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Marrufo AM, Flores-Mireles AL. Macrophage fate: to kill or not to kill? Infect Immun 2024:e0047623. [PMID: 38829045 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00476-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are dynamic innate immune cells that either reside in tissue, serving as sentinels, or recruited as monocytes from bone marrow into inflamed and infected tissue. In response to cues in the tissue microenvironment (TME), macrophages polarize on a continuum toward M1 or M2 with diverse roles in progression and resolution of disease. M1-like macrophages exhibit proinflammatory functions with antimicrobial and anti-tumorigenic activities, while M2-like macrophages have anti-inflammatory functions that generally resolve inflammatory responses and orchestrate a tissue healing process. Given these opposite phenotypes, proper spatiotemporal coordination of macrophage polarization in response to cues within the TME is critical to effectively resolve infectious disease and regulate wound healing. However, if this spatiotemporal coordination becomes disrupted due to persistent infection or dysregulated coagulation, macrophages' inappropriate response to these cues will result in the development of diseases with clinically unfavorable outcomes. Since plasticity and heterogeneity are hallmarks of macrophages, they are attractive targets for therapies to reprogram toward specific phenotypes that could resolve disease and favor clinical prognosis. In this review, we discuss how basic science studies have elucidated macrophage polarization mechanisms in TMEs during infections and inflammation, particularly coagulation. Therefore, understanding the dynamics of macrophage polarization within TMEs in diseases is important in further development of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando M Marrufo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
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2
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Bianchini E, Ashley Sin YJ, Lee YJ, Lin C, Anil U, Hamill C, Cowman MK, Kirsch T. The Role of Hyaluronan/Receptor for Hyaluronan-Mediated Motility Interactions in the Modulation of Macrophage Polarization and Cartilage Repair. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 194:1047-1061. [PMID: 38403161 PMCID: PMC11156159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA), a negatively charged linear glycosaminoglycan, is a key macromolecular component of the articular cartilage extracellular matrix. The differential effects of HA are determined by a spatially/temporally regulated display of HA receptors, such as CD44 and receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility (RHAMM). HA signaling through CD44 with RHAMM has been shown to stimulate inflammation and fibrotic processes. This study shows an increased expression of RHAMM in proinflammatory macrophages. Interfering with HA/RHAMM interactions using a 15-mer RHAMM-mimetic, HA-binding peptide, together with high-molecular-weight (HMW) HA reduced the expression and release of inflammatory markers and increased the expression of anti-inflammatory markers in proinflammatory macrophages. HA/RHAMM interactions were interfered in vivo during the regeneration of a full-thickness cartilage defect after microfracture surgery in rabbits using three intra-articular injections of 15-mer RHAMM-mimetic. HA-binding peptide together with HMWHA reduced the number of proinflammatory macrophages and increased the number of anti-inflammatory macrophages in the injured knee joint and greatly improved the repair of the cartilage defect compared with intra-articular injections of HMWHA alone. These findings suggest that HA/RHAMM interactions play a key role in cartilage repair/regeneration via stimulating inflammatory and fibrotic events, including increasing the ratio of proinflammatory/anti-inflammatory macrophages. Interfering with these interactions reduced inflammation and greatly improved cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Bianchini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, New York, New York
| | - Yun Jin Ashley Sin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, New York, New York
| | - You Jin Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Charles Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Utkarsh Anil
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Cassie Hamill
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Mary K Cowman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, New York, New York; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Thorsten Kirsch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, New York, New York; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York.
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Hawthorne BC, Engel S, McCarthy MBR, Cote MC, Mazzocca AD, Coyner KJ. Biologic Adjuvants to Rotator Cuff Repairs Induce Anti-inflammatory Macrophage 2 Polarization and Reduce Inflammatory Macrophage 1 Polarization In Vitro. Arthroscopy 2024:S0749-8063(24)00337-2. [PMID: 38735413 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2024.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the effect of various biologic adjuvants on the polarization of macrophages in an in vitro model for rotator cuff tears. METHODS Tissue was harvested from 6 patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. An in vitro model of the supraspinatus and subacromial bursa was created and treated with control, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), autologous activated serum (AAS), or a combination of PRP+AAS. The effect of treatment on macrophage polarization between M1 proinflammatory macrophages or M2 anti-inflammatory macrophages was measured using gene expression, protein expression, flow cytometry, and nitric oxide production. RESULTS Tendon and bursa treated with PRP, AAS, and PRP+AAS significantly decreased the gene expression of M1 markers interleukin (IL)-12 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha while significantly increasing the expression of M2 markers arginase, IL-10, and transforming growth factor-β (P < .05) compared with treatment with control. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis of protein production demonstrated that, compared with control, coculture treated with PRP, AAS, and PRP+AAS significantly decreased markers of M1-macrophages (IL-6, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) while significantly increasing the expression of markers of M2-macrophages (arginase, IL-10, and transforming growth factor-beta) (P < .05). Flow cytometry analysis of surface markers demonstrated that compared with control, tendon and bursa treated with PRP, AAS, and PRP+AAS significantly decreased markers of M1-macrophages (CD80, CD86, CD64, CD16) while significantly increasing the expression of markers of M2-macrophages (CD163 and CD206) (P < .05). Treatment of the coculture with PRP, AAS, and PRP+AAS consistently demonstrated a decrease in nitric oxide production (P < .05) compared with control. AAS and PRP+AAS demonstrated an increased macrophage shift to M2 compared with PRP alone, whereas there was not as uniform of a shift when comparing PRP+AAS with AAS alone. CONCLUSIONS In an in vitro model of rotator cuff tears, the treatment of supraspinatus tendon and subacromial bursa with PRP, AAS, and PRP+AAS demonstrated an increase in markers of anti-inflammatory M2-macrophages and a concomitant decrease in markers of proinflammatory M1-macrophages. AAS and PRP+AAS contributed to a large shift to macrophage polarization to the anti-inflammatory M2 compared with PRP. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The mechanism of biologic adjuvant effects on the rotator cuff remains poorly understood. This study suggests that they may contribute to polarization of macrophages for their proinflammatory (M1) state to the anti-inflammatory (M2) state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sam Engel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, U.S.A
| | - Mary Beth R McCarthy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Mark C Cote
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Augustus D Mazzocca
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Katherine J Coyner
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, U.S.A..
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Zhuang Q, Li M, Hu D, Li J. Recent advances in potential targets for myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury: Role of macrophages. Mol Immunol 2024; 169:1-9. [PMID: 38447462 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) is a complex process that occurs when blood flow is restored after myocardium infarction (MI) with exacerbated tissue damage. Macrophages, essential cell type of the immune response, play an important role in MIRI. Macrophage subpopulations, namely M1 and M2, are distinguished by distinct phenotypes and functions. In MIRI, macrophages infiltrate in infarcted area, shaping the inflammatory response and influencing tissue healing. Resident cardiac macrophages interact with monocyte-derived macrophages in MIRI, and influence injury progression. Key factors including chemokines, cytokines, and toll-like receptors modulate macrophage behavior in MIRI. This review aims to address recent findings on the classification and the roles of macrophages in the myocardium, spanning from MI to subsequent MIRI, and highlights various signaling pathways implicated in macrophage polarization underlining the complexity of MIRI. This article will shed light on developing advanced therapeutic strategies for MIRI management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qigang Zhuang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Mingyue Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Desheng Hu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Junyi Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Yang B, Qiao Y, Yan D, Meng Q. Targeting Interactions between Fibroblasts and Macrophages to Treat Cardiac Fibrosis. Cells 2024; 13:764. [PMID: 38727300 PMCID: PMC11082988 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition is a defining feature of cardiac fibrosis. Most notably, it is characterized by a significant change in the concentration and volume fraction of collagen I, a disproportionate deposition of collagen subtypes, and a disturbed ECM network arrangement, which directly affect the systolic and diastolic functions of the heart. Immune cells that reside within or infiltrate the myocardium, including macrophages, play important roles in fibroblast activation and consequent ECM remodeling. Through both direct and indirect connections to fibroblasts, monocyte-derived macrophages and resident cardiac macrophages play complex, bidirectional, regulatory roles in cardiac fibrosis. In this review, we discuss emerging interactions between fibroblasts and macrophages in physiology and pathologic conditions, providing insights for future research aimed at targeting macrophages to combat cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Center for Organoid and Regeneration Medicine, Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Guangzhou 511466, China;
| | - Yan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China;
| | - Dong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China;
| | - Qinghang Meng
- Center for Organoid and Regeneration Medicine, Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Guangzhou 511466, China;
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Lin DW, Yang TM, Ho C, Shih YH, Lin CL, Hsu YC. Targeting Macrophages: Therapeutic Approaches in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4350. [PMID: 38673935 PMCID: PMC11050450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is not solely a metabolic disorder but also involves inflammatory processes. The immune response it incites is a primary contributor to damage in target organs. Research indicates that during the initial phases of diabetic nephropathy, macrophages infiltrate the kidneys alongside lymphocytes, initiating a cascade of inflammatory reactions. The interplay between macrophages and other renal cells is pivotal in the advancement of kidney disease within a hyperglycemic milieu. While M1 macrophages react to the inflammatory stimuli induced by elevated glucose levels early in the disease progression, their subsequent transition to M2 macrophages, which possess anti-inflammatory and tissue repair properties, also contributes to fibrosis in the later stages of nephropathy by transforming into myofibroblasts. Comprehending the diverse functions of macrophages in diabetic kidney disease and regulating their activity could offer therapeutic benefits for managing this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wei Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Martin De Porres Hospital, Chiayi City 60069, Taiwan;
| | - Tsung-Ming Yang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi County 61363, Taiwan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng Ho
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi County 61363, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hsueh Shih
- Departments of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi County 61363, Taiwan
- Kidney and Diabetic Complications Research Team (KDCRT), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi County 61363, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Liang Lin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan;
- Departments of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi County 61363, Taiwan
- Kidney and Diabetic Complications Research Team (KDCRT), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi County 61363, Taiwan
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10507, Taiwan
- Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chien Hsu
- Departments of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi County 61363, Taiwan
- Kidney and Diabetic Complications Research Team (KDCRT), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi County 61363, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan
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Ghosh M, Lee J, Burke AN, Strong TA, Sagen J, Pearse DD. Sex Dependent Disparities in the Central Innate Immune Response after Moderate Spinal Cord Contusion in Rat. Cells 2024; 13:645. [PMID: 38607084 PMCID: PMC11011714 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Subacute spinal cord injury (SCI) displays a complex pathophysiology associated with pro-inflammation and ensuing tissue damage. Microglia, the resident innate immune cells of the CNS, in concert with infiltrating macrophages, are the primary contributors to SCI-induced inflammation. However, subpopulations of activated microglia can also possess immunomodulatory activities that are essential for tissue remodeling and repair, including the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors that are vital for SCI recovery. Recently, reports have provided convincing evidence that sex-dependent differences exist in how microglia function during CNS pathologies and the extent to which these cells contribute to neurorepair and endogenous recovery. Herein we employed flow cytometry and immunohistochemical methods to characterize the phenotype and population dynamics of activated innate immune cells within the injured spinal cord of age-matched male and female rats within the first week (7 days) following thoracic SCI contusion. This assessment included the analysis of pro- and anti-inflammatory markers, as well as the expression of critical immunomodulatory kinases, including P38 MAPK, and transcription factors, such as NFκB, which play pivotal roles in injury-induced inflammation. We demonstrate that activated microglia from the injured spinal cord of female rats exhibited a significantly diminutive pro-inflammatory response, but enhanced anti-inflammatory activity compared to males. These changes included lower levels of iNOS and TLR4 expression but increased levels of ARG-1 and CD68 in females after SCI. The altered expression of these markers is indicative of a disparate secretome between the microglia of males and females after SCI and that the female microglia possesses higher phagocytic capabilities (increased CD68). The examination of immunoregulatory kinases and transcription factors revealed that female microglia had higher levels of phosphorylated P38Thr180/Tyr182 MAPK and nuclear NFκB pp50Ser337 but lower amounts of nuclear NFκB pp65Ser536, suggestive of an attenuated pro-inflammatory phenotype in females compared to males after SCI. Collectively, this work provides novel insight into some of the sex disparities that exist in the innate immune response after SCI and indicates that sex is an important variable when designing and testing new therapeutic interventions or interpretating positive or negative responses to an intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Ghosh
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (J.L.); (A.N.B.); (T.A.S.); (J.S.); (D.D.P.)
- The Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jinyoung Lee
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (J.L.); (A.N.B.); (T.A.S.); (J.S.); (D.D.P.)
| | - Ashley N. Burke
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (J.L.); (A.N.B.); (T.A.S.); (J.S.); (D.D.P.)
| | - Thomas A. Strong
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (J.L.); (A.N.B.); (T.A.S.); (J.S.); (D.D.P.)
| | - Jacqueline Sagen
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (J.L.); (A.N.B.); (T.A.S.); (J.S.); (D.D.P.)
- The Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Damien D. Pearse
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (J.L.); (A.N.B.); (T.A.S.); (J.S.); (D.D.P.)
- The Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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8
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Zhang S, Yang L, Guo S, Hu F, Cheng D, Sun J, Li Y, Xu J, Sang H. Mannose binding lectin-associated serine protease-1 is a novel contributor to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Int J Cardiol 2023; 389:131193. [PMID: 37473815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.131193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lectin pathway has been demonstrated to play a critical role in the pathological process of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)-associated serine protease-1 (MASP-1), especially different from other components of the lectin pathway, mediates proinflammatory and procoagulant reactions independent of complement cascades. However, the role of MASP-1 in myocardial IRI remains unknown so far. METHODS Myocardial IRI was established with 45 min ischemia and 24 h reperfusion in mice. C1 inhibitor, as the natural inhibitor of MASP-1, was administrated at 20 IU/Kg via tail vein 5 min before surgical operation. Cardiac function and myocardial infarct size were assessed. Myocardial histology and fibrosis were evaluated by H&E and Masson staining, respectively. Deposition of MASP-1, expression of PAR-1/4 and neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) were investigated on myocardium tissue by IHC staining. Cell apoptosis was detected by TUNEL assay. Levels of myocardial enzymes and proinflammatory cytokines were determined by ELISA. RESULTS Inhibition of MASP-1 with C1 INH improved cardiac function and alleviated myocardium tissue injury (infarct size, enzymes, histology and fibrosis) after myocardial IRI. Deposition of MASP-1 and expression PAR-1, as well as NET formation in myocardial tissue were suppressed by MASP-1 inhibitor, while PAR-4 was elevated. Levels of apoptosis, HMGB-1 and IL-6 were lower after blocking MASP-1. Yet, IL-8 and TNF-α remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS MASP-1, as a new contributor, played a critical role in myocardial IRI. Inhibition of MASP-1 protected myocardial tissue from IRI probably via regulation of PARs/NET pathway. This may provide a novel target strategy against myocardial IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengye Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The first Affiliated Hospital, University of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Linjie Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital, University of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shengcun Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The first Affiliated Hospital, University of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fudong Hu
- Department of Cardiology, The first Affiliated Hospital, University of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dong Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, The first Affiliated Hospital, University of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jihong Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The first Affiliated Hospital, University of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yunpeng Li
- Department of Cardiology, The first Affiliated Hospital, University of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The first Affiliated Hospital, University of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Haiqiang Sang
- Department of Cardiology, The first Affiliated Hospital, University of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China.
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Gunalp S, Helvaci DG, Oner A, Bursalı A, Conforte A, Güner H, Karakülah G, Szegezdi E, Sag D. TRAIL promotes the polarization of human macrophages toward a proinflammatory M1 phenotype and is associated with increased survival in cancer patients with high tumor macrophage content. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1209249. [PMID: 37809073 PMCID: PMC10551148 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1209249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the TNF superfamily that can either induce cell death or activate survival pathways after binding to death receptors (DRs) DR4 or DR5. TRAIL is investigated as a therapeutic agent in clinical trials due to its selective toxicity to transformed cells. Macrophages can be polarized into pro-inflammatory/tumor-fighting M1 macrophages or anti-inflammatory/tumor-supportive M2 macrophages and an imbalance between M1 and M2 macrophages can promote diseases. Therefore, identifying modulators that regulate macrophage polarization is important to design effective macrophage-targeted immunotherapies. The impact of TRAIL on macrophage polarization is not known. Methods Primary human monocyte-derived macrophages were pre-treated with either TRAIL or with DR4 or DR5-specific ligands and then polarized into M1, M2a, or M2c phenotypes in vitro. The expression of M1 and M2 markers in macrophage subtypes was analyzed by RNA sequencing, qPCR, ELISA, and flow cytometry. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of the macrophages against U937 AML tumor targets was assessed by flow cytometry. TCGA datasets were also analyzed to correlate TRAIL with M1/M2 markers, and the overall survival of cancer patients. Results TRAIL increased the expression of M1 markers at both mRNA and protein levels while decreasing the expression of M2 markers at the mRNA level in human macrophages. TRAIL also shifted M2 macrophages towards an M1 phenotype. Our data showed that both DR4 and DR5 death receptors play a role in macrophage polarization. Furthermore, TRAIL enhanced the cytotoxicity of macrophages against the AML cancer cells in vitro. Finally, TRAIL expression was positively correlated with increased expression of M1 markers in the tumors from ovarian and sarcoma cancer patients and longer overall survival in cases with high, but not low, tumor macrophage content. Conclusions TRAIL promotes the polarization of human macrophages toward a proinflammatory M1 phenotype via both DR4 and DR5. Our study defines TRAIL as a new regulator of macrophage polarization and suggests that targeting DRs can enhance the anti-tumorigenic response of macrophages in the tumor microenvironment by increasing M1 polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Gunalp
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Türkiye
- Department of Genomic Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Derya Goksu Helvaci
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Türkiye
- Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Aysenur Oner
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Türkiye
- Department of Genomic Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | | | - Alessandra Conforte
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Hüseyin Güner
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Türkiye
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Life and Natural Science, Abdullah Gül University, Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Gökhan Karakülah
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Türkiye
- Department of Genomic Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Eva Szegezdi
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Duygu Sag
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Türkiye
- Department of Genomic Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Türkiye
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Türkiye
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10
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Kiseleva V, Vishnyakova P, Elchaninov A, Fatkhudinov T, Sukhikh G. Biochemical and molecular inducers and modulators of M2 macrophage polarization in clinical perspective. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 122:110583. [PMID: 37423155 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages as innate immune cells with great plasticity are of great interest for cell therapy. There are two main macrophage populations - pro- and anti-inflammatory cells also known as M1 and M2. High potential in cancer research contributed to the in-depth study of the molecular processes leading to the polarization of macrophages into the M1 phenotype, and much less attention has been paid to anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages, which can be successfully used in cell therapy of inflammatory diseases. This review describes ontogenesis of macrophages, main functions of pro- and and-inflammatory cells and four M2 subpopulations characterized by different functionalities. Data on agents (cytokines, microRNAs, drugs, plant extracts) that may induce M2 polarization through the changes in microenvironment, metabolism, and efferocytosis are summarized. Finally, recent attempts at stable macrophage polarization using genetic modifications are described. This review may be helpful for researchers concerned with the problem of M2 macrophage polarization and potential use of these anti-inflammatory cells for the purposes of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Kiseleva
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia; Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Polina Vishnyakova
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia; Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Elchaninov
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia; Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia; Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", Moscow, Russia
| | - Timur Fatkhudinov
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia; Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", Moscow, Russia
| | - Gennady Sukhikh
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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Strizova Z, Benesova I, Bartolini R, Novysedlak R, Cecrdlova E, Foley L, Striz I. M1/M2 macrophages and their overlaps - myth or reality? Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:1067-1093. [PMID: 37530555 PMCID: PMC10407193 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages represent heterogeneous cell population with important roles in defence mechanisms and in homoeostasis. Tissue macrophages from diverse anatomical locations adopt distinct activation states. M1 and M2 macrophages are two polarized forms of mononuclear phagocyte in vitro differentiation with distinct phenotypic patterns and functional properties, but in vivo, there is a wide range of different macrophage phenotypes in between depending on the microenvironment and natural signals they receive. In human infections, pathogens use different strategies to combat macrophages and these strategies include shaping the macrophage polarization towards one or another phenotype. Macrophages infiltrating the tumours can affect the patient's prognosis. M2 macrophages have been shown to promote tumour growth, while M1 macrophages provide both tumour-promoting and anti-tumour properties. In autoimmune diseases, both prolonged M1 activation, as well as altered M2 function can contribute to their onset and activity. In human atherosclerotic lesions, macrophages expressing both M1 and M2 profiles have been detected as one of the potential factors affecting occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. In allergic inflammation, T2 cytokines drive macrophage polarization towards M2 profiles, which promote airway inflammation and remodelling. M1 macrophages in transplantations seem to contribute to acute rejection, while M2 macrophages promote the fibrosis of the graft. The view of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages and M2 macrophages suppressing inflammation seems to be an oversimplification because these cells exploit very high level of plasticity and represent a large scale of different immunophenotypes with overlapping properties. In this respect, it would be more precise to describe macrophages as M1-like and M2-like.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Strizova
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 15006, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Benesova
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 15006, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Robin Bartolini
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, U.K
| | - Rene Novysedlak
- Third Department of Surgery, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, V Uvalu 84, 15006, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Cecrdlova
- Department of Clinical and Transplant Immunology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lily Koumbas Foley
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, U.K
| | - Ilja Striz
- Department of Clinical and Transplant Immunology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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12
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Wang Y, Zheng Y, Qi B, Liu Y, Cheng X, Feng J, Gao W, Li T. α-Lipoic acid alleviates myocardial injury and induces M2b macrophage polarization after myocardial infarction via HMGB1/NF-kB signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110435. [PMID: 37320869 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial infarction (MI) is a serious cardiovascular disease with a poor prognosis. Macrophages are the predominant immune cells in patients with MI and macrophage regulation during the different phases of MI has important consequences for cardiac recovery. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) plays a critical role in MI by modulating the number of cardiomyocytes and macrophages. METHODS MI mice were generated by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery. Macrophages were exposed to hypoxia to establish a hypoxia model and M1 polarization was induced by LPS and IFN-γ. Different groups of macrophages and MI mice were treated with ALA. The cardiomyocytes were treated with various macrophage supernatants and the cardiac function, cytokine levels, and pathology were also analyzed. Factors related to apoptosis, autophagy, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were assessed. Finally, the HMGB1/NF-κB pathway was identified. RESULTS ALA promoted M2b polarization in normal cells and suppressed inflammatory cytokines during hypoxia. ALA inhibited ROS and MMP production in vitro. Supernatants containing ALA inhibited apoptosis and autophagy in hypoxic cardiomyocytes. Moreover, ALA suppressed the HMGB1/NF-κB pathway in macrophages, which may be a potential mechanism for attenuating MI. CONCLUSION ALA alleviates MI and induces M2b polarization via the HMGB1/NF-κB pathway, impeding inflammation, oxidation, apoptosis, and autophagy, and might be a potential strategy for MI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Wang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Department of Heart Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, 83 Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China; Nankai University Affiliated Third Center Hospital, No. 83, Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin, China; Tianjin ECMO Treatment and Training Base, Tianjin 300170, China; Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yue Zheng
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Department of Heart Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, 83 Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China; Nankai University Affiliated Third Center Hospital, No. 83, Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin, China; Tianjin ECMO Treatment and Training Base, Tianjin 300170, China; Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Bingcai Qi
- Department of Heart Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, 83 Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China; Nankai University Affiliated Third Center Hospital, No. 83, Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China; The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300170, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin, China; Tianjin ECMO Treatment and Training Base, Tianjin 300170, China; Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanwu Liu
- Department of Heart Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, 83 Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China; Nankai University Affiliated Third Center Hospital, No. 83, Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China; The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300170, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin, China; Tianjin ECMO Treatment and Training Base, Tianjin 300170, China; Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuan Cheng
- Department of Heart Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, 83 Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China; Nankai University Affiliated Third Center Hospital, No. 83, Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China; The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300170, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin, China; Tianjin ECMO Treatment and Training Base, Tianjin 300170, China; Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianyu Feng
- Department of Heart Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, 83 Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China; Nankai University Affiliated Third Center Hospital, No. 83, Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China; The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300170, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin, China; Tianjin ECMO Treatment and Training Base, Tianjin 300170, China; Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenqing Gao
- Department of Heart Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, 83 Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China; Nankai University Affiliated Third Center Hospital, No. 83, Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China; The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300170, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin, China; Tianjin ECMO Treatment and Training Base, Tianjin 300170, China; Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin, China.
| | - Tong Li
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Department of Heart Center, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, 83 Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China; Nankai University Affiliated Third Center Hospital, No. 83, Jintang Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300170, China; The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300170, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin, China; Tianjin ECMO Treatment and Training Base, Tianjin 300170, China; Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin, China.
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Chen S, Huang Y, Huang S, Zhou Z, Liu K, Pan J, Wu Z. M2b macrophages protect against doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity via alternating autophagy in cardiomyocytes. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288422. [PMID: 37498828 PMCID: PMC10374082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anthracycline antibiotic which is widely used for the treatment of various cancers, while the dose-related cardiotoxicity limits its potential therapeutic application. The underlying mechanism of DOX induced cardiotoxicity is complex and remains elusive. Our previous studies have shown that M2b macrophage plays an important role in reducing inflammation due to ischemic reperfusion injury in the myocardium. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential protective role of M2b macrophages in DOX induced cardiotoxicity. METHODS In vivo, we conducted DOX induced cardiac injury in C57BL/6 mice and treated them with M2b macrophages. Then, the mice were examined by echocardiography. The heart specimens were harvested for histological examination, transmission electron microscope analysis, and autophagy molecules evaluation. In vitro, HL-1 cardiac cell lines treated with DOX were cocultured with or without M2b macrophages. Then, Autophagy related genes and protein expression were assessed by real-time quantitative PCR and western blot; cell proliferation was assessed by cell counting kit-8. RESULTS We found that M2b macrophages can improve cardiac function and alleviate cardiac injury in DOX induced cardiac injury mice. M2b macrophages can enhance cardiac autophagy levels both in vivo and in vitro in DOX induced cardiac injury model. In addition, this protective effect can be blocked by an autophagy inhibitor. CONCLUSION Our study shows that M2b macrophages can help attenuate the DOX induced cardiotoxicity by regulating the autophagy level of cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sida Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Huang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Suiqing Huang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhuoming Zhou
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kaizheng Liu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinyu Pan
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhongkai Wu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Cong Y, Wang Y, Yuan T, Zhang Z, Ge J, Meng Q, Li Z, Sun S. Macrophages in aseptic loosening: Characteristics, functions, and mechanisms. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1122057. [PMID: 36969165 PMCID: PMC10030580 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1122057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aseptic loosening (AL) is the most common complication of total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Both local inflammatory response and subsequent osteolysis around the prosthesis are the fundamental causes of disease pathology. As the earliest change of cell behavior, polarizations of macrophages play an essential role in the pathogenesis of AL, including regulating inflammatory responses and related pathological bone remodeling. The direction of macrophage polarization is closely dependent on the microenvironment of the periprosthetic tissue. When the classically activated macrophages (M1) are characterized by the augmented ability to produce proinflammatory cytokines, the primary functions of alternatively activated macrophages (M2) are related to inflammatory relief and tissue repair. Yet, both M1 macrophages and M2 macrophages are involved in the occurrence and development of AL, and a comprehensive understanding of polarized behaviors and inducing factors would help in identifying specific therapies. In recent years, studies have witnessed novel discoveries regarding the role of macrophages in AL pathology, the shifts between polarized phenotype during disease progression, as well as local mediators and signaling pathways responsible for regulations in macrophages and subsequent osteoclasts (OCs). In this review, we summarize recent progress on macrophage polarization and related mechanisms during the development of AL and discuss new findings and concepts in the context of existing work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehao Cong
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jianxun Ge
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qi Meng
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ziqing Li
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Ziqing Li, ; Shui Sun,
| | - Shui Sun
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Ziqing Li, ; Shui Sun,
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15
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Zhang RYK, Cochran BJ, Thomas SR, Rye KA. Impact of Reperfusion on Temporal Immune Cell Dynamics After Myocardial Infarction. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e027600. [PMID: 36789837 PMCID: PMC10111498 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.027600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Excessive inflammation and impaired healing of cardiac tissue following a myocardial infarction (MI) can drive the development of heart failure. Cardiac repair begins immediately after the onset of MI and continues for months. The repair process can be divided into the following 3 overlapping phases, each having distinct functions and sequelae: the inflammatory phase, the proliferative phase, and the maturation phase. Macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes are present in the myocardium throughout the repair process and govern the duration and function of each of these phases. However, changes in the functions of these cell types across each phase are poorly characterized. Numerous immunomodulatory therapies that specifically target inflammation have been developed for promoting cardiac repair and preventing heart failure after MI. However, these treatments have been largely unsuccessful in large-scale clinical randomized controlled trials. A potential explanation for this failure is the lack of a thorough understanding of the time-dependent evolution of the functions of immune cells after a major cardiovascular event. Failure to account for this temporal plasticity in cell function may reduce the efficacy of immunomodulatory approaches that target cardiac repair. This review is concerned with how the functions of different immune cells change with time following an MI. Improved understanding of the temporal changes in immune cell function is important for the future development of effective and targeted treatments for preventing heart failure after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Blake J Cochran
- School of Medical Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales
| | - Shane R Thomas
- School of Medical Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales
| | - Kerry-Anne Rye
- School of Medical Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales
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16
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Nwasike C, Purr E, Nagi JS, Mahler GJ, Doiron AL. Incorporation of Targeting Biomolecule Improves Interpolymer Complex-Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Attachment to and Activation of T 2 MR Signals in M2 Macrophages. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:473-487. [PMID: 36718192 PMCID: PMC9884053 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s392567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Inflammatory diseases are the leading cause of death in the world, accounting for 3 out of 5 deaths. Despite the abundance of diagnostic tools for detection, most screening and diagnostic methods are indirect and insufficient as they are unable to reliably discriminate between high-risk or low-risk stages of inflammatory diseases. Previously, we showed that the selective activation of interpolymer complexed superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IPC-SPIOs) under oxidative conditions can be detected by a change in T2 magnetic resonance (MR) contrast. In this work, IPC-SPIOs were further modified by incorporating mannose as a targeting biomolecule to enhance nanoparticle delivery to M2 macrophages at inflammatory sites. Methods Uncoated SPIOs were synthesized via coprecipitation from a mixture of FeCl2 and FeCl3, PEGylated by adsorbing PEG 300 kDa (40 mg/mL in water) to SPIOs (3 mg/mL in water) over 24 hours, and complexed by mixing 0.25 mg/mL aqueous poly(gallol) with 2 mg/mL PEG-SPIOs and adding 1 M of phosphate buffer in a 9:9:2 ratio. Mannose-PEG attachment was accomplished conducting a second complexation of mannose-PEG to IPC-SPIOs. M2 macrophages were treated with 150, 100, and 75 µg/mL of IPC-SPIOs and mannose-IPC-SPIOs to investigate activation of T2 MRI signals. Results and Discussion Surface modification resulted in a slight reduction in ROS scavenging capacity; however, nanoparticle uptake by M2 macrophages increased by over 50%. The higher uptake did not cause a reduction in cellular viability. In fact, mannose-IPC-SPIOs induced significant T2 MR contrast in M2 macrophages compared to IPC-SPIOs and nanoparticles exposed to M1 macrophages. M2 macrophages activated over 30% of mannose-IPC-SPIOs after 6 hours of exposure compared to M1 macrophages and untargeted M2 macrophages. These findings demonstrated that mannose-IPC-SPIOs specifically targeted M2 macrophages and scavenged cellular ROS to activate T2 MR signal, which can be used to detect inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwuazam Nwasike
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Erin Purr
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Jaspreet Singh Nagi
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Gretchen J Mahler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Amber L Doiron
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA,Correspondence: Amber L Doiron, Email
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Wang C, Yue Y, Huang S, Wang K, Yang X, Chen J, Huang J, Wu Z. M2b macrophages stimulate lymphangiogenesis to reduce myocardial fibrosis after myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:384-393. [PMID: 35188856 PMCID: PMC8865132 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2033798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Therapeutic lymphangiogenesis is a new treatment for cardiovascular diseases. Our previous study showed M2b macrophages can alleviate myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury (MI/RI). However, the relation between M2b macrophages and lymphangiogenesis is not clear. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of M2b macrophages on lymphangiogenesis after MI/RI. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomized into Sham operation group (control, n = 8), MI/RI group (n = 16) and M2b macrophage transplantation group (n = 16). M2b macrophages (1 × 106) in 100 μL of normal saline or the same volume of vehicle was injected into the cardiac ischaemic zone. Two weeks later, echocardiography and lymphatic counts were performed, and the extent of myocardial fibrosis and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGFC) and VEGF receptor 3 (VEGFR3) were determined. In vitro, lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) were cultured with M2b macrophages for 6-24 h, and the proliferation, migration and tube formation of the LECs were assessed. RESULTS In vivo, M2b macrophage transplantation increased the level of lymphangiogenesis 2.11-fold, reduced 4.42% fibrosis, improved 18.65% left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and upregulated the expressions of VEGFC and VEGFR3. In vitro, M2b macrophage increased the proliferation, migration, tube formation and VEGFC expression of LECs. M2b macrophage supernatant upregulated VEGFR3 expression of LECs. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that M2b macrophages can promote lymphangiogenesis to reduce myocardial fibrosis and improve heart function, suggesting the possible use of M2b macrophage for myocardial protection therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic ICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yuan Yue
- Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, PR China
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Suiqing Huang
- Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, PR China
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Keke Wang
- Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, PR China
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiantao Chen
- Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, PR China
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiaxing Huang
- Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, PR China
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhongkai Wu
- Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, PR China
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Yang Z, Lin S, Feng W, Liu Y, Song Z, Pan G, Zhang Y, Dai X, Ding X, Chen L, Wang Y. A potential therapeutic target in traditional Chinese medicine for ulcerative colitis: Macrophage polarization. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:999179. [PMID: 36147340 PMCID: PMC9486102 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.999179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal macrophages are the main participants of intestinal immune homeostasis and intestinal inflammation. Under different environmental stimuli, intestinal macrophages can be polarized into classical activated pro-inflammatory phenotype (M1) and alternative activated anti-inflammatory phenotype (M2). Its different polarization state is the “guide” to promoting the development and regression of inflammation. Under normal circumstances, intestinal macrophages can protect the intestine from inflammatory damage. However, under the influence of some genetic and environmental factors, the polarization imbalance of intestinal M1/M2 macrophages will lead to the imbalance in the regulation of intestinal inflammation and transform the physiological inflammatory response into pathological intestinal injury. In UC patients, the disorder of intestinal inflammation is closely related to the imbalance of intestinal M1/M2 macrophage polarization. Therefore, restoring the balance of M1/M2 macrophage polarization may be a potentially valuable therapeutic strategy for UC. Evidence has shown that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has positive therapeutic effects on UC by restoring the balance of M1/M2 macrophage polarization. This review summarizes the clinical evidence of TCM for UC, the vital role of macrophage polarization in the pathophysiology of UC, and the potential mechanism of TCM regulating macrophage polarization in the treatment of UC. We hope this review may provide some new enlightenment for the clinical treatment, fundamental research, and research and development of new Chinese medicine of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Yang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shanshan Lin
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Wanying Feng
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yangxi Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhihui Song
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Guiyun Pan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangdong Dai
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinya Ding
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Lu Chen, ; Yi Wang,
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Lu Chen, ; Yi Wang,
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Ohashi Y, Uchida K, Fukushima K, Satoh M, Koyama T, Tsuchiya M, Saito H, Uchiyama K, Takahira N, Inoue G, Takaso M. Correlation between CD163 expression and resting pain in patients with hip osteoarthritis: Possible contribution of CD163+ monocytes/macrophages to pain pathogenesis. J Orthop Res 2022; 40:1365-1374. [PMID: 34370345 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Expression of CD163, a scavenger receptor specifically expressed by monocytes and macrophages, is elevated in the synovial tissue of patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) compared with healthy controls. However, the association between CD163 expression in the synovium and pain in OA patients is unclear. We investigated the correlation between synovial CD163 expression and resting and active pain levels in patients with hip osteoarthritis (HOA). To investigate the possible contribution of CD163+ subsets to pain pathogenesis, we compared pain-related cytokine expression and M1/M2 macrophage marker expression in CD163+ and CD163- cells. We performed flow cytometric analysis to study the CD163+ cell population. We also examined pain-related cytokine expression and M1/M2 macrophage marker expression on CD163+ CD14high and CD163+ CD14low cells using cell sorting. Synovial CD163 expression significantly correlated with resting pain levels (p = 0.006; R = 0.321), but not active pain levels (p = 0.155; R = 0.169). Expression of the M1 macrophage marker CD80 was significantly higher in CD163+ than CD163- cells (p = 0.010), as was the expression of M2 macrophage markers CD206 and IL10 (CD206, p = 0.014; IL10, p = 0.005), and TNFA and IL1B (TNFA, p = 0.002; IL1B, p = 0.001). TNFA expression was significantly higher in CD163+ CD14low than CD163+ CD14high cells, while IL1B, IL10, and CD206 expression were comparable among these subsets. Our findings suggest that CD163 expression is associated with higher resting pain scores. As TNF-α plays a role in the pain process, CD163+ CD14low cells expressing TNFA may be a potent contributor to the pathogenesis of resting pain in HOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Ohashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kentaro Uchida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kensuke Fukushima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Satoh
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Koyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Maho Tsuchiya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroki Saito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Katsufumi Uchiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naonobu Takahira
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Gen Inoue
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Takaso
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, Japan
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20
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Interpenetrating gallol functionalized tissue adhesive hyaluronic acid hydrogel polarizes macrophages to an immunosuppressive phenotype. Acta Biomater 2022; 142:36-48. [PMID: 35085799 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Innovative scaffold designs that modulate the local inflammatory microenvironment through favorable macrophage polarization and suppressing oxidative stress are needed for successful clinical translation of regenerative cell therapies and graft integration. We herein report derivation of a hydrazone-crosslinked gallol functionalized hyaluronic acid (HA-GA)-based hydrogel that displayed outstanding viscoelastic properties and immunomodulatory characteristics. Grafting of 6% gallol (GA) to a HA-backbone formed an interpenetrative network by promoting an additional crosslink between the gallol groups in addition to hydrazone crosslinking. This significantly enhanced the mechanical stability and displayed shear-thinning/self-healing characteristics, facilitated tissue adhesive properties to porcine tissue and also displayed radical scavenging properties, protecting encapsulated fibroblasts from peroxide challenge. The THP-1 human macrophage cell line or primary bone-marrow-derived murine macrophages cultured within HA-GA gels displayed selective polarization to a predominantly anti-inflammatory phenotype by upregulating IL4ra, IL-10, TGF-β, and TGF-βR1 expression when compared with HA-HA gels. Conversely, culturing of pro-inflammatory activated primary murine macrophages in HA-GA gels resulted in a significant reduction of pro-inflammatory TNF-α, IL-1β, SOCS3 and IL-6 marker expression, and upregulated expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines including TGF-β. Finally, when the gels were implanted subcutaneously into healthy mice, we observed infiltration of pro-inflammatory myeloid cells in HA-HA gels, while immunosuppressive phenotypes were observed within the HA-GA gels. Taken together these data suggest that HA-GA gels are an ideal injectable scaffold for viable immunotherapeutic interventions. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Host immune response against the implanted scaffolds that are designed to deliver stem cells or therapeutic proteins in vivo significantly limits the functional outcome. For this reason, we have designed immunomodulatory injectable scaffolds that can favorably polarize the recruited macrophages and impart antioxidant properties to suppress oxidative stress. Specifically, we have tailored a hyaluronic acid-based extracellular matrix mimetic injectable scaffold that is grafted with immunomodulatory gallol moiety. Gallol functionalization of hydrogel not only enhanced the mechanical properties of the scaffold by forming an interpenetrating network but also induced antioxidant properties, tissue adhesive properties, and polarized primary murine macrophages to immunosuppressive phenotype. We believe such immunoresponsive implants will pave the way for developing the next-generation of biomaterials for regenerative medicine applications.
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Guo Y, Tsai HI, Zhang L, Zhu H. Mitochondrial DNA on Tumor-Associated Macrophages Polarization and Immunity. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061452. [PMID: 35326602 PMCID: PMC8946090 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary As the most abundant cell in the tumor microenvironment (TME), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) drive tumor progress by inducing angiogenesis, fibrosis, invasion, metastasis, and immunosuppression, which makes these cells an important target for tumor treatment. Recently, the role of free mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has attracted increased attention in the regulation of immune cells in the TME. In this review, we first summarize the functional characteristics of macrophages in tumor progression. The release and regulation mechanisms of tumor cell-derived mtDNA in TME are also introduced. Then, the biological effects of endogenous and exogenous mtDNA on macrophages are discussed. Finally, we propose that the effect of mtDNA on macrophages is worthy of attention in the process of tumor treatment, especially in immunotherapy. Our review provides a systematic summary of the effects of mtDNA on the survival, function, and phenotypes of TAMs in the TME. Abstract As the richest immune cells in most tumor microenvironments (TMEs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play an important role in tumor development and treatment sensitivity. The phenotypes and functions of TAMs vary according to their sources and tumor progression. Different TAM phenotypes display distinct behaviors in terms of tumor immunity and are regulated by intracellular and exogenous molecules. Additionally, dysfunctional and oxidatively stressed mitochondrial-derived mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) plays an important role in remodeling the phenotypes and functions of TAMs. This article reviews the interactions between mtDNA and TAMs in the TME and further discusses the influence of their performance on tumor genesis and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Guo
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China;
| | - Hsiang-i Tsai
- Laboratory of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China;
| | - Lirong Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China;
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (H.Z.); Tel.: +86-18-7960-01735 (H.Z.)
| | - Haitao Zhu
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China;
- Laboratory of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China;
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (H.Z.); Tel.: +86-18-7960-01735 (H.Z.)
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22
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Han Y, Li CF, Zhang PZ, Yang XQ, Min JX, Wu QH, Xie YY, Jin DZ, Wang ZT, Shao F, Quan HX. Protective effects of 5(S)-5-carboxystrictosidine on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury through activation of mitochondrial KATP channels. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 920:174811. [PMID: 35182546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
5(S)-5-carboxystrictosidine (5-CS) is a compound found in Mappianthus iodoides Hand.-Mazz., root, a traditional Chinese medicine used for the treatment of coronary artery disease. In this study, we investigated whether 5-CS protects heart against I/R injury. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 5-CS intraperitoneally for 7 days before the experiment. Hearts were perfused for 20 min global ischemia and 180 min reperfusion. 5-CS significantly inhibited an increase in the post-ischemic left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and improved the post-ischemic left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), dP/dt maximum and dP/dt minimum rates of pressure change, and coronary flow as compared with sham group. Pretreatment with 5-hydroxydecanoic acid (5-HD), an inhibitor of mitochondrial KATP channel, for 10 min before ischemia attenuated the improvement of LVEDP, LVDP, dP/dt maximum and dP/dt minimum rates of pressure change, and coronary flow induced by 5-CS. 5-CS markedly decreased the infarct size and attenuated the increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level in effluent during reperfusion. Pretreatment with 5-HD also blocked these protective effects of 5-CS. 5-CS increased Mn-SOD, catalase, and HO-1 levels decreased by I/R injury and pretreatment of 5-HD blocked the 5-CS effects. Increases in Bax, cleaved caspase-3 and cytochrome c levels, caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity, and decrease in Bcl-2 level by I/R injury were attenuated by 5-CS treatment and pretreatment of 5-HD blocked its effects. These results suggest that the protective effects of 5-CS against myocardial I/R injury may be partly related to activating antioxidant enzymes and suppressing apoptosis through opening mitochondrial KATP channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Han
- Key Laboratory of Psychology of TCM and Brain Science, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, China
| | - Chuan Feng Li
- Department of Physiology, College of Chinese Medicine and Life Science, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, China
| | - Pu Zhao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Innovation Drug and Efficient Energy-saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, China
| | - Xiao Qi Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Chinese Medicine and Life Science, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, China
| | - Jian Xin Min
- Department of Physiology, College of Chinese Medicine and Life Science, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, China
| | - Qing Hua Wu
- Department of Physiology, College of Chinese Medicine and Life Science, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, China
| | - Yong Yan Xie
- Department of Physiology, College of Chinese Medicine and Life Science, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, China
| | - De Zhong Jin
- Department of Physiology, College of Chinese Medicine and Life Science, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, China
| | - Zeng Tao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, China
| | - Feng Shao
- Key Laboratory of Innovation Drug and Efficient Energy-saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, China
| | - He Xiu Quan
- Department of Physiology, College of Chinese Medicine and Life Science, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang City, Jiangxi province, China.
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23
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Khatoon N, Zhang Z, Zhou C, Chu M. Macrophage membrane coated nanoparticles: a biomimetic approach for enhanced and targeted delivery. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:1193-1208. [DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01664d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The enhanced and targeted drug delivery with low systemic toxicity and subsequent release of drugs is the major concern among researchers and pharmaceutics. Inspite of greater advancement and discoveries in...
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24
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Nisenbaum E, Misztal C, Szczupak M, Thielhelm T, Peña S, Mei C, Goncalves S, Bracho O, Ma R, Ivan ME, Morcos J, Telischi F, Liu XZ, Fernandez-Valle C, Dinh CT. Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Vestibular Schwannoma and Relationship to Hearing. OTO Open 2021; 5:2473974X211059111. [PMID: 34870062 PMCID: PMC8638079 DOI: 10.1177/2473974x211059111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective (1) Characterize the distribution of M1 and M2 macrophages in vestibular
schwannomas by hearing status. (2) Develop assays to assess monocyte
migration and macrophage polarization in cocultures with vestibular
schwannoma cells. Study Design Basic and translational science. Setting Tertiary care center. Methods A retrospective chart review of 30 patients with vestibular schwannoma (VS)
was performed. Patients were stratified into serviceable and unserviceable
hearing groups. Immunohistochemistry for CD80+ M1 and
CD163+ M2 macrophages was conducted. Primary VS cultures (n =
4) were developed and cocultured with monocytes. Immunohistochemistry for
macrophage markers was performed to assess monocyte migration and macrophage
polarization. Results Although tumors associated with unserviceable hearing had higher levels of
CD80 and CD163 than those with serviceable hearing, the relationship was
only significant with CD163 (P = .0161). However, CD163
level did not remain a significant predictor variable associated with
unserviceable hearing on multivariate analysis when adjusted for other
variables. In vitro assays show that VS cells induced monocyte migration and
polarization toward CD80+ M1 or CD163+ M2 macrophage
phenotypes, with qualitative differences in CD163+ macrophage
morphologies between serviceable and unserviceable hearing groups. Conclusion Vestibular schwannomas express varying degrees of CD80+ M1 and
CD163+ M2 macrophages. We present evidence that higher
expression of CD163+ may contribute to poorer hearing outcomes in
patients with VS. We also describe in vitro assays in a proof-of-concept
investigation that VS cells can initiate monocyte migration and macrophage
polarization. Future investigations are warranted to explore the
relationships between tumor, macrophages, secreted cytokines, and hearing
outcomes in patients with VS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Nisenbaum
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Carly Misztal
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Mikhaylo Szczupak
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Torin Thielhelm
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Stefanie Peña
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Christine Mei
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Stefania Goncalves
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Olena Bracho
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ruixuan Ma
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Michael E Ivan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jacques Morcos
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Fred Telischi
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Xue-Zhong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Cristina Fernandez-Valle
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Christine T Dinh
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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25
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Datsi A, Sorg RV. Dendritic Cell Vaccination of Glioblastoma: Road to Success or Dead End. Front Immunol 2021; 12:770390. [PMID: 34795675 PMCID: PMC8592940 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.770390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBM) are the most frequent and aggressive malignant primary brain tumor and remains a therapeutic challenge: even after multimodal therapy, median survival of patients is only 15 months. Dendritic cell vaccination (DCV) is an active immunotherapy that aims at inducing an antitumoral immune response. Numerous DCV trials have been performed, vaccinating hundreds of GBM patients and confirming feasibility and safety. Many of these studies reported induction of an antitumoral immune response and indicated improved survival after DCV. However, two controlled randomized trials failed to detect a survival benefit. This raises the question of whether the promising concept of DCV may not hold true or whether we are not yet realizing the full potential of this therapeutic approach. Here, we discuss the results of recent vaccination trials, relevant parameters of the vaccines themselves and of their application, and possible synergies between DCV and other therapeutic approaches targeting the immunosuppressive microenvironment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Datsi
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich-Heine University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rüdiger V Sorg
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich-Heine University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
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26
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Ding J, Zhang Y, Cai X, Diao L, Yang C, Yang J. Crosstalk Between Trophoblast and Macrophage at the Maternal-Fetal Interface: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Front Immunol 2021; 12:758281. [PMID: 34745133 PMCID: PMC8566971 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.758281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune tolerance microenvironment is crucial for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy at the maternal-fetal interface. The maternal-fetal interface is a complex system containing various cells, including lymphocytes, decidual stromal cells, and trophoblasts. Macrophages are the second-largest leukocytes at the maternal-fetal interface, which has been demonstrated to play essential roles in remodeling spiral arteries, maintaining maternal-fetal immune tolerance, and regulating trophoblast's biological behaviors. Many researchers, including us, have conducted a series of studies on the crosstalk between macrophages and trophoblasts at the maternal-fetal interface: on the one hand, macrophages can affect the invasion and migration of trophoblasts; on the other hand, trophoblasts can regulate macrophage polarization and influence the state of the maternal-fetal immune microenvironment. In this review, we systemically introduce the functions of macrophages and trophoblasts and the cell-cell interaction between them for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. Advances in this area will further accelerate the basic research and clinical translation of reproductive medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Ding
- Reproductive Medical Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Clinic Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Embryonic Development, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaopeng Cai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Clinical Medical Research Center of Peritoneal Cancer of Wuhan, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lianghui Diao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Periimplantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chaogang Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Clinical Medical Research Center of Peritoneal Cancer of Wuhan, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Clinic Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Embryonic Development, Wuhan, China
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27
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Abstract
Despite the progress of cardiovascular medicine, ischemia-reperfusion injury can contribute to increased mortality and prolonged hospitalization after myocardial infarction. Ischemia-reperfusion injury pathophysiology encompasses many cells including cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, mesenchymal stromal cells, vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, platelets, polymorphonuclear cells, macrophages, and T lymphocytes. However, specific mechanisms for all contributing cells and molecular pathways are still under investigation. What is definitely known is that endothelial dysfunction, immunity activation and inflammatory response are crucial events during ischemia-reperfusion injury while toll-like receptors, inflammasomes, reactive oxygen species, intracellular calcium overload and mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening consist of key molecular mediators. Indicatively, cardiac fibroblasts through inflammasome activation mediate the initial inflammatory response. Cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells can respond to myocardial injury by pro-inflammatory activation. Endothelial cell activation contributes to the impaired vasomotion, inflammation and thrombotic events and together with platelet activation leads to microcirculation dysfunction and polymorphonuclear cells recruitment promoting inflammation. Polymorphonuclear cells and monocytes/macrophages subsets are critically involved in the inflammation process by producing toxic proteolytic enzymes and reactive oxygen species. T cells subsets are also involved in several stages of ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this review, we summarize the specific contribution of each of the above cells and the related molecular pathways in the pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dimitrios Stakos
- Cardiology Department, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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28
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Chen G, Phan V, Luo X, Cao DJ. The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 critically regulates the function of mononuclear phagocytes and promotes cardiac remodeling in acute ischemia. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 159:62-79. [PMID: 34139235 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages are cellular forces that drive and resolve inflammation triggered by acute myocardial ischemia. One of the most important but least understood regulatory mechanisms is how these cells sense cues from the micro-milieu and integrate environmental signals with their response that eventually determines the outcome of myocardial repair. In the current study, we investigated if the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) plays this role. We present evidence that support a robustly activated mTORC1 pathway in monocytes and macrophages in the infarcting myocardium.. Specific mTORC1 inhibition transformed the landscape of cardiac monocytes and macrophages into reparative cells that promoted myocardial healing. As the result, mTORC1 inhibition diminished remodeling and reduced mortality from acute ischemia by 80%. In conclusion, our data suggest a critical role of mTORC1 in regulating the functions of cardiac monocytes and macrophages, and specific mTORC1 inhibition protects the heart from inflammatory injury in acute ischemia. As mTOR/mTORC1 is a master regulator that integrates external signals with cellular responses, the study sheds light on how the cardiac monocytes and macrophages sense and respond to the ischemic environment..
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Affiliation(s)
- GuiHao Chen
- National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No 167 BeiLiShi Road, XiCheng District, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Vincent Phan
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiang Luo
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Dian J Cao
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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29
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Wei F, Liu S, Chen M, Tian G, Zha K, Yang Z, Jiang S, Li M, Sui X, Chen Z, Guo Q. Host Response to Biomaterials for Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Key to Remodeling. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:664592. [PMID: 34017827 PMCID: PMC8129172 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.664592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials play a core role in cartilage repair and regeneration. The success or failure of an implanted biomaterial is largely dependent on host response following implantation. Host response has been considered to be influenced by numerous factors, such as immune components of materials, cytokines and inflammatory agents induced by implants. Both synthetic and native materials involve immune components, which are also termed as immunogenicity. Generally, the innate and adaptive immune system will be activated and various cytokines and inflammatory agents will be consequently released after biomaterials implantation, and further triggers host response to biomaterials. This will guide the constructive remolding process of damaged tissue. Therefore, biomaterial immunogenicity should be given more attention. Further understanding the specific biological mechanisms of host response to biomaterials and the effects of the host-biomaterial interaction may be beneficial to promote cartilage repair and regeneration. In this review, we summarized the characteristics of the host response to implants and the immunomodulatory properties of varied biomaterial. We hope this review will provide scientists with inspiration in cartilage regeneration by controlling immune components of biomaterials and modulating the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Wei
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries, PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Shuyun Liu
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries, PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mingxue Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Fourth Clinical College of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangzhao Tian
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries, PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Kangkang Zha
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries, PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries, PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Muzhe Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiang Sui
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries, PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Quanyi Guo
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries, PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Huang X, Hou J, Huang S, Feng K, Yue Y, Li H, Huang S, Liang M, Chen G, Wu Z. Melatonin ameliorates myocardial injury by reducing apoptosis and autophagy of cardiomyocytes in a rat cardiopulmonary bypass model. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11264. [PMID: 33954056 PMCID: PMC8053380 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myocardial injury is a frequent complication after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). This study aimed to test the hypothesis that melatonin could attenuate myocardial injury in a rat CPB model. Methods Eighteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups, n = 6 for each group: the sham operation (SO) group, CPB group and melatonin group. Rats in the SO group underwent cannulation without CPB, rats in CPB group intraperitoneal injected an equal volume of vehicle daily for 7 days before being subjected to CPB and rats in melatonin group intraperitoneal injected 20 mg/kg of melatonin solution daily for 7 days before being subjected to CPB. After 120 min for CPB, the expression levels of plasma interleukin (IL) -6, IL-1β, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), malondialdehyde (MDA), creatine kinase (CK) -MB and cardiac troponin T (cTnT) were measured. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by dihydroethidium (DHE). Apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining. Mitochondrial damage and autophagosomes were detected by electron microscopy. Apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) was detected by immunofluorescence. The expression of B cell lymphoma/leukemia2 associated X (Bax), B cell lymphoma/leukemia 2 (Bcl-2), cytochrome C (Cyto-C), cleaved caspase-9, AKT, p-AKT, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), p-STAT3, LC3, P62, mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (mTOR), p-mTOR and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) were determined using western blotting. Results Melatonin significantly decreased the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, MDA, CK-MB and cTnT and increased the levels of SOD and GSH-Px, all of which were altered by CPB. Melatonin reduced cardiomyocyte superoxide production, the apoptosis index and autophagy in cardiomyocytes induced by CPB. The AKT, STAT3 and mTOR signaling pathways were activated by melatonin during CPB. Conclusion Melatonin may serve as a cardioprotective factor in CPB by inhibiting oxidative damage, apoptosis and autophagy. The AKT, STAT3 and mTOR signaling pathways were involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Huang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Hou
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suiqing Huang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kangni Feng
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Yue
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huayang Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaojie Huang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengya Liang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangxian Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongkai Wu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Fletcher P, Hamilton RF, Rhoderick JF, Pestka JJ, Holian A. Docosahexaenoic acid impacts macrophage phenotype subsets and phagolysosomal membrane permeability with particle exposure. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2021; 84:152-172. [PMID: 33148135 PMCID: PMC7855733 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1842826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation of particles results in pulmonary inflammation; however, treatments are currently lacking. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory capabilities. The impact of DHA on particle-induced inflammation is unclear; therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the hypothesis that DHA downregulates macrophage inflammatory responses by altering phagolysosomal membrane permeability (LMP) and shifting macrophage phenotype. Isolated Balb/c alveolar macrophages (AM) were polarized into M1, M2a, M2b, or M2c phenotypes in vitro, treated with DHA, and exposed to a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNCT) or crystalline silica (SiO2). Results showed minimal cytotoxicity, robust effects for silica particle uptake, and LMP differences between phenotypes. Docosahexaenoic acid prevented these effects to the greatest extent in M2c phenotype. To determine if DHA affected inflammation similarly in vivo, Balb/c mice were placed on a control or 1% DHA diet for 3 weeks, instilled with the same particles, and assessed 24 hr following instillation. Data demonstrated that in contrast to in vitro findings, DHA increased pulmonary inflammation and LMP. These results suggest that pulmonary responses in vivo may not necessarily be predicted from single-cell responses in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige Fletcher
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Raymond F. Hamilton
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Joseph F. Rhoderick
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - James J. Pestka
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Andrij Holian
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
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Ordikhani F, Pothula V, Sanchez-Tarjuelo R, Jordan S, Ochando J. Macrophages in Organ Transplantation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:582939. [PMID: 33329555 PMCID: PMC7734247 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.582939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Current immunosuppressive therapy has led to excellent short-term survival rates in organ transplantation. However, long-term graft survival rates are suboptimal, and a vast number of allografts are gradually lost in the clinic. An increasing number of animal and clinical studies have demonstrated that monocytes and macrophages play a pivotal role in graft rejection, as these mononuclear phagocytic cells recognize alloantigens and trigger an inflammatory cascade that activate the adaptive immune response. Moreover, recent studies suggest that monocytes acquire a feature of memory recall response that is associated with a potent immune response. This form of memory is called “trained immunity,” and it is retained by mechanisms of epigenetic and metabolic changes in innate immune cells after exposure to particular ligands, which have a direct impact in allograft rejection. In this review article, we highlight the role of monocytes and macrophages in organ transplantation and summarize therapeutic approaches to promote tolerance through manipulation of monocytes and macrophages. These strategies may open new therapeutic opportunities to increase long-term transplant survival rates in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Ordikhani
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Venu Pothula
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rodrigo Sanchez-Tarjuelo
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Stefan Jordan
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jordi Ochando
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Immunología de Trasplantes, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Characterization of mRNA Profiles of Exosomes from Diverse Forms of M2 Macrophages. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1585306. [PMID: 33299857 PMCID: PMC7704128 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1585306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes transmit certain amounts of molecules to specific recipient cells for intercellular communication. Among these molecules, messenger RNAs (mRNAs) may be delivered and translated into proteins in the recipient cells, and these mRNAs are thought to be critical mediators of exosomal functions. There are three subtypes of M2 macrophages (M2Ф), M2aФ, M2bФ, and M2cФ, which have different specific functional programs. The aim of the present study was to screen the mRNA profiles in the exosomes of these macrophage subtypes and to analyze the transcriptomic profile features associated with their specific functions. The mRNA contents of the exosomes isolated from the culture supernatants of the M2Ф subtypes were analyzed and compared using the Illumina HiSeq platform. The results indicated that the exosomes contained particular mRNAs from their source cells and were messengers of cellular functions. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that the exosomal mRNAs from M2bФs are enriched in the Toll-like receptor (TLR), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), NOD-like receptor (NLR), and NF-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways. The mRNA profile of exosomes from M2bФ was distinctly different from that of exosomes from M2aФ and M2cФ and was consistent with the M2bФ cytological characteristic of maintaining a high level of proinflammatory cytokine and regulatory factor production. Therefore, the mRNA profiles revealed several characteristics of the exosomes from diverse forms of M2Ф. Further functional investigations based on these results may advance the understanding of the physiological roles of exosome-transferred mRNAs in MФ functions.
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Yue Y, Huang S, Li H, Li W, Hou J, Luo L, Liu Q, Wang C, Yang S, Lv L, Shao J, Wu Z. M2b macrophages protect against myocardial remodeling after ischemia/reperfusion injury by regulating kinase activation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor of cardiac fibroblast. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1409. [PMID: 33313154 PMCID: PMC7723613 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-2788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Myocardial injury is a major cause of myocardial remodeling. Macrophages are important in cardiac repair as a result of their interactions with fibroblasts. As regulatory macrophages, M2b macrophages modulate inflammatory immune responses without participating in wound healing and could have enhanced protective effects on myocardial remodeling. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that M2b macrophages could improve cardiac function and ameliorate myocardial fibrosis after the myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MI/RI). Methods In vivo, MI/RI models were established with Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and either M2b macrophages (MT group) or the same volume of vehicle (CK group) was injected into the ischemic zone. Two weeks after the operation, cardiac function and diameters were determined by echocardiography examination. Level of myocardial fibrosis was measured by Sirius red staining and the expression of fibrosis-related factors. In vitro, cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) were co-cultured with M2b macrophages or cultured with M2b macrophage supernatant. Expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF) in the CFs were measured by western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. In addition, the expression of platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs), the expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs) and the phosphorylation of PDGFRs was detected by western blotting. Results A significantly higher rat survival rate, improved left ventricular (LV) systolic function, decreased diameter of the LV and alleviated myocardial fibrosis were observed in the MT group than in the CK group. In vitro, the activation of CFs was significantly reduced by the M2b macrophages treatments, relative to the blank control. In addition, the kinase activation of PDGFRs was decreased by M2b macrophage treatments both in vivo and in vitro. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that the administration of M2b macrophages could attenuate myocardial remodeling after MI/RI. The regulation of the activation of PDGFRs in CFs is an important part of the protective mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yue
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suiqing Huang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huayang Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Hou
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Luo
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quan Liu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cuiping Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery ICU, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song Yang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery ICU, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linhua Lv
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinghua Shao
- Out-Patient Department, Shenxian Second People's Hospital, Shenxian, China
| | - Zhongkai Wu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Qu Y, Hao C, Zhai R, Yao W. Folate and macrophage folate receptor-β in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis disease: the potential therapeutic target? Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110711. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Kinaret PAS, Scala G, Federico A, Sund J, Greco D. Carbon Nanomaterials Promote M1/M2 Macrophage Activation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1907609. [PMID: 32250056 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201907609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Toxic effects of certain carbon nanomaterials (CNM) have been observed in several exposure scenarios both in vivo and in vitro. However, most of the data currently available has been generated in a high-dose/acute exposure setup, limiting the understanding of their immunomodulatory mechanisms. Here, macrophage-like THP-1 cells, exposed to ten different CNM for 48 h in low-cytotoxic concentration of 10 µg mL-1 , are characterized by secretion of different cytokines and global transcriptional changes. Subsequently, the relationships between cytokine secretion and transcriptional patterns are modeled, highlighting specific pathways related to alternative macrophage activation. Finally, time- and dose-dependent activation of transcription and secretion of M1 marker genes IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor, and M2 marker genes IL-10 and CSF1 is confirmed among the three most responsive CNM, with concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 µg mL-1 at 24, 48, and 72 h of exposure. These results underline CNM effects on the formation of cell microenvironment and gene expression leading to specific patterns of macrophage polarization. Taken together, these findings imply that, instead of a high and toxic CNM dose, a sub-lethal dose in controlled exposure setup can be utilized to alter the cell microenvironment and program antigen presenting cells, with fascinating implications for novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Anneli Sofia Kinaret
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00790, Finland
| | - Giovanni Scala
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Naples, Naples, 80100, Italy
| | - Antonio Federico
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, 33520, Finland
| | - Jukka Sund
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, 33520, Finland
| | - Dario Greco
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00790, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, 33520, Finland
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Yue Y, Huang S, Wang L, Wu Z, Liang M, Li H, Lv L, Li W, Wu Z. M2b Macrophages Regulate Cardiac Fibroblast Activation and Alleviate Cardiac Fibrosis After Reperfusion Injury. Circ J 2020; 84:626-635. [PMID: 32161201 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-19-0959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages play an important role in the development of cardiac fibrosis. However, the roles of different macrophage subtypes in cardiac fibroblast (CF) activation and cardiac fibrosis are unknown.Methods and Results:Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were treated with different stimuli to induce differentiation into M1, M2a, M2b, and M2c macrophage subtypes. CFs were co-cultured with different subtypes of macrophages or cultured with macrophage supernatants. Results revealed that M2b macrophages significantly suppressed the proliferation and migration of CFs, the expression of fibrosis-related proteins (collagen I [COL-1] and α-smooth muscle actin [α-SMA]), and differentiation into cardiac myofibroblasts (MFs). The opposite effects were observed with M2a macrophages. A rat model of cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury was used to determine the effect of M2b macrophages transplantation. After cardiac I/R injury, transplantation of M2b macrophages improved cardiac function and reduced cardiac fibrosis. The effect of macrophage subtypes on p-ERK, ERK, p-p38, and p38 phosphorylation was examined by Western blotting. The results showed that M2b macrophages significantly inhibited the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS These study results demonstrate for the first time that different subtypes of macrophages have different roles in regulating CF activation. M2b macrophages inhibit CF activation, and thus can be considered anti-fibrotic macrophages. M2a macrophages promote CF activation, and thus are pro-fibrotic macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yue
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Suiqing Huang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Lexun Wang
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
| | - Zixuan Wu
- Division of Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Mengya Liang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Huayang Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Linhua Lv
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Zhongkai Wu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University.,NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University
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38
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Ohnishi M, Kai T, Shimizu Y, Yano Y, Urabe Y, Tasaka S, Akagi M, Yamaguchi Y, Inoue A. Gadolinium causes M1 and M2 microglial apoptosis after intracerebral haemorrhage and exerts acute neuroprotective effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 72:709-718. [PMID: 32037551 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gadolinium (Gd) affects microglial polarization during remyelination. We previously reported that the suppression of proinflammatory microglia was neuroprotective in intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of Gd on microglial polarization and neuronal injury after ICH. METHODS Gadolinium was intraperitoneally administered to ICH mice prepared by an intrastriatal microinjection of collagenase type VII. The polarization of M1, 2a, b and c microglia was evaluated by real-time PCR using the respective markers. Changes in representative mRNAs were also confirmed by immunological methods. Neuroprotective effects were evaluated by counting NeuN-positive cells and a behavioural analysis. KEY FINDINGS One day after ICH, the mRNA levels of proinflammatory M1 microglial markers, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and anti-inflammatory M2 microglial markers, such as arginase1 (M2a, c), Ym1 (M2a), and transforming growth factor-β (M2c), increased, while those of chemokine CCL1 (M2b) only increased after 3 days. Gd decreased the levels of all M1 and M2 markers. Arginase1 and iNOS protein levels also increased, and Gd reduced them due to apoptotic cell death. Gadolinium attenuated oedema, neuron loss, neurological deficits and the mortality rate without affecting haematoma sizes. CONCLUSIONS Gadolinium induced M1 and M2 microglial apoptosis and exerted acute neuroprotective effects after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Ohnishi
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan.,Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takao Kai
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuki Shimizu
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukino Yano
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuui Urabe
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shunpei Tasaka
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Marina Akagi
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yasunori Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Animal Cell Technology, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Fukuyama University, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Atsuko Inoue
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan.,Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan
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Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: Pathophysiology, Current Clinical Management, and Potential Preventive Approaches. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:8405370. [PMID: 32410868 PMCID: PMC7204323 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8405370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia reperfusion syndrome is a complex entity where many inflammatory mediators play different roles, both to enhance myocardial infarction-derived damage and to heal injury. In such a setting, the establishment of an effective therapy to treat this condition has been elusive, perhaps because the experimental treatments have been conceived to block just one of the many pathogenic pathways of the disease, or because they thwart the tissue-repairing phase of the syndrome. Either way, we think that a discussion about the pathophysiology of the disease and the mechanisms of action of some drugs may shed some clarity on the topic.
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40
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Molecular machinery and interplay of apoptosis and autophagy in coronary heart disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 136:27-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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41
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Eghbalzadeh K, Georgi L, Louis T, Zhao H, Keser U, Weber C, Mollenhauer M, Conforti A, Wahlers T, Paunel-Görgülü A. Compromised Anti-inflammatory Action of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in PAD4-Deficient Mice Contributes to Aggravated Acute Inflammation After Myocardial Infarction. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2313. [PMID: 31632398 PMCID: PMC6779806 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune responses and rapid recruitment of leukocytes, which regulate inflammation and subsequent healing, play a key role in acute myocardial infarction (MI). Peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) is critically involved in chromatin decondensation during the release of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) by activated neutrophils. Alternatively, activated macrophages (M2) and accurate collagen deposition determine the repair of the infarcted heart. In this study, we investigated the impact of NETs on macrophage polarization and their role for acute cardiac inflammation and subsequent cardiac healing in a mouse model of acute MI. NETs were found to promote in vitro macrophage polarization toward a reparative phenotype. NETs suppressed pro-inflammatory macrophages (M1) under hypoxia and diminished IL-6 and TNF-α expression. Further on, NETs strongly supported M2b polarization and IL-10 expression. In cardiac fibroblasts, NETs increased TGF-ß expression under hypoxic culture conditions. PAD4-/- mice subjected to permanent ligation of the left anterior descending artery suffered from overwhelming inflammation in the acute phase of MI. Noteworthy, PAD4-/- neutrophils were unable to release NETs upon ex vivo stimulation with ionomycin or PMA, but produced significantly higher amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increased levels of circulating cell-free DNA, mitochondrial DNA and cardiac troponin were found in PAD4-/- mice in the acute phase of MI when compared to WT mice. Reduced cardiac expression of IL-6, IL-10, and M2 marker genes, as well as increased TNF-α expression, suggested a pro-inflammatory state. PAD4-/- mice displayed significantly increased cardiac MMP-2 expression under baseline conditions. At day 1, post-MI, PAD4-/- mice showed increased end-diastolic volume and increased thinning of the left ventricular wall. Interestingly, improved cardiac function, as demonstrated by significantly increased ejection fraction, was found at day 21. Altogether, our results indicate that NETs support macrophage polarization toward an M2 phenotype, thus displaying anti-inflammatory properties. PAD4 deficiency aggravates acute inflammation and increases tissue damage post-MI, partially due to the lack of NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Eghbalzadeh
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Leena Georgi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Theresa Louis
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Haizhi Zhao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ugur Keser
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carolyn Weber
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Mollenhauer
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Conforti
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wahlers
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Adnana Paunel-Görgülü
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Liao ZX, Fa YC, Kempson IM, Tseng SJ. Repolarization of M2 to M1 Macrophages Triggered by Lactate Oxidase Released from Methylcellulose Hydrogel. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:2697-2702. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xian Liao
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Fa
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Ivan M. Kempson
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - S.-Ja Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University YongLin Scholar, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10672, Taiwan
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Na YR, Stakenborg M, Seok SH, Matteoli G. Macrophages in intestinal inflammation and resolution: a potential therapeutic target in IBD. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 16:531-543. [PMID: 31312042 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0172-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are the gatekeepers of intestinal immune homeostasis as they discriminate between innocuous antigens and potential pathogens to maintain oral tolerance. However, in individuals with a genetic and environmental predisposition, regulation of intestinal immunity is impaired, leading to chronic relapsing immune activation and pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract, such as IBD. As evidence suggests a causal link between defects in the resolution of intestinal inflammation and altered monocyte-macrophage differentiation in patients with IBD, macrophages have been considered as a novel potential target to develop new treatment approaches. This Review discusses the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the differentiation and function of intestinal macrophages in homeostasis and inflammation, and their role in resolving the inflammatory process. Understanding the molecular pathways involved in the specification of intestinal macrophages might lead to a new class of targets that promote remission in patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Rang Na
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University Medical College, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Michelle Stakenborg
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Seung Hyeok Seok
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University Medical College, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Gianluca Matteoli
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Liu G, Zhai H, Zhang T, Li S, Li N, Chen J, Gu M, Qin Z, Liu X. New therapeutic strategies for IPF: Based on the "phagocytosis-secretion-immunization" network regulation mechanism of pulmonary macrophages. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109230. [PMID: 31351434 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic and progressive interstitial lung disease of known and unknown etiology. Over the past decades, macrophages have been recognized to play a significant role in IPF pathogenesis. According to their anatomical loci, macrophages can be divided to alveolar macrophages (AMs) subtypes and interstitial macrophages subtypes (IMs) with different responsibility in the damage defense response. Depending on diverse chemokines and cytokines in local microenvironments, macrophages can be induced and polarized to either classically activated (M1) or alternatively activated (M2) phenotypes in different stages of immunity. Therefore, we hypothesize that there is a "phagocytosis-secretion-immunization" network regulation of pulmonary macrophages related to a number of chemokines and cytokines. In this paper, we summarize and discuss the role of chemokines and cytokines involved in the "phagocytosis-secretion-immunization" network regulation mechanism of pulmonary macrophages, pointing toward novel therapeutic approaches based on the network target regulation in the field. Therapeutic strategies focused on modifying the chemokines, cytokines and the network are promising for the pharmacotherapy of IPF. Some Traditional Chinese medicines may have more superiorities in delaying the progression of pulmonary fibrosis for their multi-target activities of this network regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiu Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | | | | | - Siyu Li
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Ningning Li
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Min Gu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Zinan Qin
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China.
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Novel Molecular Targets Participating in Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Cardioprotection. Cardiol Res Pract 2019; 2019:6935147. [PMID: 31275641 PMCID: PMC6558612 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6935147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide morbidity and mortality from acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and related heart failure remain high. While effective early reperfusion of the criminal coronary artery after a confirmed AMI is the typical treatment at present, collateral myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) and pertinent cardioprotection are still challenging to address and have inadequately understood mechanisms. Therefore, unveiling the related novel molecular targets and networks participating in triggering and resisting the pathobiology of MIRI is a promising and valuable frontier. The present study specifically focuses on the recent MIRI advances that are supported by sophisticated bio-methodology in order to bring the poorly understood interrelationship among pro- and anti-MIRI participant molecules up to date, as well as to identify findings that may facilitate the further investigation of novel targets.
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Kang SA, Park MK, Park SK, Choi JH, Lee DI, Song SM, Yu HS. Adoptive transfer of Trichinella spiralis-activated macrophages can ameliorate both Th1- and Th2-activated inflammation in murine models. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6547. [PMID: 31024043 PMCID: PMC6484028 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis is a zoonotic nematode and food borne parasite and infection with T. spiralis leads to suppression of the host immune response and other immunopathologies. Alternative activated macrophages (M2) as well as Treg cells, a target for immunomodulation by the helminth parasite, play a critical role in initiating and modulating the host immune response to parasite. The precise mechanism by which helminths modulate host immune response is not fully understood. To determine the functions of parasite-induced M2 macrophages, we compared the effects of M1 and M2 macrophages obtained from Trichinella spiralis-infected mice with those of T. spiralis excretory/secretory (ES) protein-treated macrophages on experimental intestinal inflammation and allergic airway inflammation. T. spiralis infection induced M2 macrophage polarization by increasing the expression of CD206, ARG1, and Fizz2. In a single application, we introduced macrophages obtained from T. spiralis-infected mice and T. spiralis ES protein-treated macrophages into mice tail veins before the induction of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, ovalbumin (OVA)-alum sensitization, and OVA challenge. Colitis severity was assessed by determining the severity of colitis symptoms, colon length, histopathologic parameters, and Th1-related inflammatory cytokine levels. Compared with the DSS-colitis group, T. spiralis-infected mice and T. spiralis ES protein-treated macrophages showed significantly lower disease activity index (DAI) at sacrifice and smaller reductions of body weight and proinflammatory cytokine level. The severity of allergic airway inflammation was assessed by determining the severity of symptoms of inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), differential cell counts, histopathologic parameters, and levels of Th2-related inflammatory cytokines. Severe allergic airway inflammation was induced after OVA-alum sensitization and OVA challenge, which significantly increased Th2-related cytokine levels, eosinophil infiltration, and goblet cell hyperplasia in the lung. However, these severe allergic symptoms were significantly decreased in T. spiralis-infected mice and T. spiralis ES protein-treated macrophages. Helminth infection and helminth ES proteins induce M2 macrophages. Adoptive transfer of macrophages obtained from helminth-infected mice and helminth ES protein-activated macrophages is an effective treatment for preventing and treating airway allergy in mice and is promising as a therapeutic for treating inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Ae Kang
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Park
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyun Park
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Choi
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Da In Lee
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - So Myong Song
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Sun Yu
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea.
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Peng Y, Chen B, Zhao J, Peng Z, Xu W, Yu G. Effect of intravenous transplantation of hUCB-MSCs on M1/M2 subtype conversion in monocyte/macrophages of AMI mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 111:624-630. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Wang LX, Zhang SX, Wu HJ, Rong XL, Guo J. M2b macrophage polarization and its roles in diseases. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 106:345-358. [PMID: 30576000 PMCID: PMC7379745 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ru1018-378rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play an important role in a wide variety of physiologic and pathologic processes. Plasticity and functional polarization are hallmarks of macrophages. Macrophages commonly exist in two distinct subsets: classically activated macrophages (M1) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2). M2b, a subtype of M2 macrophages, has attracted increasing attention over the past decade due to its strong immune‐regulated and anti‐inflammatory effects. A wide variety of stimuli and multiple factors modulate M2b macrophage polarization in vitro and in vivo. M2b macrophages possess both protective and pathogenic roles in various diseases. Understanding the mechanisms of M2b macrophage activation and the modulation of their polarization might provide a great perspective for the design of novel therapeutic strategies. The purpose of this review is to discuss current knowledge of M2b macrophage polarization, the roles of M2b macrophages in a variety of diseases and the stimuli to modulate M2b macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Xun Wang
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao on Glycolipid Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng-Xi Zhang
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao on Glycolipid Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Juan Wu
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao on Glycolipid Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Lu Rong
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao on Glycolipid Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Joint Laboratory of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao on Glycolipid Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhang R, Xu L, Zhang D, Hu B, Luo Q, Han D, Li J, Shen C. Cardioprotection of Ginkgolide B on Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Inflammatory Injury via Regulation of A20-NF-κB Pathway. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2844. [PMID: 30619251 PMCID: PMC6299132 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation urges most of the characteristics of plaques involved in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MI/RI). In addition, inflammatory signaling pathways not only mediate the properties of plaques that precipitate ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) but also influence the clinical consequences of the post-infarction remodeling and heart failure. Here, we studied whether Ginkgolide B (GB), an effective anti-inflammatory monomer, improved MI/RI via suppression of inflammation. Left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery induced ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) of rats or A20 silencing mice, as well as hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) induced damages of primary cultured rat neonatal ventricular myocytes or A20 silencing ventricular myocytes, respectively, served as MI/RI model in vivo and in vitro to discuss the anti-I/R injury properties of GB. We found that GB significantly alleviated the symptoms of MI/RI evidently by reducing infarct size, preventing ultrastructural changes of myocardium, depressing Polymorphonuclears (PMNs) infiltration, lessening histopathological damage and suppressing the excessive inflammation. Further study demonstrated that GB remarkably inhibited NF-κB p65 subunit translocation, IκB-α phosphorylation, IKK-β activity, as well as the downstream inflammatory cytokines and proteins expressions via zinc finger protein A20. In conclusion, GB could alleviate MI/RI-induced inflammatory response through A20-NF-κB signal pathway, which may give us new insights into the preventive strategies for MI/RI disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Minimally Invasive Urology Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qi Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dan Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiangbing Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chengwu Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Philipp D, Suhr L, Wahlers T, Choi YH, Paunel-Görgülü A. Preconditioning of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells highly strengthens their potential to promote IL-6-dependent M2b polarization. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:286. [PMID: 30359316 PMCID: PMC6202843 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the last decade, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have gained much attention in the field of regenerative medicine due to their capacity to differentiate into different cell types and to promote immunosuppressive effects. However, the underlying mechanism of MSC-mediated immunoregulation is not fully understood so far. Macrophages are distinguished in classical activated, pro-inflammatory M1 and alternatively activated M2 cells, which possess different functions and transcriptional profiles with respect to inflammatory responses. As polarization is not fixed, macrophage functional plasticity might be modulated by the microenvironment allowing them to rapidly react to danger signals and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Methods Murine MSCs were preconditioned with IL-1ß and IFN-ɣ to enhance their immunosuppressive capacity regarding macrophage polarization under M1- and M2a-polarizing conditions. Macrophage polarization was analyzed by real-time PCR, flow cytometry, and cytokine detection in culture supernatants. The role of MSC-derived nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and IL-6 in this process has been evaluated using siRNA transfection and IL-6 receptor-deficient macrophages, respectively. Results Preconditioned, but not unprimed, MSCs secreted high levels of NO, IL-6, and PGE2. Co-culture with macrophages (M0) in the presence of M1 inducers (LPS + IFN-ɣ) led to significant reduction of CD86 and iNOS protein in macrophages and diminished TNF-α secretion. Additionally, CD86 and iNOS protein expression as well as NO and IL-10 secretion were markedly increased under M2a-polarizing culture conditions (IL-4). MSC-dependent macrophage polarization did not depend on direct cell-cell contact. Co-culturing in the presence of LPS and IFN-ɣ resulted in the upregulation of M2a, M2b, and M2c marker genes, whereas in the presence of IL-4 only M2b markers were significantly increased. In turn, IL-10-producing regulatory M2b cells significantly inhibited IFN-ɣ expression in CD4+ T lymphocytes. Finally, we show that MSC-mediated macrophage polarization strongly depends on IL-6, whereas a minor role for NO and PGE2 was found. Conclusions Preconditioning of MSCs highly strengthens their capacity to regulate macrophage features and to promote immunosuppression. Repression of M1 polarization during inflammation and M2b polarization under anti-inflammatory conditions strongly depend on functional IL-6 signaling in macrophages. The potential benefit of preconditioned MSCs and IL-6 should be considered for future clinical treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-1039-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Philipp
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center of the University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Laura Suhr
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center of the University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wahlers
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center of the University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yeong-Hoon Choi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center of the University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Adnana Paunel-Görgülü
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center of the University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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