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Belák Á, Kovács M, Ittzés A, Pomázi A. Development of a qPCR method for classification of botrytized grape berries originated from Tokaj wine region. Food Microbiol 2024; 123:104582. [PMID: 39038888 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2024.104582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
One of the best-known Hungarian products on world wine market is Aszú, which belongs to the family of Tokaj wine specialties and is made from aszú berries. An important condition for the formation of aszú berries is the noble rot of technologically mature grapes, which is caused by Botrytis cinerea. At the same time botrytized sweet wines are produced not only in Hungary, but in many locations of wine-producing areas of Europe as well as in certain wine growing regions of other continents. The determination of botrytization is mostly based on sensory evaluations, which is a highly subjective procedure and largely depends on the training and experience of the evaluator. Currently, the classification of aszú berries (class I and class II) is based only on visual inspection and determination of sugar content. Based on these facts the primary goal of our work was to develop a qPCR assay capable for objective rating and classification of aszú berries. The developed qPCR is highly specific and sensitive as can clearly distinguish between B. cinerea and other filamentous fungi and yeast species occur on grapes. Moreover, it is suitable for categorizing berries colonized by B. cinerea to varying degrees. Thus, the developed qPCR method can be a useful technique for classification of the grape berries into four quality groups: healthy, semi-shrivelled, Aszú Class II and Aszú Class I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Belák
- Department of Food Microbiology, Hygiene and Safety, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-1118, Budapest, Somlói út 14-16, Hungary.
| | - Mónika Kovács
- Department of Food Microbiology, Hygiene and Safety, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-1118, Budapest, Somlói út 14-16, Hungary
| | - András Ittzés
- Department of Applied Statistics, Institute of Mathematics and Basic Science, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-1118, Budapest, Villányi út 29-43. Hungary; Department of Methodology for Business Analysis, Faculty of Commerce, Hospitality and Tourism, Budapest Business University, Alkotmány Street 9-11, 1054, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Pomázi
- Department of Food Microbiology, Hygiene and Safety, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-1118, Budapest, Somlói út 14-16, Hungary
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Lee DJ, Lee JA, Chae DH, Jang HS, Choi YJ, Kim D. Multiplex TaqMan qPCR Assay for Detection, Identification, and Quantification of Three Sclerotinia Species. MYCOBIOLOGY 2022; 50:382-388. [PMID: 36404900 PMCID: PMC9645266 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2022.2131999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
White mold (or Sclerotinia stem rot), caused by Sclerotinia species, is a major air, soil, or seed-transmitted disease affecting numerous crops and wild plants. Microscopic or culture-based methods currently available for their detection and identification are time-consuming, laborious, and often erroneous. Therefore, we developed a multiplex quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for the discrimination, detection, and quantification of DNA collected from each of the three economically relevant Sclerotinia species, namely, S. sclerotiorum, S. minor, and S. nivalis. TaqMan primer/probe combinations specific for each Sclerotinia species were designed based on the gene sequences encoding aspartyl protease. High specificity and sensitivity of each probe were confirmed for sclerotium and soil samples, as well as pure cultures, using simplex and multiplex qPCRs. This multiplex assay could be helpful in detecting and quantifying specific species of Sclerotinia, and therefore, may be valuable for disease diagnosis, forecasting, and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Jae Lee
- Department of Biological Science, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Korea
| | - Jin A Lee
- Department of Biological Science, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Korea
| | | | | | - Young-Joon Choi
- Department of Biological Science, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Korea
| | - Dalsoo Kim
- Moghu Research Center Ltd, Daejeon, Korea
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Antioxidant capacity of phenolic compounds on human cell lines as affected by grape-tyrosinase and Botrytis-laccase oxidation. Food Chem 2017; 229:779-789. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Zhu XQ, Niu CW, Chen XY, Guo LY. Monilinia Species Associated with Brown Rot of Cultivated Apple and Pear Fruit in China. PLANT DISEASE 2016; 100:2240-2250. [PMID: 30682919 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-16-0325-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Monilinia isolates were collected from major apple and pear production regions in China from 2004 to 2011 and identified based on their morphological characteristics and three highly conserved loci. The 247 isolates belonged to three species: Monilinia fructicola, Monilia yunnanensis, and Monilia polystroma. M. yunnanensis was the most prevalent (77%), followed by M. polystroma (20%) and Monilinia fructicola (3%). Monilia yunnanensis is primarily distributed in the south, north, and west of China; M. polystroma is limited to the north and east; and Monilinia fructicola was detected only from a few samples from the north and east. Phylogenetic analysis based on internal transcribed spacer, β-tubulin, and laccase (lcc2) genes suggested that Monilia yunnanensis, M. polystroma, and Monilinia fructigena are closely related, and Monilia yunnanensis is more distantly related. We also found that these three species do not show consistent differences in morphological characteristics, including colony morphology, colony expansion rate, conidial characteristics, and the amount of stroma produced in culture. Thus, these three species are more like phylogenetic species in the process of speciation. In addition, a set of species-specific primers based on single-nucleotide polymorphisms and deletions in the lcc2 gene region were designed and a conventional polymerase chain reaction method successfully developed for differentiating Monilinia fructicola, Monilia yunnanensis, M. polystroma, and Monilinia laxa from the other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qiong Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193
| | - Cheng-Wang Niu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193
| | - Xiao-Yu Chen
- Beijing Plant Protection Station, Beijing, 100029
| | - Li-Yun Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing
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Sanoamuang N, Jitjak W, Rodtong S, Whalley AJ. Gelatinomyces siamensis gen. sp. nov. (Ascomycota, Leotiomycetes, incertae sedis) on bamboo in Thailand. IMA Fungus 2013; 4:71-87. [PMID: 23898414 PMCID: PMC3719209 DOI: 10.5598/imafungus.2013.04.01.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Gelatinomyces siamensis gen. sp. nov., incertae sedis within Leotiomycetes, the Siamese jelly-ball, is described. The fungus was collected from bamboo culms and branches in Nam Nao National Park, Phetchabun, Thailand. It presents as a ping-pong ball-sized and golf ball-like gelatinous ascostroma. The asci have numerous ascospores, are thick-walled, and arise on discoid apothecia which are aggregated and clustered to form the spherical gelatinous structures. An hyphomycete asexual morph is morphologically somewhat phialophora-like, and produces red pigments. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis based on rRNA, SSU, and LSU gene sequences, the lineage is closest to Collophora rubra. However, ITS sequences place the fungus on a well-separated branch from that fungus, and the morphological and ecological differences exclude it from Collophora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niwat Sanoamuang
- Applied Taxonomic Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Department of Plant Sciences and Agricultural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Wuttiwat Jitjak
- Department of Plant Sciences and Agricultural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sureelak Rodtong
- School of Microbiology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Anthony J.S. Whalley
- The Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Institute Bldg. 3, Phayathai Rd., Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Abd-Elmagid A, Garrido PA, Hunger R, Lyles JL, Mansfield MA, Gugino BK, Smith DL, Melouk HA, Garzon CD. Discriminatory simplex and multiplex PCR for four species of the genus Sclerotinia. J Microbiol Methods 2012; 92:293-300. [PMID: 23280254 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, S. minor Jagger, S. trifoliorum Eriks, and S. homoeocarpa F.T. Benn are the most relevant plant pathogenic species within the genus Sclerotinia because of their large range of economically important hosts, including tomato, peanut, alfalfa, and turfgrass, among others. Species identification based on morphological characteristics is challenging and time demanding, especially when one crop hosts multiple species. The objective of this study was to design specific primers compatible with multiplexing, for rapid, sensitive and accurate detection and discrimination among four Sclerotinia species. Specific primers were designed for the aspartyl protease gene of S. sclerotiorum, the calmodulin gene of S. trifoliorum, the elongation factor-1 alpha gene of S. homoeocarpa, and the laccase 2 gene of S. minor. The specificity and sensitivity of each primer set was tested individually and in multiplex against isolates of each species and validated using genomic DNA from infected plants. Each primer set consistently amplified DNA of its target gene only. DNA fragments of different sizes were amplified: a 264 bp PCR product for S. minor, a 218 bp product for S. homoeocarpa, a 171 bp product for S. sclerotiorum, and a 97 bp product for S. trifoliorum. These primer sets can be used individually or in multiplex for identification of Sclerotinia spp. in pure culture or from infected plants. The multiplex assay had a lower sensitivity limit than the simplex assays (0.0001 pg/μL DNA of each species). The multiplex assay developed is an accurate and rapid tool to differentiate between the most relevant plant pathogenic Sclerotinia species in a single PCR reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abd-Elmagid
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University-Stillwater, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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Purification and characterization of a novel laccase from Coprinus cinereus and decolorization of different chemically dyes. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:1487-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2191-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ben Younes S, Sayadi S. Purification and characterization of a novel trimeric and thermotolerant laccase produced from the ascomycete Scytalidium thermophilum strain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2011.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bao W, Peng R, Zhang Z, Tian Y, Zhao W, Xue Y, Gao J, Yao Q. Expression, characterization and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol degradation of laccase from Monilinia fructigena. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:3871-7. [PMID: 21743993 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1166-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel laccase gene from Monilinia fructigena was synthesized chemically according to the yeast bias codon and integrated into the genome of Pichia pastoris GS115 by electroporation. The expressed enzyme was recovered from the culture supernatant and purified. The result of enzyme activity assay and SDS-PAGE demonstrated that the recombinant laccase was induced and extracellularly expressed in P. pastoris. Main biochemical properties of this laccase, such as thermodependence and thermostability, optimal pH and pH stability, and the effect of metal ions and inhibitors, were characterized. With 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate (ABTS) as the substrate, MfLcc had its optimal pH at 3.5 and optimal temperature at 45°C. The Km values of the ABTS, guaiacol were 0.012 and 0.016 Mm, respectively, and the corresponding V (max) values are 243.9 and 10.55 Um min(-1) mg(-1), respectively. The recombinant laccase degraded 80% 2,4,6-trichlorophenol after 8 h under the optimal conditions. The recombinant strain and its laccase can be considered as candidate for treating waste water polluted with trichlorophenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Bao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Pedras MSC, Hossain S, Snitynsky RB. Detoxification of cruciferous phytoalexins in Botrytis cinerea: spontaneous dimerization of a camalexin metabolite. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:199-206. [PMID: 21176925 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi are able to overcome plant chemical defenses through detoxification reactions that are enzyme mediated. As a result of such detoxifications, the plant is quickly depleted of its most important antifungal metabolites and can succumb to pathogen attack. Understanding and predicting such detoxification pathways utilized by phytopathogenic fungi could lead to approaches to control plant pathogens. Towards this end, the inhibitory activities and metabolism of the cruciferous phytoalexins camalexin, brassinin, cyclobrassinin, and brassilexin by the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea Pers. (teleomorph: Botryotinia fuckeliana) was investigated. Brassilexin was the most antifungal of the phytoalexins, followed by camalexin, cyclobrassinin and brassinin. Although B. cinerea is a species phylogenetically related to the phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib) de Bary, contrary to S. sclerotiorum, detoxification of strongly antifungal phytoalexins occurred via either oxidative degradation or hydrolysis but not through glucosylation, suggesting that glucosyl transferases are not involved. A strongly antifungal bisindolylthiadiazole that B. cinerea could not detoxify was discovered, which resulted from spontaneous oxidative dimerization of 3-indolethiocarboxamide, a camalexin detoxification product.
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