain and also substitution of the chromanol ring system are important. Most of the metabolic reactions and processes that are involved with vitamin E are also shared by other fat soluble vitamins. Influencing interactions with other nutrients such as vitamin K or pharmaceuticals are also covered by this review. All these processes modulate the formation of vitamin E metabolites and their concentrations in tissues and body fluids. Differences in metabolism might be responsible for the discrepancies that have been observed in studies performed in vivo and in vitro using vitamin E as a supplement or nutrient. To evaluate individual vitamin E status, the analytical procedures used for detecting and quantifying vitamin E and its metabolites are crucial. The latest methods in analytics are presented.
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8
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Blom DJ, Djedjos CS, Monsalvo ML, Bridges I, Wasserman SM, Scott R, Roth E. Effects of Evolocumab on Vitamin E and Steroid Hormone Levels. Circ Res 2015; 117:731-41. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.307071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rationale
:
Vitamin E transport and steroidogenesis are closely associated with low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) metabolism, and evolocumab can lower LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) to low levels.
Objective:
To determine the effects of evolocumab on vitamin E and steroid hormone levels.
Methods and Results:
After titration of background lipid-lowering therapy per cardiovascular risk, 901 patients with an LDL-C ≥2.0 mmol/L were randomized to 52 weeks of monthly, subcutaneous evolocumab, or placebo. Vitamin E, cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and gonadal hormones were analyzed at baseline and week 52. In a substudy (n=100), vitamin E levels were also measured in serum, LDL, high-density lipoprotein, and red blood cell membranes at baseline and week 52. Absolute vitamin E decreased in evolocumab-treated patients from baseline to week 52 by 16% but increased by 19% when normalized for cholesterol. In the substudy, vitamin E level changes from baseline to week 52 mirrored the changes in the lipid fraction, and red blood cell membrane vitamin E levels did not change. Cortisol in evolocumab-treated patients increased slightly from baseline to week 52, but adrenocorticotropic hormone and the cortisol:adrenocorticotropic hormone ratio did not change. No patient had a cortisol:adrenocorticotropic hormone ratio <3.0 (nmol/pmol). Among evolocumab-treated patients, gonadal hormones did not change from baseline to week 52. Vitamin E and steroid changes were consistent across subgroups by minimum postbaseline LDL-C <0.4 and <0.6 mmol/L.
Conclusions:
As expected, vitamin E levels changed similarly to lipids among patients treated for 52 weeks with evolocumab. No adverse effects were observed in steroid or gonadal hormones, even at very low LDL-C levels.
Clinical Trial Registration:
URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01516879.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk J. Blom
- From the Division of Lipidology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (D.J.B.); Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.S.D., M.L.M., S.M.W., R.S.); Biostatistics-International, Amgen Ltd, Uxbridge, United Kingdom (I.B.); and President, Sterling Research Group, Cincinnati, OH (E.R.)
| | - C. Stephen Djedjos
- From the Division of Lipidology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (D.J.B.); Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.S.D., M.L.M., S.M.W., R.S.); Biostatistics-International, Amgen Ltd, Uxbridge, United Kingdom (I.B.); and President, Sterling Research Group, Cincinnati, OH (E.R.)
| | - Maria Laura Monsalvo
- From the Division of Lipidology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (D.J.B.); Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.S.D., M.L.M., S.M.W., R.S.); Biostatistics-International, Amgen Ltd, Uxbridge, United Kingdom (I.B.); and President, Sterling Research Group, Cincinnati, OH (E.R.)
| | - Ian Bridges
- From the Division of Lipidology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (D.J.B.); Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.S.D., M.L.M., S.M.W., R.S.); Biostatistics-International, Amgen Ltd, Uxbridge, United Kingdom (I.B.); and President, Sterling Research Group, Cincinnati, OH (E.R.)
| | - Scott M. Wasserman
- From the Division of Lipidology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (D.J.B.); Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.S.D., M.L.M., S.M.W., R.S.); Biostatistics-International, Amgen Ltd, Uxbridge, United Kingdom (I.B.); and President, Sterling Research Group, Cincinnati, OH (E.R.)
| | - Rob Scott
- From the Division of Lipidology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (D.J.B.); Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.S.D., M.L.M., S.M.W., R.S.); Biostatistics-International, Amgen Ltd, Uxbridge, United Kingdom (I.B.); and President, Sterling Research Group, Cincinnati, OH (E.R.)
| | - Eli Roth
- From the Division of Lipidology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (D.J.B.); Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA (C.S.D., M.L.M., S.M.W., R.S.); Biostatistics-International, Amgen Ltd, Uxbridge, United Kingdom (I.B.); and President, Sterling Research Group, Cincinnati, OH (E.R.)
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Harisa GI, Alanazi FK, Attia SM, Omran GA. Influence of Simvastatin Chronotherapy on Erythrocytes Nitric oxide Synthase Activity. INT J PHARMACOL 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2015.448.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Hopps E, Canino B, Montana M, Lo Presti R, Averna MR, Caimi G. Behavior of the total antioxidant status in a group of subjects with metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2014; 8:166-169. [PMID: 25220920 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Our purpose was to examine the total antioxidant status (TAS) in subjects with metabolic syndrome (MS) subdivided according to the presence or not of diabetes mellitus. METHODS We enrolled 106 subjects (45 women, 61 men) with MS subsequently subdivided in diabetics (14 women, 29 men) and nondiabetics (31 women, 29 men). TAS was obtained using an Assay kit which relies on the ability of plasma antioxidant substances to inhibit the oxidation of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonic acid) to the radical ABTS·+. RESULTS In the group of MS subjects a significant decrease in TAS (p<0.05) in comparison with normal controls was evident. This difference was present between normal subjects and nondiabetic subjects with MS (p<0.001) but not between normal and diabetic subjects with MS. Examining the linear regression among TAS, age, anthropometric profile, blood pressure values and glycometabolic pattern, conflicting data were found. CONCLUSIONS Although we know that TAS includes several enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidants, we retain that the difference observed in the two subgroups of subjects with MS must be looked in particular into two pathophysiological aspects regarding bilirubin and uric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Hopps
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Università di Palermo, Via del vespro 129, 90100 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Baldassare Canino
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Università di Palermo, Via del vespro 129, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Montana
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Università di Palermo, Via del vespro 129, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosalia Lo Presti
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Università di Palermo, Via del vespro 129, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maurizio R Averna
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Università di Palermo, Via del vespro 129, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gregorio Caimi
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Università di Palermo, Via del vespro 129, 90100 Palermo, Italy
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Effect of surgical treatment on lipid peroxidation parameters and antioxidant status in the serum of patients with peripheral arterial disease. DISEASE MARKERS 2013; 35:647-52. [PMID: 24302809 PMCID: PMC3834664 DOI: 10.1155/2013/530946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The various risk factors for peripheral arterial disease (PAD) are almost identical to those for atherosclerosis and include abnormal levels of lipids or lipoproteins. Lipid peroxidation parameters and total antioxidant capacity in the serum of male patients with PAD before surgery as well as 3–5 days and 7–10 days after surgery were measured. We also compared these parameters with those in a group of patients receiving simvastatin therapy. Concentrations of lipid hydroperoxides (LOOHs) and malondialdehyde, the total antioxidant capacity (assessed by ferric reducing antioxidant power assay), concentration of thiol (-SH) groups, and ceruloplasmin activity were determined spectrophotometrically in PAD patients treated surgically (Group I) or pharmacologically (Group II). The patients before surgical treatment had significantly higher concentrations of malondialdehyde but lower ceruloplasmin activity than those observed in Group II, treated with simvastatin. No significant differences before surgery in ferric reducing antioxidant power or thiol concentrations were found between the two groups. However, in Group I, both ferric reducing antioxidant power and thiol group concentrations decreased 3–5 days postoperatively, and ceruloplasmin activity increased 7–10 days after surgical treatment. The presented results demonstrate diverse oxidative stress responses to surgical treatment and confirm the beneficial effects of statin therapy in PAD.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a provitamin synthesized via the HMG-CoA reductase pathway, and thus may serve as a potential marker of intrinsic HMG-CoA reductase activity. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) decrease CoQ10, although it is unclear whether this is due to reductions in lipoproteins, which transport CoQ10. OBJECTIVES We evaluated whether baseline plasma CoQ10 concentrations predict the lipid-lowering response to high-dose atorvastatin, and to what extent CoQ10 changes following atorvastatin therapy depend on lipoprotein changes. METHODS Individuals without dyslipidemia or known cardiovascular disease (n=84) received atorvastatin 80 mg daily for 16 weeks. Blood samples collected at baseline and after 4, 8, and 16 weeks of treatment were assayed for CoQ10. RESULTS Individuals with higher baseline CoQ10:LDL-C ratios displayed diminished absolute and percent LDL-C reductions at 8 and 16 weeks of atorvastatin treatment (P<0.001 to 0.01). After 16 weeks of atorvastatin, plasma CoQ10 decreased 45% from 762+/-301 ng/ml to 374+/-150 ng/ml (P<0.001). CoQ10 changes were correlated with LDL-C and apolipoprotein B changes (r=0.27-0.38, P=0.001-0.02), but remained significant when normalized to all lipoproteins. CoQ10 changes were not associated with adverse drug reactions. CONCLUSION Baseline CoQ10:LDL-C ratio was associated with the degree of LDL-C response to atorvastatin. Atorvastatin decreased CoQ10 concentrations in a manner that was not completely dependent on lipoprotein changes. The utility of CoQ10 as a predictor of atorvastatin response should be further explored in patients with dyslipidemia.
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13
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Development of a novel method for monitoring the antioxidative effect of ascorbic acid in rat blood. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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14
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Rydén M, Leanderson P, Kastbom KO, Jonasson L. Effects of simvastatin on carotenoid status in plasma. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 22:66-71. [PMID: 20678906 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2010.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Carotenoids are potent antioxidants mainly transported in the low density lipoprotein (LDL) fraction. They may also influence the immune response and inverse associations with inflammatory markers have been reported. We investigated whether simvastatin, by exerting both lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory effects, altered the carotenoid status in plasma. METHODS AND RESULTS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study design was applied. Eighty volunteers with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia received either simvastatin 40 mg or placebo for 6 weeks. Lipids, oxidized LDL (ox-LDL), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, oxygenated carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin) and hydrocarbon carotenoids (α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene) were measured in plasma. Simvastatin use was associated with significant reductions in total cholesterol, LDL, ox-LDL and CRP. Simvastatin therapy also resulted in reduced plasma levels of both oxygenated and hydrocarbon carotenoids. However, when adjusted for lipids, all carotenoids except β-cryptoxanthin showed significant increases after simvastatin therapy. Both crude and lipid-adjusted carotenoids were inversely correlated with CRP and IL-6 in plasma but the change in carotenoid status during simvastatin therapy was not specifically related to any changes in inflammatory markers. CONCLUSIONS To summarize, the change in carotenoid status during simvastatin therapy was mainly attributed to the lowering of cholesterol and not to the suppression of inflammatory activity. After adjustment for lipids, the levels of lutein, lycopene, α-carotene and β-carotene were significantly increased by simvastatin suggesting an increased ratio of carotenoids per particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rydén
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
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Tavridou A, Efthimiadis A, Efthimiadis I, Manolopoulos VG. Simvastatin-induced changes in circulating oxidized low-density lipoprotein in different types of dyslipidemia. Heart Vessels 2010; 25:288-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00380-009-1202-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Marinangeli CPF, Jones PJH. Functional food ingredients as adjunctive therapies to pharmacotherapy for treating disorders of metabolic syndrome. Ann Med 2010; 42:317-33. [PMID: 20486826 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2010.484026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Information regarding the use of functional foods and nutraceuticals (FFN) in combating disease is rarely communicated to health care practitioners as medicinal strategies for patients. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an ideal paradigm for demonstrating the therapeutic properties of FFN. Encompassing multiple etiologies, including atherogenic dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and hypertension, MetS affects over a third of American adults. However, as disease-related risk factors accumulate over time, guidelines for treating disorders of MetS progressively de-emphasize the use of FFN. Using marine omega-3 fatty acids, plant sterols, fiber, and tomato extract as examples, the purpose of this review is to endorse FFN as long-term adjunctive therapies to pharmaceutical treatment for disorders and risk factors for MetS. An additional goal is to compare physiological and molecular targets of FFN against corresponding prescription medications. Results reveal that FFN are viable treatment strategies for disorders of MetS, complementing pharmacological interventions by targeting and improving the biological processes that foster the development of disease. Thus, efficacious FFN therapies should be emphasized throughout all stages of treatment as adjuncts to pharmacotherapy for disorders of MetS. Accordingly, new developments in FFN research must be implemented into clinical guidelines with the prospect of improving disease prognoses as accessories to prescription medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P F Marinangeli
- The Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
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Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is a common and complex disorder combining obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension and insulin resistance. It is associated with a high cardiovascular risk that can only partially be explained by its components. There is evidence that low-grade inflammation and high oxidative stress add to this risk. Oxidized LDL, a marker of lipoprotein-associated oxidative stress, is an emerging cardiovascular risk factor. In this review, we demonstrate that the metabolic syndrome exacerbates oxidized LDL in a feedback loop. We introduce molecular mechanisms underlying this loop. Finally, we demonstrate that weight loss and statin treatment lower metabolic syndrome factors associated with a reduction of oxidized LDL. The current data warrant further investigation into the role of lifestyle and therapeutic interventions that inhibit tissue-associated oxidation of LDL in the prevention of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Holvoet
- Atherosclerosis & Metabolism Unit, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, Tel.: +32 16 347 149, ,
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Comparison of Effects of Pitavastatin and Atorvastatin on Plasma Coenzyme Q10 in Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Results From a Crossover Study. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007; 83:731-9. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.clpt.6100396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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