Lactobacillus fermentum BR11, a potential new probiotic, alleviates symptoms of colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in rats

Fabrication of pH-dependent solid dispersion for oral colon-targeted delivery of notoginsenoside R1 and its protective effects on ulcerative colitis mice

Notoginsenoside R1 (R1), which originated from the rhizomes and roots of Panax notoginseng, is classified as a Biopharmaceutical Classification System class III drug with good solubility but poor oral absorption. Although R1 can alleviate the inflammation of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice, the problem of acid degradation and low bioavailability limit its application. The purpose of this study was aimed to design one kind of pH-dependent solid dispersion for oral colon-targeted delivery of R1. Using Eudragit S100 (ES 100) and PEG 4000 as the pH-dependent carriers, R1 solid dispersion (R1-SD) was fabricated by solvent evaporation method. Scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and powder X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that R1-SD was completely formed, the surface was smooth surface and the strip crystal structure of R1 disappeared. The in vitro release profile of R1-SD (R1-ES 100-PEG 4000, 1:7:1, weight ratio) exhibited that R1-SD was not released in media simulating the gastric condition (pH 1.2), but better release characteristics of the drug could be obtained in media simulating the intestinal condition (less than 30% in pH 6.8 phosphate-buffered saline and more than 90% in pH 7.6 condition). The in vitro colon absorption test showed that the absorption rate and cumulative release of R1-SD were higher than those of R1. R1-SD and R1 had apparent protective effect on colon shortening, inflammatory infiltrating tissue injury, weight loss, diarrhea, blood stool in mice with ulcerative colitis induced by DSS, and the protective effect of R1-SD was better than that of R1, which indicated R1-SD has good practical application prospects.

Prevention of DSS-induced colitis in mice with water kefir microbiota via anti-inflammatory and microbiota-balancing activity

Water kefir, a natural and stable functional microbiota system consisting of a symbiotic mixture of probiotics, shows multiple bioactivities but little is known about the effect of water kefir microbiota on the prevention of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which is one of the most common intestinal problems and has become a worldwide public health concern. Here, the main objectives of the present study were to investigate the preventative effects of water kefir microbiota, a probiotic consortium mainly consisting of bacteria belonging to Acetobacter, Lactobacillus, and Komagataeibacter and fungi belonging to Saccharomyces and Talaromyces, in a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model and unveil the underlying mechanism of the action. Water kefir microbiota effectively improved the disease severity of DSS-induced colitis, including decreased body weight and colon length, increased spleen index and DAI score, and colonic tissue damage. Moreover, water kefir microbiota restored the abnormal expression of tight junction proteins (such as occludin, ZO-1, and claudin-1) and pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, COX-2, iNOS, and IL-10) and inactivated TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB pathway induced by DSS. Water kefir microbiota also improved the composition and metabolism of intestinal microbiota. These findings demonstrated that water kefir microbiota could exert protective roles in the DSS-induced colitis mouse model by reducing inflammation and regulating microbial dysbiosis, which will be helpful for the development of water kefir microbiota-based microbial products as an alternative preventative strategy for IBD.

Are heat-killed probiotics more effective than live ones on colon length shortness, disease activity index, and the histological score of an inflammatory bowel disease-induced murine model? A meta-analysis

This study was conducted to compare the efficiency of heat-killed and live probiotics against colon length shortness, disease activity index (DAI), and the histological score of an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) via a meta-analysis. In February 2022, the eligible papers were collected from four databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus). Using common- and random-effects models, the effect sizes were estimated throughout the standardized mean difference. Forty-three papers were recorded for our meta-analysis, and the heterogeneity of the effect sizes was determined with Cochran's Q test, followed by meta-ANOVA and meta-regression analyses. The probiotics (live and heat-killed) had globally an improving or preventive effect on colon length shortness, DAI, and histological score. The sub-group analysis revealed that the heat-killed probiotics had statistically (P > .05) the same improving effect on colon length shortness, DAI, and histological score as live probiotics. In conclusion, this study suggested that live and heat-killed probiotics had a similar impact on IBD symptoms investigated in this study. The present outcomes would be a good base for researchers willing to further compare the effects of live and heat-killed probiotics on IBD.

The Metabolites of Lactobacillus fermentum F-B9-1 Relieved Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Experimental Ulcerative Colitis in Mice

Because of the increased incidence and prevalence, ulcerative colitis (UC) has become a global health issue in the world. Current therapies for UC are not totally effective which result in persistent and recurrent symptom of many patients. Lactobacillus with anti-inflammatory effects might be beneficial to the prevention or treatment for UC. Here, we examined the ameliorative effects of the metabolites of Lactobacillus fermentum F-B9-1 (MLF) in Caco-2 cells and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced UC model mice. MLF displayed intestinal barrier-protective activities in Caco-2 cells by increasing the expression of Occludin and ZO-1. They also showed anti-inflammatory potential in interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6. In order to further examine the in vivo anti-inflammatory effect of MLF, the MLF was gavaged in the DSS-induced UC model mice. The intragastric administration of MLF effectively alleviated colitis symptoms of weight loss, diarrhea, colon shortening, and histopathological scores, protected intestinal barrier function by increasing Occludin and ZO-1, and attenuated colonic and systemic inflammation by suppressing production of IL-1β and IL-6. Finally, the use of MLF remodeled the diversity of the gut microbiota and increased the number of beneficial microorganisms. Overall, the results demonstrated that MLF relieved DSS-induced UC in mice. And MLF might be an effective therapy method to UC in the clinic in the future.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae I4 Showed Alleviating Effects on Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis of Balb/c Mice

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ameliorating effects of three yeast strains, Saccharomyces cerevisiae I4, Clavispora lusitaniae 30 and Pichia kudriavzevii 11, isolated from traditional fermented dairy food in Xinjiang, China, on the ulcerative colitis symptoms of Balb/c mice treated by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Among which, S. cerevisiae I4 had good tolerance to simulated gastrointestinal juice and strong adhesion to HT–29 cells monolayers. Furthermore, the three yeast strains were oral administered to Balb/c mice with DSS induced colitis. The weight loss, colon shortening and histological injury of colitis mice were ameliorated. Then, oral administration of S. cerevisiae I4 improved the immune state by reducing the contents of TNF–α, IL–6 and IL–1β and increasing immunoglobulin. The relative expression of intestinal barrier proteins Claudin–1, Occludin and Zonula Occludins–1 (ZO–1) of the mice enhanced, and the short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) content such as Propionic acid, Butyric acid, Isobutyric acid and Isovaleric acid in the feces of the mice increased to varying degrees, after S. cerevisiae I4 treatment compared with the model group of drinking 3% DSS water without yeast treatment. Moreover, S. cerevisiae I4 treatment lifted the proportion of beneficial bacteria such as Muribaculaceae, Lactobacillaceae and Rikenellaceae in the intestinal tract of the mice, the abundance of harmful bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Turicibacter was decreased. These results suggested that S. cerevisiae I4 could alleviate DSS induced colitis in mice by enhancing intestinal barrier function and regulating intestinal flora balance.

Limosilactobacillus fermentum, Current Evidence on the Antioxidant Properties and Opportunities to be Exploited as a Probiotic Microorganism

The unbalance in the production and removal of oxygen-reactive species in the human organism leads to oxidative stress, a physiological condition commonly linked to the occurrence of cancer, neurodegenerative, inflammatory, and metabolic disorders. The implications of oxidative stress in the gut have been associated with gut microbiota impairments and gut dysbiosis. Some lactobacilli strains have shown an efficient antioxidant system capable of protecting against oxidative stress and related-chronic diseases. Recently, in vitro and experimental studies and some clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of the administration of various Limosilactobacillus fermentum strains to modulate beneficially the host antioxidant system resulting in the amelioration of a variety of systemic diseases phenotypes. This review presents and discusses the currently available studies on identifying L. fermentum strains with anti-oxidant properties, their sources, range of the administered doses, and duration of the intervention in experiments with animals and clinical trials. This review strives to serve as a relevant and well-cataloged reference of L. fermentum strains with capabilities of inducing anti-oxidant effects and health-promoting benefits to the host, envisaging their broad applicability to disease control.

A Rapid Screening Method of Candidate Probiotics for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and the Anti-inflammatory Effect of the Selected Strain Bacillus smithii XY1

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic intestinal disease associated with the inflammatory gastrointestinal tract and microbiome dysbiosis. Probiotics are a promising intervention, and several probiotics have been reported to positively affect IBD remission and prevention, particularly on ulcerative colitis (UC). However, there is still a limitation in the knowledge of effectiveness and safety of probiotics therapies for IBD. Exploring more potential probiotics helps to find extensive evidence for probiotic intervention. This study established a rapid method for probiotics candidate screening and finally screened out one strain with the best protective effect. Forty strains isolated from four different sources were used for this screening. Hemolysis tests and acute toxic test evaluated strain safety. Zebrafish were first treated with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) for colitis induction, and every bacteria were individually added to the fish water subsequently. Results showed eight strains could lower the larvae mortality within 3 days under a 0.6% DSS concentration, including Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG, L. rhamnosus NBRC3425, Bacillus smithii DSM4216, B. smithii XY1, Bacillus coagulans NBRC12583, Bacillus coagulans XY2, Lactobacillus parafarraginis XYRR2, and Bacillus licheniformis XYT3. Among eight, B. smithii XY1 was the only strain having the equal ability to alleviate neutrophil infiltration in the larvae intestine with that ability of prednisolone under a 0.5% DSS concentration. Bacillus smithii XY1 restored intestinal epithelial cell integrity after DSS damage, as well as regulated the gene expression inflammation-related factors, indicating its bio-function of inflammatory response alleviation.

Oral Ferric Maltol Does Not Adversely Affect the Intestinal Microbiome of Patients or Mice, But Ferrous Sulphate Does

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Altering dietary ferrous sulphate (FS) consumption exacerbates a murine model of colitis and alters the intestinal microbiome. We investigated the impact of oral ferric maltol (FM) and FS on mice with dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) induced colitis, and the microbiome of patients with iron deficiency.

METHODS

Mice had acute colitis induced, with 2% DSS for 5 days, followed by water. During this period, groups of mice were fed standard chow (200 ppm iron, SC, n = 8), or SC with 200ppm FS supplementation (n = 16, FSS), or SC with 200 ppm FM supplementation (n = 16, FMS). Clinical, pathological and microbiome assessments were compared at days 1 and 10. Fecal bacterial gDNA was extracted and the microbiome assessed by sequencing. Statistical inferences were made using MacQIIME. Principal Coordinates Analysis were used to visualize beta-diversity cluster analysis. Ten patients with IDA were treated with FS, and six with inactive inflammatory bowel disease received FM, supplements for four weeks: pre- and mid-treatment fecal samples were collected: the microbiome was assessed (see above).

RESULTS

In mice, after DSS treatment, there was a decrease in many genera in the SC and FSS groups: Lactobacillales increased in mice that received FMS. In humans, FS treatment led to an increase in five genera, but FM was not associated with any measurable change. The severity of DSS-induced colitis was greater with FSS than FMS.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates differential and unique influences of ferric maltol and ferrous sulphate supplements on intestinal microbiota. These differences might contribute to the different side effects associated with these preparations.

Lactobacillus plantarum HFY09 alleviates alcohol-induced gastric ulcers in mice via an anti-oxidative mechanism

The protective effect of Lactobacillus plantarum HFY09 (LP-HFY09) on alcohol-induced gastric ulcers was investigated. Gastric morphology observation and pathological tissue sections showed that LP-HFY09 effectively relieved gastric tissue injury. The biochemical indicator detection showed that LP-HFY09 increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione (GSH), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and somatostatin (SS) levels, and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Moreover, LP-HFY09 inhibited the levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and elevated the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) examination revealed that LP-HFY09 enhanced the mRNA expression of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and downstream genes, including copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GSH1), manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2), catalase (CAT), and GSH-Px. This study indicated that LP-HFY09 alleviated alcohol-induced gastric ulcers by increasing gastric mucosa defense factor, and inhibiting oxidative stress and the inflammatory response. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: LP-HFY09 has the potential to be investigated as a treatment for gastric injury induced by alcohol.

An appraisal of the gut health modulatory effects of a calf faecal-origin probiotic Lactobacillus salivarius CPN60 using Wistar rats with dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis

BACKGROUND

Probiotics of varied origins are being developed for augmenting the gut health of human and animals. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of a calf-origin probiotic supplement on the gut health of Wistar rats for both healthy and colitis conditions.

RESULTS

Forty-eight rats were randomly distributed into four equal groups. The 42-day study involved feeding basal diet alone (CON) or diet supplemented with the calf-origin Lactobacillus salivarius strain CPN60 (PRO). The third (CONc) and fourth (PROc) groups of rats also received the same dietary treatments (CON and PRO, respectively) but were subjected to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis after 32 days of feeding. The results of a digestion trial conducted after 5 days of DSS administration revealed no influence of probiotic on the digestibility of nutrients. However, the reduced digestibility of protein and fat seen in the CONc rats was improved in the PROc group. The concentrations of lactate and acetate, propionate and butyrate, as well as total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), were increased (P < 0.05) in the caecal and colonic digesta upon probiotic supplementation, together with significantly reduced colonic ammonia levels. Furthermore, there were reductions (P < 0.05) in acetate, butyrate and total SCFA levels in the caecal contents as a result of colitis. Probiotic supplementation increased (P < 0.05) lactobacilli and bifidobacteria counts in the colon, whereas clostridia and coliform counts were reduced (P < 0.05). These were reversed by the probiotic supplementation.

CONCLUSION

Dietary supplementation of L. salivarius CPN60 had a positive effect with respect to improving the overall gut health of healthy rats, as well as that of rats exposed to experimental colitis. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Clostridium Butyricum ZJU-F1 Benefits the Intestinal Barrier Function and Immune Response Associated with Its Modulation of Gut Microbiota in Weaned Piglets

This study investigated the effects of dietary C. butyricum ZJU-F1 on the apparent digestibility of nutrients, intestinal barrier function, immune response, and microflora of weaned piglets, with the aim of providing a theoretical basis for the application of Clostridium butyricum as an alternative to antibiotics in weaned piglets. A total of 120 weanling piglets were randomly divided into four treatment groups, in which piglets were fed a basal diet supplemented with antibiotics (CON), Bacillus licheniformis (BL), Clostridium butyricum ZJU-F1 (CB), or Clostridium butyricum and Bacillus licheniformis (CB-BL), respectively. The results showed that CB and CB-BL treatment increased the intestinal digestibility of nutrients, decreased intestinal permeability, and increased intestinal tight junction protein and mucin expression, thus maintaining the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier. CB and CB-BL, as exogenous probiotics, were also found to stimulate the immune response of weaned piglets and improve the expression of antimicrobial peptides in the ileum. In addition, dietary CB and CB-BL increased the proportion of Lactobacillus. The levels of butyric acid, propionic acid, acetic acid, and total acid were significantly increased in the ceca of piglets fed CB and CB-BL. Furthermore, we validated the effects of C. butyricum ZJU-F1 on the intestinal barrier function and immune response in vitro and found C. butyricum ZJU-F1 improved intestinal function and enhanced the TLR-2-MyD88-NF-κB signaling.

A SH3_5 Cell Anchoring Domain for Non-recombinant Surface Display on Lactic Acid Bacteria

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are a group of gut commensals increasingly recognized for their potential to deliver bioactive molecules in vivo. The delivery of therapeutic proteins, in particular, can be achieved by anchoring them to the bacterial surface, and various anchoring domains have been described for this application. Here, we investigated a new cell anchoring domain (CAD4a) isolated from a Lactobacillus protein, containing repeats of a SH3_5 motif that binds non-covalently to peptidoglycan in the LAB cell wall. Using a fluorescent reporter, we showed that C-terminal CAD4a bound Lactobacillus fermentum selectively out of a panel of LAB strains, and cell anchoring was uniform across the cell surface. Conditions affecting CAD4a anchoring were studied, including temperature, pH, salt concentration, and bacterial growth phase. Quantitative analysis showed that CAD4a allowed display of 10⁵ molecules of monomeric protein per cell. We demonstrated the surface display of a functional protein with superoxide dismutase (SOD), an antioxidant enzyme potentially useful for treating gut inflammation. SOD displayed on cells could be protected from gastric digestion using a polymer matrix. Taken together, our results show the feasibility of using CAD4a as a novel cell anchor for protein surface display on LAB.

Lactobacillus plantarum L15 Alleviates Colitis by Inhibiting LPS-Mediated NF-κB Activation and Ameliorates DSS-Induced Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis

Previous studies have suggested that the Lactobacillus plantarum bacteria strain could be effective in ulcerative colitis (UC) management. However, its effects are strain-specific and the related mechanisms for its attenuating effects on UC remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms for the protective effect of L. plantarum on UC. Firstly, 15 L. plantarum strains were screened for potential probiotic characteristics with good tolerance to simulated human gastrointestinal transit and adhesion. Secondly, the inflammatory response of selected strains to the Caco-2 cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was measured. Finally, an in vivo mouse model induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) was used to assess the beneficial effects and likely action mechanisms the successfully screened in vitro strain, L. plantarum L15. In vitro results showed that L. plantarum L15 possessed the highest gastrointestinal transit tolerance, adhesion and reduction of pro-inflammatory abilities compared to the other screened strains. In vivo, high dose of L. plantarum L15 supplementation increased the body weight, colon length and anti-inflammatory cytokine production. Pro-inflammatory cytokine production, disease activity index (DAI) levels and myeloperoxidase (MPO) parameters decreased using this strain. In addition, L. plantarum L15 alleviated the histopathological changes in colon, modulated the gut microbiota, and decreased LPS secretion. The activities of this strain down-regulated the expression of TLR4 and MyD88 genes as well as genes associated with NF-κB signaling pathway. Our findings present L. plantarum L15 as a new probiotic, with promising application for UC management.

Lactobacillus reuteri Ameliorates Intestinal Inflammation and Modulates Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Disorders in Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice

Lactobacillus reuteri, a commensal intestinal bacteria, has various health benefits including the regulation of immunity and intestinal microbiota. We examined whether L. reuteri I5007 could protect mice against colitis in ameliorating inflammation, modulating microbiota, and metabolic composition. In vitro, HT-29 cells were cultured with L. reuteri I5007 or lipopolysaccharide treatment under three different conditions, i.e., pre-, co- (simultaneous), and posttreatment. Pretreatment with L. reuteri I5007 effectively relieves inflammation in HT-29 cells challenged with lipopolysaccharide. In vivo, mice were given L. reuteri I5007 by gavage throughout the study, starting one week prior to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) treatment for one week followed by two days without DSS. L. reuteri I5007 improved DSS-induced colitis, which was confirmed by reduced weight loss, colon length shortening, and histopathological damage, restored the mucus layer, as well as reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines levels. Analysis of 16S rDNA sequences and metabolome demonstrates that L. reuteri I5007 significantly alters colonic microbiota and metabolic structural and functional composition. Overall, the results demonstrate that L. reuteri I5007 pretreatment could effectively alleviate intestinal inflammation by regulating immune responses and altering the composition of gut microbiota structure and function, as well as improving metabolic disorders in mice with colitis.

The effect of selected Lactobacillus strains on dextran sulfate sodium-induced mouse colitis model

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprises two major illnesses: Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) mouse colitis model has been used in understanding the mechanism of IBD. This study was conducted to examine selected Lactobacillus spp. as potential IBD treatment in the DSS-induced animal model. Balb/c mice were used and colitis was induced by adding 5% dextran sodium sulfate into the drinking water for 8 days. Colon length, disease activity index (DAI) and histological analysis were measured as markers of inflammation in DSS colitis mice. The majority of the Lactobacillus species significantly prevented the shortening of the colon length compared with the DSS group. The DAI scores of mice were significantly reduced following usage of four Lactobacillus strains included: Lactobacillus plantarum 03 and 06, Lactobacillus brevis 02 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus 01. The histological analysis exhibited that oral administration of Lactobacillus strains had therapeutic effects on mice colitis. L. plantarum and L. brevis showed better therapeutic effect against DSS-induced acute colitis mice. The probiotic activities of these three isolates indicated that the probiotic effects were strain specific and none of these useful bacteria could exhibit all of the valued probiotic properties simultaneously.

Modulations of probiotics on gut microbiota in a 5-fluorouracil-induced mouse model of mucositis

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Intestinal mucositis remained one of the most deleterious complications in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. 5-FU treatment was reported to affect the abundance of gut microbiota and cause mucositis, which might be ameliorated by probiotics. We investigate the potential changes of 5-FU treatment and the modulations of probiotics on gut microbiota in a mouse model.

METHODS

Male BALB/c mice received either 5-FU or saline (S). They were separated and fed saline, Lactobacillus casei variety rhamnosus (Lcr) and Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 (BG). Lcr and BG were simultaneously administered with 5-FU for 5 days. Stool specimens were collected for DNA extraction and pyrosequenced for bioinformatic analysis.

RESULTS

Fecal microbial communities were obviously diverse. Bacteroides and Bacteroidaceae were the most abundant microbiota in FU.BG group while S24_7 was the most in S.S group. At phylum and class levels, abundances of Betaproteobacteria, Erysipelotrichi, Gammaproteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia were significantly increased in the FU groups. Probiotics supplementation did increase the abundances of Enterobacteriales and Turicibacterales. We demonstrated that probiotics did modulate the abundance and diversity of gut microbiota. Bacterial motility proteins were found enriched and upregulated in the S.BG group. No mortality was noted. No bacterial translocation was found in spleen and blood among the six groups.

CONCLUSION

Gut microbiota of mice undergoing chemotherapy exhibited a distinct disruption in bacterial composition. Probiotic did modulate the abundance and diversity of gut microbiota. This is the first study to analyze the effects and safety of Lactobacillus strains on 5-FU-induced mucositis systematically and assess changes in the intestinal microbiota after probiotic intervention.

Hyaluronic acid-bilirubin nanomedicine for targeted modulation of dysregulated intestinal barrier, microbiome and immune responses in colitis

While conventional approaches for inflammatory bowel diseases mainly focus on suppressing hyperactive immune responses, it remains unclear how to address disrupted intestinal barriers, dysbiosis of the gut commensal microbiota and dysregulated mucosal immune responses in inflammatory bowel diseases. Moreover, immunosuppressive agents can cause off-target systemic side effects and complications. Here, we report the development of hyaluronic acid-bilirubin nanomedicine (HABN) that accumulates in inflamed colonic epithelium and restores the epithelium barriers in a murine model of acute colitis. Surprisingly, HABN also modulates the gut microbiota, increasing the overall richness and diversity and markedly augmenting the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila and Clostridium XIVα, which are microorganisms with crucial roles in gut homeostasis. Importantly, HABN associated with pro-inflammatory macrophages, regulated innate immune responses and exerted potent therapeutic efficacy against colitis. Our work sheds light on the impact of nanotherapeutics on gut homeostasis, microbiome and innate immune responses for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

In Vivo Effects of Salbutamol Residues on Blood Lipid, Lung Structure, Gene Expression, and Gut Microorganism Composition

Salbutamol (SAL), one of the prohibited veterinary drugs, has been proven to be harmful to animals, but very few studies reported the underlying mechanism of actions and the effects after SAL intake. In this study, Ba-Ma minipigs were used as the animal model to demonstrate the impacts of SAL residues on blood lipid and the lung bronchial structures and the regulation of gene expression and gut microorganism population. The results showed that (1) SAL decreased the indexes of serum lipid and organ, (2) SAL widely retained in various tissues and organs, (3) the lung bronchial expanded under the influence of SAL, (4) the gene expression of growth-related ghrelin has increased, and (5) the residues of SAL affected the composition of gut microorganism population, which could be associated with the mechanism of action of SAL on pig. The findings suggest that SAL could be harmful to minipigs by altering the blood lipid, bronchial morphology, gastric mucosal gene expression, and the gut microorganism population.

Lactobacillus plantarum CAU1055 ameliorates inflammation in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells and a dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis animal model

This study aimed to screen lactic acid bacteria (LAB) for their anti-inflammatory activity by using RAW264.7 cells and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. In all, 192 LAB strains were isolated from healthy human feces, of which 8 strains showed excellent nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity. Peptidoglycan extracts of these 8 LAB strains were subjected to NO assay, Western blot, and ELISA. Among the 8 tested strains, extracts of 4 strains significantly inhibited the production of NO, related enzyme activities such as inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase 2, and key cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-6 in RAW264.7 cells. The 4 strains belonged to Lactobacillus (CAU1054, CAU1055, CAU1064, and CAU1301). Oral administration of the 4 strains inhibited DSS-induced body weight loss, colon shortening, and colon damage in ICR mice. The colon tissue of the mice treated with Lactobacillus plantarum strain CAU1055 had significantly reduced levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase 2, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-6. We found that strain CAU1055 could be used as a candidate probiotic strain for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Further studies are warranted to confirm the mechanisms of interaction between peptidoglycan of L. plantarum strain CAU1055 and upstream cellular signaling mediators.

Antioxidant Activity of Yogurt Fermented at Low Temperature and Its Anti-inflammatory Effect on DSS-induced Colitis in Mice

This study was performed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of yogurt fermented at low temperature and the anti-inflammatory effect it has on induced colitis with 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in Balb/c mice. Yogurt premix were fermented with a commercial starter culture containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus at different temperatures: 22°C (low fermentation temperature) for 27 h and 37°C (general fermentation temperature) for 12 h. To measure antioxidant activity of yogurt samples, DPPH, ABTS⁺ and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assays were conducted. For animal experiments, inflammation was induced with 2.5% DSS in Balb/c mice. Yogurt fermented at low temperature showed higher antioxidant activity than that of the yogurt fermented at general temperature. In the inflammatory study, IL-6 (interleukin 6) was decreased and IL-4 and IL-10 increased significantly in DSS group with yogurt fermented at general temperature (DYG) and that with yogurt fermented at low temperature (DYL) compared to that in DSS-induced colitic mice (DC), especially DYL had higher concentration of cytokines IL-4, and IL-10 than DYG. MPO (myeloperoxidase) tended to decrease more in treatments with yogurt than DC. Additionally, yogurt fermented at low temperature had anti-inflammatory activity, although there was no significant difference with general temperature-fermented yogurt (p>0.05).

The ameliorative effect of a Lactobacillus strain with good adhesion ability against dextran sulfate sodium-induced murine colitis

The objective of this study was to effectively screen out a Lactobacillus strain with excellent adhesion ability and ameliorative effect on the disease symptoms of a murine ulcerative colitis model.

Lactobacillus reuteri F-9-35 Prevents DSS-Induced Colitis by Inhibiting Proinflammatory Gene Expression and Restoring the Gut Microbiota in Mice

Probiotics are considered to be a potential treatment for ulcerative colitis (UC). The aim of this study was to compare the preventive effect of a space flight-induced mutant L. reuteri F-9-35 and its wild type on UC in vivo. Female mice were randomly assigned to five groups: one normal and four colitic. Mice from colitis groups were daily gavaged with 0.2 mL 12% (w/v) skim milk containing the mutant or wild type (1 × 10¹¹ CFU/mL), skim milk alone or distilled water for the whole experiment period, starting 7 days before colitis induction. UC was induced by administrating mice with 3.5% (w/v) dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water for 7 days, after which DSS was removed and maintained for 3 days as a recovery phase. The results showed that the mice fed with L. reuteri F-9-35 had less inflammatory phenotype according to macroscopic and histological analysis, reduced myeloperoxidase activity, and lower expression of proinflammatory genes (Tumor necrosis factor-α, cyclooxygenase-2 and interleukin-6) in colonic tissue compared with control. Furthermore, L. reuteri F-9-35 protected the mice from gut microbiota dysbiosis from DDS induced colitis. Neither wild type nor the milk alone had such beneficial effects. From above we conclude that L. reuteri F-9-35 has great potential in the prevention of UC as a dietary supplement.

PRACTICAL APPLICATION

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is the most common inflammatory bowel diseases and there is still a lack of safe and effective treatments. Consumption of L. reuteri F-9-35 may effective in preventing human UC.

Nutraceuticals in rodent models as potential treatments for human Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic inflammation of all or part of the digestive tract. Nutraceuticals include bioactive compounds such as polyphenols with anti-inflammatory activities, thus these products have the potential to treat chronic inflammatory diseases. We have emphasized the role of nutraceuticals in ameliorating the symptoms of IBD in rodent models of human IBD through modulation of key pathogenic mechanisms including dysbiosis, oxidative stress, increased inflammatory cytokines, immune system dysregulation, and inflammatory cell signaling pathways. Nutraceuticals have an important role in IBD patients as a preventive approach to extend remission phases and as a therapeutic intervention to suppress active IBD. Further clinical trials on nutraceuticals with positive results in rodent models are warranted.

Cytokine production in vitro and in rat model of colitis in response to Lactobacillus plantarum LS/07

Over the past decade, it has become clear that specific probiotic lactobacilli are valuable in the prevention and treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases of gastrointestinal tract but their successful application would benefit greatly from a better understanding of the mechanisms of individual strains. Hence, each probiotic strain should be characterized for their immune activity before being proposed for clinical applications. The aim of the study was to characterize the immunomodulatory activity of the strain Lactobacillus (L.) plantarum LS/07 in vitro using functional gut model and to study its anti-inflammatory potential in dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in rats. We showed that L. plantarum LS/07 induced production of IL-10 in macrophages derived from blood monocytes as well as monocyte/macrophages cell line stimulated indirectly via enterocytes in vitro. In rat model of colitis, L. plantarum LS/07 attenuated the DSS-induced signs of inflammatory process in colon such as weight loss, diarrhoea, infiltration of inflammatory cells associated with decreased colon weight/length ratio, inhibited gut mucosa destruction and depletion of goblet cells. Moreover, the strain increased the concentration of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in mucosal tissue. In conclusion, the protective effects of L. plantarum LS/07 in the DSS-induced colitis model seem to be related to the stimulation of IL-10 and the restoration of goblet cells and indicate it as a good candidate to prevent and treat diseases associated with inflammation.

Prevent Effects of Lactobacillus Fermentum HY01 on Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice

The aim of this study is to assess the preventive effects of Lactobacillus fermentum HY01 (LF-HY01) to dextran sulfate sodium induced-colitis. We observed the ratio of colon weight to its length, colon pathological changes, and the concentrations of pro-inflammatory factors (IFN-γ, IL-12, TNFα, and IL-6) in serum. We also took account of the protein levels of IκBα, NF-κB p65, iNOS, and COX-2, and we measured the best effects of different doses of Lactobacillus fermentum HY01 (low dose group was 10⁹ CFU/kg·bw, high dose group was 10¹⁰ CFU/kg·bw) on dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis mice. The results were remarkable, suggesting that Lactobacillus fermentum HY01 had significant preventive effects in dextran sulfate sodium induced-colitis; simultaneously, the high dose group showed the best results among other groups. It can effectively alleviate the shortened colon length, reduce the ratio of colon weight to its length, reduce edema, inflammatory cells infiltration, and colon mucosa injury, and play an important role in the down-regulation of concentrations of pro-inflammatory factors (IFN-γ, IL-12, TNFα, and IL-6). Above all, Lactobacillus fermentum HY01 shows promising prevention for IκBα degradation, inhibition of NF-κB p65 phosphorylation cascades, and decreases the protein levels of iNOS and COX-2 as well.

Effect of a probiotic beverage consumption (Enterococcus faecium CRL 183 and Bifidobacterium longum ATCC 15707) in rats with chemically induced colitis

Background

Some probiotic strains have the potential to assist in relieving the symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease. The impact of daily ingestion of a soy-based product fermented by Enterococcus faecium CRL 183 and Lactobacillus helveticus 416 with the addition of Bifidobacterium longum ATCC 15707 on chemically induced colitis has been investigated thereof within a period of 30 days.

Methods

Colitis was induced by dextran sulfate sodium. The animals were randomly assigned into five groups: Group C: negative control; Group CL: positive control; Group CLF: DSS with the fermented product; Group CLP: DSS with the non-fermented product (placebo); Group CLS: DSS with sulfasalazine. The following parameters were monitored: disease activity index, fecal microbial analyses, gastrointestinal survival of probiotic microorganisms and short-chain fatty acids concentration in the feces. At the end of the protocol the animals’ colons were removed so as to conduct a macroscopical and histopathological analysis, cytokines and nitrite quantification.

Results

Animals belonging to the CLF group showed fewer symptoms of colitis during the induction period and a lower degree of inflammation and ulceration in their colon compared to the CL, CLS and CLP groups (p<0.05). The colon of the animals in groups CL and CLS presented severe crypt damage, which was absent in CLF and CLP groups. A significant increase in the population of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. at the end of the protocol was verified only in the CLF animals (p<0.05). This group also showed an increase in short-chain fatty acids (propionate and acetate). Furthermore, the intestinal survival of E. faecium CRL 183 and B. longum ATCC 15707 in the CLF group has been confirmed by biochemical and molecular analyzes.

Conclusions

The obtained results suggest that a regular intake of the probiotic product, and placebo to a lesser extent, can reduce the severity of DSS-induced colitis on rats.

Probiotics: The scientific evidence in the context of inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) generally comprises Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), and their main characteristic is the intestinal mucosa inflammation. Although its origin is not yet fully known, there is growing evidence related to genetics, intestinal microbiota composition, and the immune system factors such as precursors for the initiation and progression of intestinal conditions. The use of certain probiotic microorganisms has been touted as a possible and promising therapeutic approach in reducing the risk of inflammatory bowel disease, specifically ulcerative colitis. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the benefits of probiotics, indicating that some bacterial strains are able to positively modulate the intestinal microbiota and the immune system, and to produce metabolites with anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this paper is to bring together the various results and information, based on scientific evidence, that are related to probiotics and inflammatory bowel disease, emphasizing the possible mechanisms involved in this action.

Spray-drying process preserves the protective capacity of a breast milk-derived Bifidobacterium lactis strain on acute and chronic colitis in mice

Gut microbiota dysbiosis plays a central role in the development and perpetuation of chronic inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and therefore is key target for interventions with high quality and functional probiotics. The local production of stable probiotic formulations at limited cost is considered an advantage as it reduces transportation cost and time, thereby increasing the effective period at the consumer side. In the present study, we compared the anti-inflammatory capacities of the Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (B. lactis) INL1, a probiotic strain isolated in Argentina from human breast milk, with the commercial strain B. animalis subsp. lactis BB12. The impact of spray-drying, a low-cost alternative of bacterial dehydration, on the functionality of both bifidobacteria was also investigated. We showed for both bacteria that the spray-drying process did not impact on bacterial survival nor on their protective capacities against acute and chronic colitis in mice, opening future perspectives for the use of strain INL1 in populations with IBD.

Identification of TLR2/TLR6 signalling lactic acid bacteria for supporting immune regulation

Although many lactic acid bacteria (LAB) influence the consumer’s immune status it is not completely understood how this is established. Bacteria-host interactions between bacterial cell-wall components and toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been suggested to play an essential role. Here we investigated the interaction between LABs with reported health effects and TLRs. By using cell-lines expressing single or combination of TLRs, we show that LABs can signal via TLR-dependent and independent pathways. The strains only stimulated and did not inhibit TLRs. We found that several strains such as L. plantarum CCFM634, L. plantarum CCFM734, L. fermentum CCFM381, L. acidophilus CCFM137, and S. thermophilus CCFM218 stimulated TLR2/TLR6. TLR2/TLR6 is essential in immune regulatory processes and of interest for prevention of diseases. Specificity of the TLR2/TLR6 stimulation was confirmed with blocking antibodies. Immunomodulatory properties of LABs were also studied by assessing IL-10 and IL-6 secretion patterns in bacteria-stimulated THP1-derived macrophages, which confirmed species and strain specific effects of the LABs. With this study we provide novel insight in LAB specific host-microbe interactions. Our data demonstrates that interactions between pattern recognition receptors such as TLRs is species and strain specific and underpins the importance of selecting specific strains for promoting specific health effects.

Effect of a probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum TN8 strain on trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid-induced colitis in rats

This study aimed to investigate the potential effects of an oral treatment by a newly isolated probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum TN8 strain on trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in Wistar rats. Thus, 18 rats were divided into three groups (n = 6 per group): group 1 (control) - rats not receiving TNBS application; group 2 - rats receiving an intrarectal TNBS infusion (100 mg/kg TNBS dissolved in ethanol); and group 3 - rats treated with intragastrical TN8 strain once per day (for 5 days before TNBS induction). The performance and the effects of the probiotic treatment were evaluated using a series of histological, biophysical and biochemical analyses. The results have shown that the treatment with the L. plantarum TN8 strain improves the body weight and reduces the diarrhoea, colonic mucosal inflammation and colon shortening. TN8-treated rats showed a significant decrease in the total cholesterol content from 1.86 (for group 2) to 1.32 mmol/l and in triglyceride (TG) content from 2.09 (for group 2) to 1.23 mmol/l. Furthermore, the findings revealed that the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol contents increased from 0.95 to 1.02 mmol/l. The histological studies have confirmed that the architecture of the liver and kidney tissues of the TN8-treated rats were found to be improved. Overall, the results suggest that the L. plantarum TN8 presents promising perspectives for the development of safe and cost-effective agents for the prevention or alleviation of several intestinal pathologies.

Different Effects of Three Selected Lactobacillus Strains in Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in BALB/c Mice

Aim

To analyze the changes of different Lactobacillus species in ulcerative colitis patients and to further assess the therapeutic effects of selected Lactobacillus strains on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced experimental colitis in BALB/c mice.

Methods

Forty-five active ulcerative colitis (UC) patients and 45 population-based healthy controls were enrolled. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and real-time PCR were performed for qualitative and quantitative analyses, respectively, of the Lactobacillus species in UC patients. Three Lactobacillus strains from three species were selected to assess the therapeutic effects on experimental colitis. Sixty 8-week-old BALB/c mice were divided into six groups. The five groups that had received DSS were administered normal saline, mesalazine, L. fermentum CCTCC M206110 strain, L. crispatus CCTCC M206119 strain, or L. plantarum NCIMB8826 strain. We assessed the severity of colitis based on disease activity index (DAI), body weight loss, colon length, and histologic damage.

Results

The detection rate of four of the 11 Lactobacillus species decreased significantly (P < 0.05), and the detection rate of two of the 11 Lactobacillus species increased significantly (P < 0.05) in UC patients. Relative quantitative analysis revealed that eight Lactobacillus species declined significantly in UC patients (P < 0.05), while three Lactobacillus species increased significantly (P < 0.05). The CCTCC M206110 treatment group had less weight loss and colon length shortening, lower DAI scores, and lower histologic scores (P < 0.05), while the CCTCC M206119 treatment group had greater weight loss and colon length shortening, higher histologic scores, and more severe inflammatory infiltration (P < 0.05). NCIMB8826 improved weight loss and colon length shortening (P < 0.05) with no significant influence on DAI and histologic damage in the colitis model.

Conclusions

Administration of an L. crispatus CCTCC M206119 supplement aggravated DSS-induced colitis. L. fermentum CCTCC M206110 proved to be effective at attenuating DSS-induced colitis. The potential probiotic effect of L. plantarum NCIMB8826 on UC has yet to be assessed.

Lactobacillus plantarum ZS2058 produces CLA to ameliorate DSS-induced acute colitis in mice

Lactobacillus plantarumZS2058 is an efficient producer of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)in vitro.

Colonization of C57BL/6 Mice by a Potential Probiotic Bifidobacterium bifidum Strain under Germ-Free and Specific Pathogen-Free Conditions and during Experimental Colitis

The effects of at least some probiotics are restricted to live, metabolically active bacteria at their site of action. Colonization of and persistence in the gastrointestinal tract is thus contributing to the beneficial effects of these strains. In the present study, colonization of an anti-inflammatory Bifidobacterium bifidum strain was studied in C57BL/6J mice under germ-free (GF) and specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions as well as during dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. B. bifidum S17/pMGC was unable to stably colonize C57BL/6J mice under SPF conditions. Mono-association of GF mice by three doses on consecutive days led to long-term, stable detection of up to 109 colony forming units (CFU) of B. bifidum S17/pMGC per g feces. This stable population was rapidly outcompeted upon transfer of mono-associated animals to SPF conditions. A B. animalis strain was isolated from the microbiota of these re-conventionalized mice. This B. animalis strain displayed significantly higher adhesion to murine CMT-93 intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) than to human Caco-2 IECs (p = 0.018). Conversely, B. bifidum S17/pMGC, i.e., a strain of human origin, adhered at significantly higher levels to human compared to murine IECs (p < 0.001). Disturbance of the gut ecology and induction of colitis by DSS-treatment did not promote colonization of the murine gastrointestinal tract (GIT) by B. bifidum S17/pMGC. Despite its poor colonization of the mouse GIT, B. bifidum S17/pMGC displayed a protective effect on DSS-induced colitis when administered as viable bacteria but not as UV-inactivated preparation. Collectively, these results suggest a selective disadvantage of B. bifidum S17/pMGC in the competition with the normal murine microbiota and an anti-inflammatory effect that requires live, metabolically active bacteria.

Amelioration of Chemotherapy-Induced Intestinal Mucositis by Orally Administered Probiotics in a Mouse Model

Background and Aims

Intestinal mucositis is a frequently encountered side effect in oncology patients undergoing chemotherapy. No well-established or up to date therapeutic strategies are available. To study a novel way to alleviate mucositis, we investigate the effects and safety of probiotic supplementation in ameliorating 5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis in a mouse model.

Methods

Seventy-two mice were injected saline or 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) intraperitoneally daily. Mice were either orally administrated daily saline, probiotic suspension of Lactobacillus casei variety rhamnosus (Lcr35) or Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum (LaBi). Diarrhea score, pro-inflammatory cytokines serum levels, intestinal villus height and crypt depth and total RNA from tissue were assessed. Samples of blood, liver and spleen tissues were assessed for translocation.

Results

Marked diarrhea developed in the 5-FU groups but was attenuated after oral Lcr35 and LaBi administrations. Diarrhea scores decreased significantly from 2.64 to 1.45 and 0.80, respectively (P<0.001). Those mice in 5-FU groups had significantly higher proinflammatory cytokine levels (TNF-α: 234.80 vs. 29.10, P<0.001, IL-6: 25.13 vs. 7.43, P<0.001, IFN-γ: 22.07 vs. 17.06, P = 0.137). A repairing of damage in jejunal villi was observed following probiotics administration. We also found TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA expressions were up-regulated in intestinal mucositis tissues following 5-FU treatment (TNF-α: 4.35 vs. 1.18, IL-1β: 2.29 vs. 1.07, IL-6: 1.49 vs. 1.02) and that probiotics treatment suppressed this up-regulation (P<0.05). No bacterial translocation was found in this study.

Conclusions

In conclusion, our results show that oral administration of probiotics Lcr35 and LaBi can ameliorate chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis in a mouse model. This suggests probiotics may serve as an alternative therapeutic strategy for the prevention or management of chemotherapy-induced mucositis in the future.

Th17 Cells as Potential Probiotic Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are characterized by wasting and chronic intestinal inflammation triggered by various cytokine-mediated pathways. In recent years, it was shown that T helper 17 (Th17) cells are involved in the pathogenesis of IBD, which makes them an attractive therapeutic target. Th17 cells preferentially produce interleukin (IL)-17A–F as signature cytokines. The role of the interplay between host genetics and intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of IBD was demonstrated. Probiotics are live microorganisms that when orally ingested in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit to the host by modulating the enteric flora or by stimulating the local immune system. Several studies indicated the effectiveness of probiotics in preventing and treating IBD (ulcerative colitis, and Crohn’s disease). Furthermore, there is mounting evidence of probiotics selectively targeting the Th17 lineage in the prevention and management of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases such as IBD. This review highlights critical roles of Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of IBD and the rationale for using probiotics as a novel therapeutic approach for IBD through manipulation of Th17 cells. The potential molecular mechanisms by which probiotics modulate Th17 cells differentiation and production are also discussed.

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Dosage Affects the Adjuvanticity and Protection Against Rotavirus Diarrhea in Gnotobiotic Pigs

OBJECTIVES

The use of immunostimulatory strains of probiotics as adjuvants has been increasingly recognized as a promising approach in enhancing vaccine immunogenicity; however, dose effects of probiotic adjuvants are not well defined. In the present study, we examined dose effects of a commonly used probiotic strain, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), on immunomodulation with 2 different dosages.

METHODS

Neonatal gnotobiotic pigs were inoculated with 2 oral doses of attenuated human rotavirus (AttHRV) vaccines and fed with 5 doses (LGG5X; total 2.1 × 10(6) colony-forming units) or 9 doses (LGG9X; total 3.2 × 10(6) colony-forming units) of LGG, starting at 3 days of age.

RESULTS

Both LGG feeding regimens enhanced the protection rate of AttHRV vaccine against diarrhea on virulent human rotavirus challenge. LGG5X, but not LGG9X, significantly enhanced rotavirus-specific intestinal memory B-cell responses to AttHRV; LGG5X also significantly enhanced virus-specific intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody-secreting cell responses. Both regimens significantly enhanced rotavirus-specific serum IgA antibody responses to AttHRV. They also enhanced rotavirus-specific interferon-γ-producing effector/memory T-cell responses to AttHRV vaccine, with LGG9X being more effective than LGG5X, and both regimens downregulated CD4+CD25-FoxP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cell responses in most lymphoid tissues examined prechallenge and postchallenge and maintained the CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg population in the ileum and intraepithelial lymphocyte postchallenge. LGG9X, however, did not significantly reduce total CD4+CD25-FoxP3+ Treg frequencies in the intestine and transforming growth factor-β-producing and interleukin (IL)-10-producing Treg frequencies in the blood.

CONCLUSIONS

These results indicate that LGG at both dosages functioned as effective probiotic adjuvant for AttHRV vaccine, but different dosages differentially modulated immune responses to favor either the mucosal IgA response (LGG5X) or the T-cell response (LGG9X).

Oral administration of Lactobacillus paracasei alleviates clinical symptoms of colitis induced by dextran sulphate sodium salt in BALB/c mice

The aim of this study was to investigate the alleviating effect of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei LC-01 (LC-01) on the murine model of colitis induced by dextran sulphate sodium (DSS). 50 pathogen-free, 6-week-old male BALB/c mice were divided randomly into 5 groups, including a control group and four DSS-LC-01-treated groups (DSS, DSS-106, DSS-108, and DSS-1010 with 0, 1×106, 1×108 and 1×1010 cfu/ml LC-01, respectively). To test the effectiveness of LC-01 as a prophylactic it was administered for 7 days before the onset of the disease in DSS-LC-01-treated mice. After 7 days, colitis was induced by administration of 2.5% (w/v) DSS in drinking water for a further 7 days. The disease activity index (DAI), histological score, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and the level of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) were measured. DAI, histological scores and MPO activity of mice treated with a medium or high dose of LC-01 were significantly lower compared to a low-dose of LC-01 and DSS treatment alone (P<0.05). Colon length shortening could be prevented with increasing dose of LC-01. In addition, the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were suppressed significantly by treatment with a medium and high dose of LC-01. However, no significant difference in the indices mentioned above were observed between a low dose of LC-01 and treatment with DSS alone (P≯0.05). An appropriate dose of LC-01 can prevent intestinal damage in mice with DSS-induced colitis. The expression of inflammatory cytokines related to pathogenesis of DSS-induced colitis decreased following treatment with LC-01.

The viability of Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 is not essential to exert intestinal anti-inflammatory properties

The viability ofL. fermentumCECT5716 did not affect its immune-modulatory and anti-inflammatory properties.

Lysate of Probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum K8 Modulate the Mucosal Inflammatory System in Dextran Sulfate Sodium-induced Colitic Rats

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is caused by dysregulation of colon mucosal immunity and mucosal epithelial barrier function. Recent studies have reported that lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Lactobacillus plantarum K8 reduces excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokine. In this study, we investigated the preventive effects of lysate of Lb. plantarum K8 in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were orally pretreated with lysate of Lb. plantarum K8 (low dose or high dose) or live Lb. plantarum K8 prior to the induction of colitis using 4% DSS. Disease progression was monitored by assessment of disease activity index (DAI). Histological changes of colonic tissues were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The colon mRNA expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, and toll like receptor-2 (TLR-2) were examined by quantitative real-time-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Lysate of Lb. plantarum K8 suppressed colon shortening, edema, mucosal damage, and the loss of DSS-induced crypts. The groups that received lysate of Lb. plantarum K8 exhibited significantly decreased levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in the colon. Interestingly, colonic expression of toll like receptor-2 mRNA in the high-dose lysate of Lb. plantarum K8 group increased significantly. Our study demonstrates the protective effects of oral lysate of Lb. plantarum K8 administration on DSS-induced colitis via the modulation of pro-inflammatory mediators of the mucosal immune system.

Monocolonization of germ-free mice with Bacteroides fragilis protects against dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis

Ulcerative colitis is inflammatory conditions of the colon caused by interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Previous studies indicated that the gut microflora may be involved in the colonic inflammation. Bacteroides fragilis (BF) is a Gram-negative anaerobe belonging to the colonic symbiotic. We aimed to investigate the protective role of BF in a colitis model induced in germ-free (GF) mice by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). GF C57BL/6JNarl mice were colonized with BF for 28 days before acute colitis was induced by DSS. BF colonization significantly increased animal survival by 40%, with less reduction in colon length, and decreased infiltration of inflammatory cells (macrophages and neutrophils) in colon mucosa following challenge with DSS. In addition, BF could enhance the mRNA expression of anti-inflammatory-related cytokine such as interleukin 10 (IL-10) with polymorphism cytokine IL-17 and diminish that of proinflammatory-related tumor necrosis factor α with inducible nitric oxide synthase in the ulcerated colon. Myeloperoxidase activity was also decreased in BF-DSS mice. Taking these together, the BF colonization significantly ameliorated DSS-induced colitis by suppressing the activity of inflammatory-related molecules and inducing the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. BF may play an important role in maintaining intestinal immune system homeostasis and regulate inflammatory responses.

Human oral isolate Lactobacillus fermentum AGR1487 reduces intestinal barrier integrity by increasing the turnover of microtubules in Caco-2 cells

Lactobacillus fermentum is found in fermented foods and thought to be harmless. In vivo and clinical studies indicate that some L. fermentum strains have beneficial properties, particularly for gastrointestinal health. However, L. fermentum AGR1487 decreases trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER), a measure of intestinal barrier integrity. The hypothesis was that L. fermentum AGR1487 decreases the expression of intestinal cell tight junction genes and proteins, thereby reducing barrier integrity. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of Caco-2 cells (model of human intestinal epithelial cells) treated with L. fermentum AGR1487 were used to obtain a global view of the effect of the bacterium on intestinal epithelial cells. Specific functional characteristics by which L. fermentum AGR1487 reduces intestinal barrier integrity were examined using confocal microscopy, cell cycle progression and adherence bioassays. The effects of TEER-enhancing L. fermentum AGR1485 were investigated for comparison. L. fermentum AGR1487 did not alter the expression of Caco-2 cell tight junction genes (compared to L. fermentum AGR1485) and tight junction proteins were not able to be detected. However, L. fermentum AGR1487 increased the expression levels of seven tubulin genes and the abundance of three microtubule-associated proteins, which have been linked to tight junction disassembly. Additionally, Caco-2 cells treated with L. fermentum AGR1487 did not have defined and uniform borders of zona occludens 2 around each cell, unlike control or AGR1485 treated cells. L. fermentum AGR1487 cells were required for the negative effect on barrier integrity (bacterial supernatant did not cause a decrease in TEER), suggesting that a physical interaction may be necessary. Increased adherence of L. fermentum AGR1487 to Caco-2 cells (compared to L. fermentum AGR1485) was likely to facilitate this cell-to-cell interaction. These findings illustrate that bacterial strains of the same species can cause contrasting host responses and suggest that food-safe status should be given to individual strains not species.

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii supernatant improves intestinal barrier function in mice DSS colitis

OBJECTIVE. The intestinal microbiota plays a substantial role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (FP) is underrepresented in IBD patients and have been suggested to have anti-inflammatory effects in mice. Increased intestinal permeability is common in IBD but the relationship between FP and intestinal barrier function has not been investigated. Our aim was to study treatment with FP supernatant on intestinal barrier function in a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis mice model. MATERIAL AND METHODS. C57BL/6 mice received 3% DSS in tap water ad libitum during five days to induce colitis. From day 3 the mice received a daily gavage with FP supernatant or broth during seven days. Ileum and colon were mounted in Ussing chambers for permeability studies with (51)Cr-EDTA and Escherichia coli K-12. Colon was saved for Western blot analyses of tight junction proteins. RESULTS. DSS-treated mice showed significant weight loss and colon shortening. Gavage with FP supernatant resulted in a quicker recovery after DSS treatment and less extensive colonic shortening. Ileal mucosa of DSS mice showed a significant increase in (51)Cr-EDTA-passage compared to controls. (51)Cr-EDTA passage was significantly decreased in mice receiving FP supernatant. No significant differences were observed in passage of E. coli K12. Western blots showed a trend to increased claudin-1 and claudin-2 expressions in DSS mice. CONCLUSIONS. Supernatant of FP enhances the intestinal barrier function by affecting paracellular permeability, and may thereby attenuate the severity of DSS-induced colitis in mice. These findings suggest a potential role of FP in the treatment of IBD.

Interaction of Lactobacillus fermentum BGHI14 with rat colonic mucosa: implications for colitis induction

The present study was carried out to test the colonic mucosal response of rats to oral supplementation with Lactobacillus fermentum BGHI14 and to correlate the tissue reaction to trinitrobenzenesulfonate (TNBS)-induced colitis with mucosal barrier alterations caused by bacterial ingestion. An immune cell-mediated reaction of healthy colonic tissue was noticed after bacterial feeding. After prolonged bacterial treatment, the observed reaction had retreated to normality, but the mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) remained elevated. These data point to the chronic low-grade inflammation that could be caused by long-term probiotic consumption. Although no detrimental effects of bacterial pretreatment were noticed in colitic rats, at least in the acute state of disease, the results obtained in our study point to the necessity of reassessment of existing data on the safety of probiotic preparations. Additionally, probiotic effects in experimental colitis models might depend on time coordination of disease induction with treatment duration.