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Arruda BP, Cruz-Ochoa NA, Serra F, Xavier GF, Nogueira MI, Takada SH. Melatonin attenuates developmental deficits and prevents hippocampal injuries in male and female rats subjected to neonatal anoxia. Int J Dev Neurosci 2024. [PMID: 38858858 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia in preterm infants is a clinical condition that has been associated with cognitive and behavioral disturbances for which treatment strategies are strongly required. Melatonin administration following brain insults has been considered a promising therapeutic strategy due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Not surprisingly, it has been extensively studied for preventing disturbances following brain injury. This study evaluated the effects of melatonin on developmental disturbances, memory disruption, and hippocampal cell loss induced by neonatal anoxia in rats. Neonatal Wistar rats were subjected to anoxia and subsequently treated with melatonin. Later, maturation of physical characteristics, ontogeny of reflexes, learning and memory in the Morris water maze (MWM), and estimates of the number of hippocampal neurons, were evaluated. Melatonin treatment attenuated (1) female anoxia-induced delay in superior incisor eruption, (2) female anoxia-induced vibrissae placement reflexes, and (3) male and female anoxia-induced hippocampal neuronal loss. Melatonin also promoted an increase (5) in swimming speeds in the MWM. In addition, PCA analysis showed positive associations between the acoustic startle, auditory canal open, and free fall righting parameters and negative associations between the male vehicle anoxia group and the male melatonin anoxia group. Therefore, melatonin treatment attenuates both anoxia-induced developmental deficits and hippocampal neuronal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Petrucelli Arruda
- Neurosciences Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Natalia Andrea Cruz-Ochoa
- Neurosciences Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Serra
- Santos Young Doctor Program, Municipal Secretary of Education of Santos, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Fernando Xavier
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês Nogueira
- Neurosciences Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvia Honda Takada
- Neurogenetic Laboratory, Mathematic, Computation and Cognition Center, Neuroscience and Cognition Program, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
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Cruz-Ochoa NA, Motta-Teixeira LC, Cruz-Ochoa PF, Lopez-Paredes S, Ochoa-Amaya JE, Takada SH, Xavier GF, Nogueira MI. Post-weaning social isolation modifies neonatal anoxia-induced changes in energy metabolism and growth of rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2024; 84:293-304. [PMID: 38530155 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Neonatal oxygen deficiency in rats may disturb growth and long-term metabolic homeostasis. In order to facilitate metabolic evaluation, the subjects are usually housed individually. However, social isolation associated with individually housed conditions alters animal behavior, which may influence the experimental results. This study investigated the effects of social isolation on neonatal anoxia-induced changes in growth and energy metabolism. Male and female Wistar rats were exposed, on postnatal day 2 (P2), to either 25-min of anoxia or control treatment. From P27 onward, part of the subjects of each group was isolated in standard cages, and the remaining subjects were housed in groups. At P34 or P95, the subjects were fasted for 18 h, refeed for 1 h, and then perfused 30 min later. Glycemia, leptin, insulin, and morphology of the pancreas were evaluated at both ages. For subjects perfused at P95, body weight and food intake were recorded up to P90, and the brain was collected for Fos and NeuN immunohistochemistry. Results showed that male rats exposed to neonatal anoxia and social isolation exhibited increased body weight gain despite the lack of changes in food intake. In addition, social isolation (1) decreased post-fasting weight loss and post-fasting food intake and (2) increased glycemia, insulin, and leptin levels of male and female rats exposed to anoxia and control treatments, both at P35 and P95. Furthermore, although at P35, anoxia increased insulin levels of males, it decreased the area of the β-positive cells in the pancreas of females. At P95, anoxia increased post-prandial weight loss of males, post-fasting food intake, insulin, and leptin, and decreased Fos expression in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of males and females. Hyperphagia was associated with possible resistance to leptin and insulin, suspected by the high circulating levels of these hormones and poor neuronal activation of ARC. This study demonstrated that continuous social isolation from weaning modifies, in a differentiated way, the long-term energy metabolism and growth of male and female Wistar rats exposed to neonatal anoxia or even control treatments. Therefore, social isolation should be considered as a factor that negatively influences experimental results and the outcomes of the neonatal injury. These results should also be taken into account in clinical procedures, since the used model simulates the preterm babies' conditions and some therapeutic approaches require isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Andrea Cruz-Ochoa
- Neurosciences Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lívia Clemente Motta-Teixeira
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pablo Felipe Cruz-Ochoa
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Santiago Lopez-Paredes
- Research Group of Pathology of Domestic and Wild Animals. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio, Colombia
| | - Julieta Esperanza Ochoa-Amaya
- Research Group of Pathology of Domestic and Wild Animals. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio, Colombia
| | - Silvia Honda Takada
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics. Center for Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paolo, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Fernando Xavier
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês Nogueira
- Neurosciences Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Hamasaki MY, Mendes C, Batagello DS, Hirata MH, Britto LRGD, Nogueira MI. Pathophysiological aspects of neonatal anoxia and temporal expression of S100β in different brain regions. Neuroreport 2023; 34:575-582. [PMID: 37384931 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the temporal variations of S100β in the hippocampus, cerebellum and cerebral cortex of neonatal rats (Wistar strain) under anoxic conditions. Real-time PCR and western blotting techniques were used for gene expression and protein analysis. Animals were divided into two groups, a control group and an anoxic group, and further separated at different time points for analysis. After anoxia, S100β gene expression showed a significant peak in the hippocampus and cerebellum after 2 h, followed by a decline compared to the control group at other time points. The increased gene expression in these regions was also accompanied by an increase in S100β protein levels in the anoxia group, observable 4 h after injury. In contrast, S100β mRNA content in the cerebral cortex never exceeded control values at any time point. Similarly, the protein content of S100β in the cerebral cortex did not show statistically significant differences compared to control animals at any assessment time point. These results suggest that the production profile of S100β differs by brain region and developmental stage. The observed differences in vulnerability between the hippocampus, cerebellum and cerebral cortex may be attributed to their distinct developmental periods. The hippocampus and cerebellum, which develop earlier than the cerebral cortex, showed more pronounced effects in response to anoxia, which is supported by the gene expression and protein content in this study. This result reveals the brain region-dependent nature of S100β as a biomarker of brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Mendes
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences
| | | | - Mario Hiroyuki Hirata
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitdade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Ramakrishna K, Krishnamurthy S. Indole-3-carbinol ameliorated the neurodevelopmental deficits in neonatal anoxic injury in rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2023; 83:31-43. [PMID: 36259087 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal anoxia is linked to long-lasting neurodevelopmental deficits. Due to the lack of pharmacological intervention to treat neonatal anoxia, there is interest in finding new molecules for its treatment. Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) has shown neuroprotective effects in some disease conditions. However, the neuroprotective role of I3C in neonatal anoxia has not been explored. Consequently, we have investigated the effect of I3C on neonatal anoxia-induced brain injury and neurodevelopmental deficits. Rat pups after 30 h of birth were subjected to two episodes of anoxia (10 min in each) at a time interval of 24 h by flowing 100% nitrogen. I3C was administered within 30 min of the second episode of anoxia on a postnatal day (PND) 3 and continued for PND 9. Neurodevelopmental deficits, cortical mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP), electron transport chain (ETC) enzyme activities, oxidative stress, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) levels, histopathological changes, and apoptosis were measured. I3C treatment dose-dependently ameliorated the neurodevelopmental deficits and somatic growth in anoxic pups. I3C improved mitochondrial function by enhancing the MMP, mitochondrial ETC enzymes, and antioxidants. It blocked the MPTP opening and release of cytochrome C in anoxic pups. Further, I3C reduced the elevated cortical HIF-1α in neonatal anoxic pups. Furthermore, I3C ameliorated histopathological abnormalities and mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic indicators Cyt C, caspase-9, and caspase-3. Our study concludes that I3C improved neuronal development in anoxic pups by enhancing mitochondrial function, reducing HIF-1α, and mitigating apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kakarla Ramakrishna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University (IIT BHU), Varanasi, India.,Department of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, India
| | - Sairam Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University (IIT BHU), Varanasi, India
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Kumar AJ, Helou AY, Petrucelli BA, Xavier GF, Martins DO, Chacur M, Nogueira MI. Sensorimotor development of male and female rats subjected to neonatal anoxia. Dev Psychobiol 2022; 64:e22291. [PMID: 36282766 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is one of the most important reasons for morbidity and mortality in term-born infants. HIE impacts early somatic, neurological, and motor development including social. To illustrate the damages in the sensorimotor system, an adapted and validated model of neonatal anoxia is used. This study evaluated the sex differences in Wistar rats, neurological reflex, and motor development at the suckling period. Short- and long-term impairments associated with sex differences were observed. In general, anoxic males were more affected in comparison to their control group and to anoxic females. Long-lasting effects of the injury in adolescent rats predominately affected males. Similar to previous studies, we also found a decrease in the number of the substantia nigra cells in both sexes, compared to their control. So far, the results indicate that HIE caused neurobehavioral alterations and asymmetrical motor behavior with brain damage, possibly related to cognitive impairments previously observed at adolescence. These alterations may represent a useful endpoint for studying the efficacy of potential strategies that may improve the developmental consequences of a perinatal asphyxia insult in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Jha Kumar
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ammir Yacoub Helou
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Arruda Petrucelli
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Fernando Xavier
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Oliveira Martins
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy Functional of Pain, Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marucia Chacur
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy Functional of Pain, Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês Nogueira
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Matsuda VDV, Tejada MB, Motta-Teixeira LC, Ikebara JM, Cardoso DS, Machado-Nils AV, Lee VY, Diccini I, Arruda BP, Martins PP, Dias NMM, Tessarotto RP, Raeisossadati R, Bruno M, Takase LF, Kihara AH, Nogueira MI, Xavier GF, Takada SH. Impact of neonatal anoxia and hypothermic treatment on development and memory of rats. Exp Neurol 2021; 340:113691. [PMID: 33713657 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is well established as a standard treatment for term and near-term infants. However, therapeutic effects of hypothermia following neonatal anoxia in very premature babies remains inconclusive. The present rodent model of preterm neonatal anoxia has been shown to alter developmental milestones and hippocampal neurogenesis, and to disrupt spatial learning and memory in adulthood. These effects seem to be reduced by post-insult hypothermia. Epigenetic-related mechanisms have been postulated as valuable tools for developing new therapies. Dentate gyrus neurogenesis is regulated by epigenetic factors. This study evaluated whether TH effects in a rodent model of preterm oxygen deprivation are based on epigenetic alterations. The effects of TH on both developmental features (somatic growth, maturation of physical characteristics and early neurological reflexes) and performance of behavioral tasks at adulthood (spatial reference and working memory, and fear conditioning) were investigated in association with the possible involvement of the epigenetic operator Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (Ezh2), possibly related to long-lasting effects on hippocampal neurogenesis. Results showed that TH reduced both anoxia-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration and anoxia-induced impairments on risk assessment behavior, acquisition of spatial memory, and extinction of auditory and contextual fear conditioning. In contrast, TH did not prevent developmental alterations caused by neonatal anoxia and did not restore hippocampal neurogenesis or cause changes in EZH2 levels. In conclusion, despite the beneficial effects of TH in hippocampal neurodegeneration and in reversing disruption of performance of behavioral tasks following oxygen deprivation in prematurity, these effects seem not related to developmental alterations and hippocampal neurogenesis and, apparently, is not caused by Ezh2-mediated epigenetic alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Daniel Vasquez Matsuda
- Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Martin Bustelo Tejada
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, the Netherlands; Experimental Neuropathology Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Biology and Neuroscience "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Biomedical Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Catholic University of Cuyo, San Juan, Argentina; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lívia Clemente Motta-Teixeira
- Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliane Midori Ikebara
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Vilar Machado-Nils
- Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vitor Yonamine Lee
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Isabelle Diccini
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna Petrucelli Arruda
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Reza Raeisossadati
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Martin Bruno
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Catholic University of Cuyo, San Juan, Argentina; National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Luiz Fernando Takase
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Biological Sciences and Health Center, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Inês Nogueira
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Fernando Xavier
- Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvia Honda Takada
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil.
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