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Abu-Elfotuh K, Tolba AMA, Hussein FH, Hamdan AME, Rabeh MA, Alshahri SA, Ali AA, Mosaad SM, Mahmoud NA, Elsaeed MY, Abdelglil RM, El-Awady RR, Galal ERM, Kamal MM, Elsisi AMM, Darwish A, Gowifel AMH, Mahran YF. Anti-Alzheimer Activity of Combinations of Cocoa with Vinpocetine or Other Nutraceuticals in Rat Model: Modulation of Wnt3/β-Catenin/GSK-3β/Nrf2/HO-1 and PERK/CHOP/Bcl-2 Pathways. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2063. [PMID: 37631278 PMCID: PMC10457980 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating illness with limited therapeutic interventions. The aim of this study is to investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying AD and explore the potential neuroprotective effects of cocoa, either alone or in combination with other nutraceuticals, in an animal model of aluminum-induced AD. Rats were divided into nine groups: control, aluminum chloride (AlCl3) alone, AlCl3 with cocoa alone, AlCl3 with vinpocetine (VIN), AlCl3 with epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), AlCl3 with coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), AlCl3 with wheatgrass (WG), AlCl3 with vitamin (Vit) B complex, and AlCl3 with a combination of Vit C, Vit E, and selenium (Se). The animals were treated for five weeks, and we assessed behavioral, histopathological, and biochemical changes, focusing on oxidative stress, inflammation, Wnt/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling, ER stress, autophagy, and apoptosis. AlCl3 administration induced oxidative stress, as evidenced by elevated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and downregulation of cellular antioxidants (Nrf2, HO-1, SOD, and TAC). AlCl3 also upregulated inflammatory biomarkers (TNF-α and IL-1β) and GSK-3β, leading to increased tau phosphorylation, decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression, and downregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Furthermore, AlCl3 intensified C/EBP, p-PERK, GRP-78, and CHOP, indicating sustained ER stress, and decreased Beclin-1 and anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) expressions. These alterations contributed to the observed behavioral and histological changes in the AlCl3-induced AD model. Administration of cocoa, either alone or in combination with other nutraceuticals, particularly VIN or EGCG, demonstrated remarkable amelioration of all assessed parameters. The combination of cocoa with nutraceuticals attenuated the AD-mediated deterioration by modulating interrelated pathophysiological pathways, including inflammation, antioxidant responses, GSK-3β-Wnt/β-catenin signaling, ER stress, and apoptosis. These findings provide insights into the intricate pathogenesis of AD and highlight the neuroprotective effects of nutraceuticals through multiple signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karema Abu-Elfotuh
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt;
| | - Amina M. A. Tolba
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, Girls Branch, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt;
| | | | - Ahmed M. E. Hamdan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Rabeh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62521, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Saad A. Alshahri
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62521, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Azza A. Ali
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt; (A.A.A.); (M.M.K.)
| | - Sarah M. Mosaad
- Research Unit, Egypt Healthcare Authority, Ismailia Branch, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
| | - Nihal A. Mahmoud
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt;
| | - Magdy Y. Elsaeed
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Demietta 34517, Egypt;
| | - Ranya M. Abdelglil
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt;
| | - Rehab R. El-Awady
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt; (R.R.E.-A.); (E.R.M.G.)
| | - Eman Reda M. Galal
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt; (R.R.E.-A.); (E.R.M.G.)
| | - Mona M. Kamal
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt; (A.A.A.); (M.M.K.)
| | - Ahmed M. M. Elsisi
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt;
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University (NUB), Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Alshaymaa Darwish
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt;
| | - Ayah M. H. Gowifel
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information (MTI), Cairo 11571, Egypt;
| | - Yasmen F. Mahran
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
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Dong F, Yan W, Meng Q, Song X, Cheng B, Liu Y, Yao R. Ebselen alleviates white matter lesions and improves cognitive deficits by attenuating oxidative stress via Keap1/Nrf2 pathway in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion mice. Behav Brain Res 2023; 448:114444. [PMID: 37098387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is crucial in cerebral white matter lesions (WMLs) induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Therefore, ameliorating oxidative damage is considered to be a beneficial strategy for the treatment of WMLs. Ebselen (EbSe), a small lipid organoselenium compound, its lipid peroxidation activity is mediated through the glutathione peroxidase-mimetic properties. This study aimed to investigate the role of EbSe in WMLs after bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS). The BCAS model can moderately reduce cerebral blood flow, and mimics white matter damage caused by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion or small vessel disease. Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI) was used to monitor the cerebral blood flow of mice. The spatial learning and memory were tested by using the eight-arm maze. LFB staining was used to detect demyelination. The expression of MBP, GFAP and Iba1 was assayed by immunofluorescence. The demyelination was assessed by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The activities of MDA, SOD and GSH-Px were detected by assay kits. The mRNA levels of SOD, GSH-Px and HO-1 was detected by realtime PCR. The activation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway and the expression of SOD, GSH-Px and HO-1was assessed by Western blot. EbSe ameliorated cognitive deficits and white matter lesions induced by bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS). The expression of GFAP and Iba1 was decreased in the corpus callosum of BCAS mice after EbSe treatment. Moreover, EbSe alleviated the level of MDA by elevating the expression and mRNA of SOD, GSH-Px and HO-1 in BCAS mice. Furthermore, EbSe promoted the dissociation of the Keap1/Nrf2 complex, resulting in the accumulation of Nrf2 in the nucleus. This study demonstrates a favorable effect of EbSe on cognitive impairment in a chronic cerebral hypoperfusion model, and the improvement of EbSe's antioxidant property is mediated by Keap1/Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxing Dong
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu Province, China; Public Experimental Research Center, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weixing Yan
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qiqi Meng
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xueli Song
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bing Cheng
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yaping Liu
- Laboratory of National Experimental Teaching and Demonstration Center of Basic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ruiqin Yao
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu Province, China.
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The Multiple Sclerosis Modulatory Potential of Natural Multi-Targeting Antioxidants. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238402. [PMID: 36500494 PMCID: PMC9740750 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex neurodegenerative disease. Although its pathogenesis is rather vague in some aspects, it is well known to be an inflammatory process characterized by inflammatory cytokine release and oxidative burden, resulting in demyelination and reduced remyelination and axonal survival together with microglial activation. Antioxidant compounds are gaining interest towards the manipulation of MS, since they offer, in most of the cases, many benefits, due to their pleiotropical activity, that mainly derives from the oxidative stress decrease. This review analyzes research articles, of the last decade, which describe biological in vitro, in vivo and clinical evaluation of various categories of the most therapeutically applied natural antioxidant compounds, and some of their derivatives, with anti-MS activity. It also summarizes some of the main characteristics of MS and the role the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species may have in its progression, as well as their relation with the other mechanistic aspects of the disease, in order for the multi-targeting potential of those antioxidants to be defined and the source of origination of such activity explained. Antioxidant compounds with specific characteristics are expected to affect positively some aspects of the disease, and their potential may render them as effective candidates for neurological impairment reduction in combination with the MS treatment regimen. However, more studies are needed in order such antioxidants to be established as recommended treatment to MS patients.
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Gencheva R, Cheng Q, Arnér ESJ. Thioredoxin reductase selenoproteins from different organisms as potential drug targets for treatment of human diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 190:320-338. [PMID: 35987423 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is a selenoprotein with a central role in cellular redox homeostasis, utilizing a highly reactive and solvent-exposed selenocysteine (Sec) residue in its active site. Pharmacological modulation of TrxR can be obtained with several classes of small compounds showing different mechanisms of action, but most often dependent upon interactions with its Sec residue. The clinical implications of TrxR modulation as mediated by small compounds have been studied in diverse diseases, from rheumatoid arthritis and ischemia to cancer and parasitic infections. The possible involvement of TrxR in these diseases was in some cases serendipitously discovered, by finding that existing clinically used drugs are also TrxR inhibitors. Inhibiting isoforms of human TrxR is, however, not the only strategy for human disease treatment, as some pathogenic parasites also depend upon Sec-containing TrxR variants, including S. mansoni, B. malayi or O. volvulus. Inhibiting parasite TrxR has been shown to selectively kill parasites and can thus become a promising treatment strategy, especially in the context of quickly emerging resistance towards other drugs. Here we have summarized the basis for the targeting of selenoprotein TrxR variants with small molecules for therapeutic purposes in different human disease contexts. We discuss how Sec engagement appears to be an indispensable part of treatment efficacy and how some therapeutically promising compounds have been evaluated in preclinical or clinical studies. Several research questions remain before a wider application of selenoprotein TrxR inhibition as a first-line treatment strategy might be developed. These include further mechanistic studies of downstream effects that may mediate treatment efficacy, identification of isoform-specific enzyme inhibition patterns for some given therapeutic compounds, and the further elucidation of cell-specific effects in disease contexts such as in the tumor microenvironment or in host-parasite interactions, and which of these effects may be dependent upon the specific targeting of Sec in distinct TrxR isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosveta Gencheva
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Qing Cheng
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Elias S J Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden; Department of Selenoprotein Research, National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, 1122, Budapest, Hungary.
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Ataie Z, Choopani S, Foolad F, Khodagholi F, Goudarzvand M. Vitamin D3 mediates spatial memory improvement through nitric oxide mechanism in demyelinated hippocampus of rat. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ataie
- Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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Walczak-Nowicka ŁJ, Herbet M. Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Role of Acetylcholinesterase in their Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9290. [PMID: 34502198 PMCID: PMC8430571 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases by influencing the inflammatory response, apoptosis, oxidative stress and aggregation of pathological proteins. There is a search for new compounds that can prevent the occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases and slow down their course. The aim of this review is to present the role of AChE in the pathomechanism of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, this review aims to reveal the benefits of using AChE inhibitors to treat these diseases. The selected new AChE inhibitors were also assessed in terms of their potential use in the described disease entities. Designing and searching for new drugs targeting AChE may in the future allow the discovery of therapies that will be effective in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariola Herbet
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8bStreet, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
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Nogueira CW, Barbosa NV, Rocha JBT. Toxicology and pharmacology of synthetic organoselenium compounds: an update. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:1179-1226. [PMID: 33792762 PMCID: PMC8012418 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Here, we addressed the pharmacology and toxicology of synthetic organoselenium compounds and some naturally occurring organoselenium amino acids. The use of selenium as a tool in organic synthesis and as a pharmacological agent goes back to the middle of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. The rediscovery of ebselen and its investigation in clinical trials have motivated the search for new organoselenium molecules with pharmacological properties. Although ebselen and diselenides have some overlapping pharmacological properties, their molecular targets are not identical. However, they have similar anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, possibly, via activation of transcription factors, regulating the expression of antioxidant genes. In short, our knowledge about the pharmacological properties of simple organoselenium compounds is still elusive. However, contrary to our early expectations that they could imitate selenoproteins, organoselenium compounds seem to have non-specific modulatory activation of antioxidant pathways and specific inhibitory effects in some thiol-containing proteins. The thiol-oxidizing properties of organoselenium compounds are considered the molecular basis of their chronic toxicity; however, the acute use of organoselenium compounds as inhibitors of specific thiol-containing enzymes can be of therapeutic significance. In summary, the outcomes of the clinical trials of ebselen as a mimetic of lithium or as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 proteases will be important to the field of organoselenium synthesis. The development of computational techniques that could predict rational modifications in the structure of organoselenium compounds to increase their specificity is required to construct a library of thiol-modifying agents with selectivity toward specific target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina W Nogueira
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica E Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais E Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Nilda V Barbosa
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica E Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais E Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - João B T Rocha
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica E Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais E Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil.
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Abstract
Ebselen is a synthetic organoselenium radical scavenger compound that possesses glutathione peroxidase-like activity and its own unique bioactivity by reacting with thiols, hydroperoxides and peroxynitrites. Owing to its high affinity toward several essential reactions, ebselen protects cellular components from oxidative and free radical damage, and it has been employed as a useful tool for studying redox-related mechanisms. Based on numerous in vitro and in vivo research, mechanisms are proposed to understand the biomedical and molecular actions of ebselen in health and disease, and it is currently under clinical trials for the prevention and treatment of various human disorders. Based on these outstanding discoveries, this review summarizes the current understanding of the biochemical and molecular characteristics, pharmacological applications and future directions of ebselen.
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Dietary influence on central nervous system myelin production, injury, and regeneration. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165779. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Klann IP, Martini F, Rosa SG, Nogueira CW. Ebselen reversed peripheral oxidative stress induced by a mouse model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:2205-2215. [PMID: 32095983 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05326-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebroventricular streptozotocin injection (icv STZ) is a well established sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) model in rodents. AD is characterized by neuronal degeneration accompanied by central oxidative stress. Studies also indicate peripheral oxidative damage in AD, but if the icv STZ model of sporadic AD mimics this feature is an open question. This study aimed to investigate if icv STZ administration induces peripheral oxidative stress and the antioxidant action of Ebselen, compared to the reference drug (donepezil), in this sporadic AD model. Male adult Swiss mice received icv STZ (days 1 and 3). Mice received Ebselen (10 mg/kg, i.p) or Donepezil (5 mg/kg, i.p) for 14 days. Mice were killed and the kidney and liver were excised to determine parameters of oxidative stress and toxicity markers. The mice icv STZ-injected showed peripheral oxidative stress. Ebselen reversed renal lipid peroxidation in the icv STZ administered mice by modulating NPSH levels, SOD and CAT activities, whereas Donepezil, modulated only NPSH levels. Ebselen and Donepezil counteracted hepatic lipid peroxidation in STZ-injected mice by modulating NPSH levels and CAT activity. The δ-ALA-D activity was inhibited in the kidney, but not in the liver, whereas the icv STZ-injected mice had an increase in the GST activity in both tissues. Ebselen reversed the increase in the hepatic GST activity of the STZ-injected mice. Donepezil increased renal GST activity in the control mice. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the icv STZ administration induced peripheral oxidative stress. Ebselen, similar to Donepezil, was effective against peripheral oxidative stress in a mouse model of sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Pregardier Klann
- Laboratory of Synthesis, Reactivity, Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Organochalcogen Compounds, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Franciele Martini
- Laboratory of Synthesis, Reactivity, Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Organochalcogen Compounds, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Suzan Gonçalves Rosa
- Laboratory of Synthesis, Reactivity, Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Organochalcogen Compounds, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Cristina Wayne Nogueira
- Laboratory of Synthesis, Reactivity, Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Organochalcogen Compounds, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
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Psychotria leiocarpa Extract and Vincosamide Reduce Chemically-Induced Inflammation in Mice and Inhibit the Acetylcholinesterase Activity. Inflammation 2020; 42:1561-1574. [PMID: 31102122 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-01018-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Species from Psychotria are used in folk medicine against inflammatory diseases, respiratory disturbances, and anti-hallucinogenic. In the present study, the compound vincosamide (PL-1) was identified for the first time in methanolic extract of the Psychotria leiocarpa (ME-PL) leaves, as well as the anti-inflammatory and anticholinesteric effects in rodents and molecular docking simulations. The fractionation of the chloroform fraction (CF-PL) through chromatographic methods afforded the known compound PL-1. The anti-inflammatory activity of the ME-PL (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg) and PL-1 (3, 30, and 100 mg/kg) was analyzed using experimental models: paw edema, pleurisy, and mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan. The anticholinesterase activity of the ME-PL (30 and 100 mg/kg) and PL-1 (30 mg/kg) was showed by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory in brain structures. The molecular docking simulations were performed using Molegro Virtual Docker v6.0. Overall, the results indicated that ME-PL and PL-1 demonstrated an anti-edematogenic effect in Cg-induced paw edema, leukocyte migration in the pleurisy model, and significantly reduced mechanical hyperalgesia, cold response to acetone in mice. The samples exhibited maximal inhibition of enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the frontal cortex. The molecular coupling of PL-1 with the AChE showed significant interactions with the catalytic and peripheral site, corroborating the activity presented in the inhibition assay. The acute administration of ME-PL did not cause signs of toxicity in the treated animals. The results showed that P. leiocarpa inhibited AChE and anti-inflammatory activity, and alkaloid vincosamide could be responsible, at least in part, for the observed effects, supporting the popular use of this genus.
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Ren X, Zou L, Lu J, Holmgren A. Selenocysteine in mammalian thioredoxin reductase and application of ebselen as a therapeutic. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 127:238-247. [PMID: 29807162 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin system is a ubiquitous disulfide reductase system evolutionarily conserved through all living organisms. It contains thioredoxin (Trx), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and NADPH. TrxR can use NADPH to reduce Trx which passes the reducing equivalent to its downstream substrates involved in various biomedical events, such as ribonucleotide reductase for deoxyribonucleotide and DNA synthesis, or peroxiredoxins for counteracting oxidative stress. Obviously, TrxR stays in the center of the system to maintain the electron flow. Mammalian TrxR contains a selenocysteine (Sec) in its active site, which is not present in the low molecular weight prokaryotic TrxRs. Due to the special property of Sec, mammalian TrxR employs a different catalytic mechanism from prokaryotic TrxRs and has a broader substrate-spectrum. On the other hand, Sec is easily targeted by electrophilic compounds which inhibits the TrxR activity and may turn TrxR into an NADPH oxidase. Ebselen, a synthetic seleno-compound containing selenazol, has been tested in several clinical studies. In mammalian cells, ebselen works as a GSH peroxidase mimic and mainly as a peroxiredoxin mimic via Trx and TrxR to scavenge hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite. In prokaryotic cells, ebselen is an inhibitor of TrxR and leads to elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recent studies have made use of the difference and developed ebselen as a potential antibiotic, especially in combination with silver which enables ebselen to kill multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Collectively, Sec is important for the biological functions of mammalian TrxR and distinguishes it from prokaryotic TrxRs, therefore it is a promising drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Ren
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lili Zou
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Translational Neuroscience & Neural Regeneration and Repair Institute/Institute of Cell Therapy, The First Hospital of Yichang, Three Gorges University, 443000 Yichang, China
| | - Jun Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, China
| | - Arne Holmgren
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Polachini CRN, Spanevello RM, Schetinger MRC, Morsch VM. Cholinergic and purinergic systems: A key to multiple sclerosis? J Neurol Sci 2018; 392:8-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Martini F, Pesarico AP, Brüning CA, Zeni G, Nogueira CW. Ebselen inhibits the activity of acetylcholinesterase globular isoform G4 in vitro and attenuates scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:5598-5608. [PMID: 29405440 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is a well-known relationship between the cholinergic system and learning, memory, and other common cognitive processes. The process for researching and developing new drugs has lead researchers to repurpose older ones. This study investigated the effects of ebselen on the activity of acethylcholinesterase (AChE) isoforms in vitro and in an amnesia model induced by scopolamine in Swiss mice. In vitro, ebselen at concentrations equal or higher than 10 μM inhibited the activity of cortical and hippocampal G4/AChE, but not G1/AChE isoform. Treatment of mice with ebselen (50 mg/kg, i.p.) was effective against impairment of spatial recognition memory in both Y-maze and novel object recognition tests induced by scopolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.). Ebselen (50 mg/kg) inhibited hippocampal AChE activity in mice. The present study demonstrates that ebselen inhibited the G4/AChE isoform in vitro and elicited an anti-amnesic effect in a mouse model induced by scopolamine. These findings reveal ebselen as a potential compound in terms of opening up valid therapeutic avenues for the treatment of memory impairment diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciele Martini
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana P Pesarico
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - César A Brüning
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos (CCQFA), Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gilson Zeni
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cristina W Nogueira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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15
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Khosravi-Largani M, Pourvali-Talatappeh P, Rousta AM, Karimi-Kivi M, Noroozi E, Mahjoob A, Asaadi Y, Shahmohammadi A, Sadeghi S, Shakeri S, Ghiyasvand K, Tavakoli-Yaraki M. A review on potential roles of vitamins in incidence, progression, and improvement of multiple sclerosis. eNeurologicalSci 2018; 10:37-44. [PMID: 29736427 PMCID: PMC5934114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ensci.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease, with unknown etiology. Vitamins, as important micronutrients playing different roles in body, seem to be important in MS pathogenesis. In vitro, in vivo and human studies, supports the protective role of some vitamins in MS occurrence or progression. Current study reviews recent insights and reports about the importance of vitamins in MS incidence or progression. In accordance, the importance of all water and fat-soluble vitamins in MS pathogenesis based on observational studies in human population and their role in the function of immune system as well as possible therapeutic opportunities are discussed in depth throughout this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Elahe Noroozi
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mahjoob
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasaman Asaadi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sarina Sadeghi
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Shakeri
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimiya Ghiyasvand
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Tavakoli-Yaraki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Hypothyroidism Enhanced Ectonucleotidases and Acetylcholinesterase Activities in Rat Synaptosomes can be Prevented by the Naturally Occurring Polyphenol Quercetin. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:53-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0342-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Carvalho FB, Gutierres JM, Bohnert C, Zago AM, Abdalla FH, Vieira JM, Palma HE, Oliveira SM, Spanevello RM, Duarte MM, Lopes ST, Aiello G, Amaral MG, Pippi NL, Andrade CM. Anthocyanins suppress the secretion of proinflammatory mediators and oxidative stress, and restore ion pump activities in demyelination. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:378-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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18
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Jia M, Njapo SAN, Rastogi V, Hedna VS. Taming glutamate excitotoxicity: strategic pathway modulation for neuroprotection. CNS Drugs 2015; 29:153-62. [PMID: 25633850 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-015-0225-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Much work has been carried out in recent years showing that elevated glutamate levels in the extracellular environment of the central nervous system play a pivotal role in neurodegeneration in acute CNS injuries. With the elucidation of the mechanism governing glutamate excitotoxicity, researchers are devising therapeutic strategies to target different parts of the pathway which begins with glutamate accumulation and ultimately results in neuronal cell death. In this article, we review some of the major classes of agents that are currently being investigated and highlight some of the key studies for each. Glutamate scavenging is a relatively new approach that directly decreases glutamate levels in the brain, thus preventing excitotoxicity. Nitric oxide inhibitors and free radical scavengers are more well-studied strategies that continue to yield promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jia
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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19
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Protective effect of quercetin in ecto-enzymes, cholinesterases, and myeloperoxidase activities in the lymphocytes of rats exposed to cadmium. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 396:201-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Azad GK, Tomar RS. Ebselen, a promising antioxidant drug: mechanisms of action and targets of biological pathways. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:4865-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3417-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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21
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Beckmann DV, Carvalho FB, Mazzanti CM, dos Santos RP, Andrades AO, Aiello G, Rippilinger A, Graça DL, Abdalla FH, Oliveira LS, Gutierres JM, Schetinger MRC, Mazzanti A. Neuroprotective role of quercetin in locomotor activities and cholinergic neurotransmission in rats experimentally demyelinated with ethidium bromide. Life Sci 2014; 103:79-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Polachini CRN, Spanevello RM, Casali EA, Zanini D, Pereira LB, Martins CC, Baldissareli J, Cardoso AM, Duarte MF, da Costa P, Prado ALC, Schetinger MRC, Morsch VM. Alterations in the cholinesterase and adenosine deaminase activities and inflammation biomarker levels in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neuroscience 2014; 266:266-74. [PMID: 24508813 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the main chronic inflammatory diseases of the CNS that cause functional disability in young adults. It has unknown etiology characterized by the infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages into the brain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in lymphocytes and whole blood, as well as butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and adenosine deaminase (ADA) activities in serum. We also checked the levels of nucleotides, nucleosides, biomarkers of inflammation such as cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and IL-10) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in serum from 29 patients with the relapsing-remitting form of MS (RRMS) and 29 healthy subjects as the control group. Results showed that AChE in lymphocytes and whole blood as well as BChE, and ADA activities in serum were significantly increased in RRMS patients when compared to the control group (P<0.05). In addition, we observed a decrease in ATP levels and a significant increase in the levels of ADP, AMP, adenosine and inosine in serum from RRMS patients in relation to the healthy subjects (P<0.05). Results also demonstrated an increase in the IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6 and CRP (P<0.05) and a significant decrease in the IL-10 (P<0.0001) in RRMS patients when compared to control. Our results suggest that alterations in the biomarkers of inflammation and hydrolysis of nucleotides and nucleosides may contribute to the understanding of the neurological dysfunction of RRMS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R N Polachini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - R M Spanevello
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção, Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário, Capão do Leão, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - E A Casali
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Porto Alegre, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - D Zanini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - L B Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - C C Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - J Baldissareli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - A M Cardoso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - M F Duarte
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brazil, Campus Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - P da Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - A L C Prado
- Departamento de Fisioterapia e Reabilitação, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Universitário, Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - M R C Schetinger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - V M Morsch
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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23
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Torkildsen Ø, Løken-Amsrud KI, Wergeland S, Myhr KM, Holmøy T. Fat-soluble vitamins as disease modulators in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 2013. [PMID: 23190287 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) have properties that could be relevant as modulators of disease activity in multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS We performed a systematic search on PubMed and Medline up to May 2012, using the search strings 'vitamin A', 'retinol', 'retinal', 'carotenoids', 'vitamin D', 'vitamin E', 'alpha-tocopherol', 'vitamin K' in conjunction with 'multiple sclerosis', 'animal model' and 'experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE)'. In addition, the reference lists of the publications identified were examined for further citations of relevance. RESULTS There is comprehensive evidence from epidemiological, observational, and experimental studies that vitamin D may be beneficial in MS. Results from small-scale clinical studies are inconclusive, and large-scale, adequately powered, randomized, controlled trials are still lacking. For vitamin D, Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine level 2c evidence exists for a positive therapeutic effect. Evidence from animal models indicates that all the examined fat-soluble vitamins could have potential as modulators of disease activity in MS. For vitamin A and E, level 4 and 5 evidence exists for a modulatory effect in MS; for vitamin K, too few studies have been conducted to indicate an effect in humans. CONCLUSION Vitamin D is a promising candidate as modulator of disease activity in MS, and controlled studies are currently being conducted. All the fat-soluble vitamins have, however, been demonstrated to be effective in different animal models for the disease, and vitamin A and E have biological properties that could be relevant for MS pathogenesis. Thus, vitamin A and E seem to be promising candidates for future case-control and cohort studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ø Torkildsen
- Department of Neurology, Norwegian Multiple Sclerosis Competence Centre, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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24
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Anwar J, Spanevello RM, Thomé G, Stefanello N, Schmatz R, Gutierres J, Vieira J, Baldissarelli J, Carvalho FB, da Rosa MM, Rubin MA, Fiorenza A, Morsch VM, Schetinger MRC. Effects of caffeic acid on behavioral parameters and on the activity of acetylcholinesterase in different tissues from adult rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 103:386-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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von Geldern G, Mowry EM. The influence of nutritional factors on the prognosis of multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 2012; 8:678-89. [PMID: 23026980 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2012.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The effect of nutrition and dietary supplements on the course of multiple sclerosis (MS) is a topic of great interest to both patients and clinicians. In particular, vitamin D status has been shown to influence both the incidence and the course of MS. High vitamin D levels are probably protective against the development of MS, although the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in slowing progression of MS remains to be established. The influence of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on the development and course of MS has also long been under investigation. Small clinical trials suggest a modest reduction in the severity and duration of relapses in patients with MS receiving PUFA supplements. Other nutritional factors have been evaluated for their effect on MS disease progression, including milk proteins, gluten, probiotics, antioxidants (uric acid, vitamins A, C and E, lipoic acid), polyphenols, Ginkgo biloba extracts and curcumin. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of these dietary components on the relapse rate and progression of MS. This Review gives an overview of the literature on the nutritional factors most commonly implicated as having an effect on MS and discusses the biological rationale that is thought to underlie their influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria von Geldern
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Pathology Building Room 627, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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26
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Hematological indices and activity of NTPDase and cholinesterase enzymes in rats exposed to cadmium and treated with N-acetylcysteine. Biometals 2012; 25:1195-206. [PMID: 22991071 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-012-9582-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the influence of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on cadmium (Cd) poisoning by evaluating Cd concentration in tissues, hematological indices as well as the activity of NTPDase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes of rats exposed to Cd and co-treated with NAC. For this purpose, the rats received Cd (2 mg/kg) and NAC (150 mg/kg) by gavage every other day for 30 days. Animals were divided into four groups (n = 6-8): control/saline, NAC, Cd, and Cd/NAC. Cd exposure increased Cd concentration in plasma, spleen and thymus, and NAC co-treatment modulated this augment in both lymphoid organs. Cd exposure reduced red blood cell count, hemoglobin content and hematocrit value. Cd intoxication caused a decrease in total white blood cell count. NAC treatment per se caused an increase in lymphocyte and a decrease in neutrophil counts. On contrary, Cd exposure caused a decrease in lymphocyte and an increase in neutrophil and monocyte counts. NAC reversed or ameliorated the hematological impairments caused by Cd poisoning. There were no significant alterations in the NTPDase activity in lymphocytes of rats treated with Cd and/or NAC. Cd caused a decrease in the activities of lymphocyte AChE, whole blood AChE and serum BChE. However, NAC co-treatment was inefficient in counteracting the negative effect of Cd in the cholinesterase activities. The present investigation provides ex vivo evidence supporting the hypothesis that Cd induces immunotoxicity by interacting with the lymphoid organs, altering hematological parameters and inhibiting peripheral cholinesterase activity. Also, it highlights the possibility to use NAC as adjuvant against toxicological conditions.
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Martins DB, Mazzanti CM, Costa MM, França R, Pagnoncelli M, Maciel RM, Schmatz R, Oliveira L, Morsch V, Facco G, Visentini D, Mann T, Mazzanti A, Lopes STA. Complete blood count and acetylcholinesterase activity of lymphocytes of demyelinated and ovariectomized rats treated with resveratrol. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2012; 34:983-90. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2012.682581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Ebselen reduces hyperglycemia temporarily-induced by diazinon: a compound with insulin-mimetic properties. Chem Biol Interact 2012; 197:80-6. [PMID: 22484362 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of ebselen (EB) against hyperglycemia induced by the organophosphate (OPI) diazinon (DI) in rats. The insulin-mimetic properties of EB were investigated in vitro with the aim of better understanding the hypoglycemic effect of this compound. The protective effect of EB against pancreatic and hepatic damage caused by DI in rats was also appraised. In the in vivo experiments, rats were pre-treated with a single injection of EB (50mg/kg, intraperitoneal, i.p.). Afterward, animals were treated with a single injection of DI (200 mg/kg, i.p.). The parameters indicative of pancreatic and hepatic damage such as, serum amylase, lipase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities as well as serum glucose levels, hepatic glycogen content and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activity were determined. EB pre-treatment was effective in reducing serum amylase, lipase, AST, ALT, ALP, and LDH activities, protecting against pancreatic and hepatic damage. EB reduced hyperglycemia and increased hepatic glycogen content in animals exposed to DI. In the in vitro assays, EB (150 μM) or insulin (IN 10 μM, positive control) was incubated with either skeletal muscle or hepatic tissue with the aim of measuring glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis and glycogen breakdown. EB increased the glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, stimulated hepatic glycogen synthesis and inhibited glycogen breakdown in a similar way to IN. In conclusion, EB, possibly through its insulin-mimetic action, protected against pancreatic and hepatic damage caused by DI in rats.
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29
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Toxicology and pharmacology of selenium: emphasis on synthetic organoselenium compounds. Arch Toxicol 2011; 85:1313-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0720-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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Da Silva AS, Monteiro SG, Gonçalves JF, Spanevello R, Schmatz R, Oliveira CB, Costa MM, França RT, Jaques JA, Schetinger MRC, Mazzanti CM, Lopes ST. Trypanosoma evansi: Immune response and acetylcholinesterase activity in lymphocytes from infected rats. Exp Parasitol 2011; 127:475-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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El Omri A, Han J, Yamada P, Kawada K, Ben Abdrabbah M, Isoda H. Rosmarinus officinalis polyphenols activate cholinergic activities in PC12 cells through phosphorylation of ERK1/2. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 131:451-8. [PMID: 20633629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY This paper aimed to elucidate the traditional use of Rosmarinus officinalis through the investigation of cholinergic activities and neuronal differentiation in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. These effects were examined in relation to the plant's habitat, the extraction procedure, and the major active compounds of R. officinalis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell viability, cell differentiation, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, total choline, acetylcholine (ACh) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) were determined in PC12 cells treated with extracts and HPLC-identified polyphenols of R. officinalis originated from Tunisian semi-arid and subhumid area in comparison with nerve growth factor (NGF). RESULTS R. officinalis extracts potentiated cell differentiation and significantly enhanced AChE activity in PC12 cells. The highest AChE activity was induced by semi-arid hydro-ethanolic extract (137% of control). Among HPLC-identified and screened polyphenols, carnosic acid (CA) and rosmarinic acid (RA) significantly induced cell differentiation, increased ACh level, and enhanced AChE activity in PC12 cells. U0126, inhibitor of ERK1/2, significantly reduced CA and RA effects on cell differentiation and AChE activity. CONCLUSIONS R. officinalis' CA and RA exhibited neurotrophic effects in PC12 cells through cell differentiation induction and cholinergic activities enhancement. These effects could be regulated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelfatteh El Omri
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan
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Influence of quercetin on the physiological response to cadmium stress in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus: effects on hematological and biochemical parameters. Mol Cell Toxicol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-010-0022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Lee KH, Yoon DH, Chung MA, Sohn JH, Lee HJ, Lee BH. Neuroprotective effects of mexiletine on motor evoked potentials in demyelinated rat spinal cords. Neurosci Res 2010; 67:59-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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35
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Goudarzvand M, Javan M, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J, Mozafari S, Tiraihi T. Vitamins E and D3 Attenuate Demyelination and Potentiate Remyelination Processes of Hippocampal Formation of Rats Following Local Injection of Ethidium Bromide. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009; 30:289-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-009-9451-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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