1
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Brown SRB, Bland R, McIntyre L, Shyng S, Weisberg AJ, Riutta ER, Chang JH, Kovacevic J. Genomic characterization of Listeria monocytogenes recovered from dairy facilities in British Columbia, Canada from 2007 to 2017. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1304734. [PMID: 38585707 PMCID: PMC10995413 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1304734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen of concern in dairy processing facilities, with the potential to cause human illness and trigger regulatory actions if found in the product. Monitoring for Listeria spp. through environmental sampling is recommended to prevent establishment of these microorganisms in dairy processing environments, thereby reducing the risk of product contamination. To inform on L. monocytogenes diversity and transmission, we analyzed genome sequences of L. monocytogenes strains (n = 88) obtained through the British Columbia Dairy Inspection Program. Strains were recovered from five different dairy processing facilities over a 10 year period (2007-2017). Analysis of whole genome sequences (WGS) grouped the isolates into nine sequence types and 11 cgMLST types (CT). The majority of isolates (93%) belonged to lineage II. Within each CT, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) differences ranged from 0 to 237 between isolates. A highly similar (0-16 SNPs) cluster of over 60 isolates, collected over 9 years within one facility (#71), was identified suggesting a possible persistent population. Analyses of genome content revealed a low frequency of genes associated with stress tolerance, with the exception of widely disseminated cadmium resistance genes cadA1 and cadA2. The distribution of virulence genes and mutations within internalin genes varied across the isolates and facilities. Further studies are needed to elucidate their phenotypic effect on pathogenicity and stress response. These findings demonstrate the diversity of L. monocytogenes isolates across dairy facilities in the same region. Findings also showed the utility of using WGS to discern potential persistence events within a single facility over time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca Bland
- Food Innovation Center, Oregon State University, Portland, OR, United States
| | | | - Sion Shyng
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alexandra J. Weisberg
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Elizabeth R. Riutta
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Jeff H. Chang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Jovana Kovacevic
- Food Innovation Center, Oregon State University, Portland, OR, United States
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2
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Grigore-Gurgu L, Bucur FI, Mihalache OA, Nicolau AI. Comprehensive Review on the Biocontrol of Listeria monocytogenes in Food Products. Foods 2024; 13:734. [PMID: 38472848 DOI: 10.3390/foods13050734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that causes listeriosis, a group of human illnesses that appear more frequently in countries with better-developed food supply systems. This review discusses the efficacy of actual biocontrol methods combined with the main types of food involved in illnesses. Comments on bacteriophages, lactic acid bacteria, bacteriocins, essential oils, and endolysins and derivatives, as main biological antilisterial agents, are made bearing in mind that, using them, food processors can intervene to protect consumers. Both commercially available antilisterial products and solutions presented in scientific papers for mitigating the risk of contamination are emphasized. Potential combinations between different types of antilisterial agents are highlighted for their synergic effects (bacteriocins and essential oils, phages and bacteriocins, lactic acid bacteria with natural or synthetic preservatives, etc.). The possibility to use various antilisterial biological agents in active packaging is also presented to reveal the diversity of means that food processors may adopt to assure the safety of their products. Integrating biocontrol solutions into food processing practices can proactively prevent outbreaks and reduce the occurrences of L. monocytogenes-related illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leontina Grigore-Gurgu
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 47 Domneasca Street, 800008 Galati, Romania
| | - Florentina Ionela Bucur
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 47 Domneasca Street, 800008 Galati, Romania
| | - Octavian Augustin Mihalache
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 47 Domneasca Street, 800008 Galati, Romania
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Anca Ioana Nicolau
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 47 Domneasca Street, 800008 Galati, Romania
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3
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Nonno R, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Fox E, Gosling R(B, Gil BM, Møretrø T, Stessl B, da Silva Felício MT, Messens W, Simon AC, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A. Persistence of microbiological hazards in food and feed production and processing environments. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8521. [PMID: 38250499 PMCID: PMC10797485 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (in the meat, fish and seafood, dairy and fruit and vegetable sectors), Salmonella enterica (in the feed, meat, egg and low moisture food sectors) and Cronobacter sakazakii (in the low moisture food sector) were identified as the bacterial food safety hazards most relevant to public health that are associated with persistence in the food and feed processing environment (FFPE). There is a wide range of subtypes of these hazards involved in persistence in the FFPE. While some specific subtypes are more commonly reported as persistent, it is currently not possible to identify universal markers (i.e. genetic determinants) for this trait. Common risk factors for persistence in the FFPE are inadequate zoning and hygiene barriers; lack of hygienic design of equipment and machines; and inadequate cleaning and disinfection. A well-designed environmental sampling and testing programme is the most effective strategy to identify contamination sources and detect potentially persistent hazards. The establishment of hygienic barriers and measures within the food safety management system, during implementation of hazard analysis and critical control points, is key to prevent and/or control bacterial persistence in the FFPE. Once persistence is suspected in a plant, a 'seek-and-destroy' approach is frequently recommended, including intensified monitoring, the introduction of control measures and the continuation of the intensified monitoring. Successful actions triggered by persistence of L. monocytogenes are described, as well as interventions with direct bactericidal activity. These interventions could be efficient if properly validated, correctly applied and verified under industrial conditions. Perspectives are provided for performing a risk assessment for relevant combinations of hazard and food sector to assess the relative public health risk that can be associated with persistence, based on bottom-up and top-down approaches. Knowledge gaps related to bacterial food safety hazards associated with persistence in the FFPE and priorities for future research are provided.
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4
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Chowdhury B, Anand S. Environmental persistence of Listeria monocytogenes and its implications in dairy processing plants. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:4573-4599. [PMID: 37680027 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Listeriosis, an invasive illness with a fatality rate between 20% and 30%, is caused by the ubiquitous bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. Human listeriosis has long been associated with foods. This is because the ubiquitous nature of the bacteria renders it a common food contaminant, posing a significant risk to the food processing sector. Although several sophisticated stress coping mechanisms have been identified as significant contributing factors toward the pathogen's persistence, a complete understanding of the mechanisms underlying persistence across various strains remains limited. Moreover, aside from genetic aspects that promote the ability to cope with stress, various environmental factors that exist in food manufacturing plants could also contribute to the persistence of the pathogen. The objective of this review is to provide insight into the challenges faced by the dairy industry because of the pathogens' environmental persistence. Additionally, it also aims to emphasize the diverse adaptation and response mechanisms utilized by L. monocytogenes in food manufacturing plants to evade environmental stressors. The persistence of L. monocytogenes in the food processing environment poses a serious threat to food safety and public health. The emergence of areas with high levels of L. monocytogenes contamination could facilitate Listeria transmission through aerosols, potentially leading to the recontamination of food, particularly from floors and drains, when sanitation is implemented alongside product manufacturing. Hence, to produce safe dairy products and reduce the frequency of outbreaks of listeriosis, it is crucial to understand the factors that contribute to the persistence of this pathogen and to implement efficient control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaswati Chowdhury
- Department of Dairy and Food Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Sanjeev Anand
- Department of Dairy and Food Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
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5
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Economic Feasibility, Benefits and Challenges of On-Farm Artisanal Cheese Making in South Africa. DAIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy3040051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
There is limited information regarding artisanal cheese making that can help entrepreneurs evaluate business opportunities and make realistic business decisions. The objective of this study was to assess the economic feasibility, benefits and challenges of on-farm artisanal cheese making. A model was designed to evaluate the economic feasibility of processing hard pecorino-style cheese and soft fresh ricotta on four different smallholder farms. The study assumed a small-scale family-owned business with an average herd size of 10 lactating cows, using 80 L of raw milk a day to make cheese. Projected Cash Flow Statement was used to determine the economic feasibility of cheese making. Sensitivity analysis was conducted using a factor of 10% to determine the changes in net cash flows by varying the milk volume, cheese selling price and both. The positive projected cash flow after the sensitivity analysis for the four farms ranged from $24,073.84 to $33,783.5. The breakeven quantity for the four farms ranged from 325.82 kg to 357.88 kg per year.Overall, the results show that artisanal cheese making is economically viable under the given model assumptions. However, the major challenge noted is that most farmers lack knowledge in terms of the processing techniques, market opportunities and production costs involved in cheese making. Access to this information by small-scale milk producers is vital in considering cheese making as a business.
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6
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Mafuna T, Matle I, Magwedere K, Pierneef RE, Reva ON. Comparative Genomics of Listeria Species Recovered from Meat and Food Processing Facilities. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0118922. [PMID: 36066257 PMCID: PMC9604131 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01189-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria species (spp.) are contaminants that can survive in food, on equipment, and on food processing premises if appropriate hygiene measures are not used. Homologous stress tolerance genes, virulence gene clusters such as the prfA cluster, and clusters of internalin genes that contribute to the pathogenic potential of the strains can be carried by both pathogenic and nonpathogenic Listeria spp. To enhance understanding of the genome evolution of virulence and virulence-associated properties, a comparative genome approach was used to analyze 41 genome sequences belonging to L. innocua and L. welshimeri isolated from food and food processing facilities. Genetic determinants responsible for disinfectant and stress tolerance were identified, including the efflux cassette bcrABC and Tn6188_qac_1 disinfectant resistance determinant, and stress survival islets. These disinfectant-resistant genes were more frequently found in L. innocua (12%) than in L. welshimeri (2%). Several isolates representing the presumed nonpathogenic L. innocua still carried virulence-associated genes, including LGI2, LGI3, LIPI-3, and LIPI-4 which were absent in all L. welshimeri isolates. The mobile genetic elements identified were plasmids (pLGUG1 and J1776) and prophages (PHAGE_Lister_vB_LmoS_188, PHAGE_Lister_LP_030_3, PHAGE_Lister_A118, PHAGE_Lister_B054, and PHAGE_Lister_vB_LmoS_293). The results suggest that the presumed nonpathogenic isolates especially L. innocua can carry genes relevant to the strain's virulence and stress tolerance in the food and food processing facilities. IMPORTANCE This study provides genomic insights into the recently expanded genus in order to gain valuable information about the evolution of the virulence and stress tolerance properties of the genus Listeria and the distribution of these genetic elements pertinent to the pathogenic potential across Listeria spp. and clonal lineages in South Africa (SA).
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Mafuna
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
- Biotechnology Platform, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - I. Matle
- Bacteriology Division, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - K. Magwedere
- Directorate of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - R. E. Pierneef
- Biotechnology Platform, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - O. N. Reva
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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7
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Belias A, Sullivan G, Wiedmann M, Ivanek R. Factors that contribute to persistent Listeria in food processing facilities and relevant interventions: A rapid review. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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8
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Youn HY, Seo KH. Isolation and characterization of halophilic Kocuria
salsicia strains from cheese brine. Food Sci Anim Resour 2022; 42:252-265. [PMID: 35310564 PMCID: PMC8907793 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2022.e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Kocuria salsicia can survive in extreme environments and cause
infections, including catheter-related bacteremia, in humans. Here, we
investigated and evaluated the characteristics of nine K.
salsicia strains (KS1–KS9) isolated from cheese brine from a
farmstead cheese-manufacturing plant in Korea from June to December, 2020.
Staphylococcus aureus American Type Culture Collection
(ATCC) 29213 was used as a positive control in the growth curve analysis and
biofilm-formation assays. All K. salsicia isolates showed
growth at 15% salt concentration and temperatures of 15°C,
25°C, 30°C, 37°C, and 42°C. KS6 and KS8 showed
growth at 5°C, suggesting that they are potential psychrotrophs. In the
biofilm-formation analysis via crystal violet staining, KS6 exhibited the
highest biofilm-forming ability at various temperatures and media [phosphate
buffered saline, nutrient broth (NB), and NB containing 15% sodium
chloride]. At 25°C and 30°C, KS3, KS6, and KS8 showed higher
biofilm-forming ability than S. aureus ATCC 29213. The
antimicrobial resistance of the isolates was evaluated using the
VITEK® 2 system; most isolates were resistant to
marbofloxacin and nitrofurantoin (both 9/9, 100%), followed by
enrofloxacin (7/9, 77.8%). Five of the nine isolates (5/9, 55.6%)
showed multidrug resistance. Our study reports the abilities of K.
salsicia to grow in the presence of high salt concentrations and at
relatively low temperatures, along with its multidrug resistance and tendency to
form biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Young Youn
- Center for One Health, College of
Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Konkuk
University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Kun-Ho Seo
- Center for One Health, College of
Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Konkuk
University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Corresponding author: Kun-Ho
Seo, Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of
Veterinary Public Health, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea, Tel:
+82-2-450-4121, Fax: +82-2-3436-4128, E-mail:
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9
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Palacios-Gorba C, Moura A, Gomis J, Leclercq A, Gómez-Martín Á, Bracq-Dieye H, Mocé ML, Tessaud-Rita N, Jiménez-Trigos E, Vales G, García-Muñoz Á, Thouvenot P, García-Roselló E, Lecuit M, Quereda JJ. Ruminant-associated Listeria monocytogenes isolates belong preferentially to dairy-associated hypervirulent clones: a longitudinal study in 19 farms. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:7617-7631. [PMID: 34863016 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that ruminants constitute reservoirs of Listeria monocytogenes, but little is known about the epidemiology and genetic diversity of this pathogen within farms. Here we conducted a large-scale longitudinal study to monitor Listeria spp. in 19 dairy farms during three consecutive seasons (N = 3251 samples). L. innocua was the most prevalent species, followed by L. monocytogenes. Listeria monocytogenes was detected in 52.6% of farms and more frequently in cattle (4.1%) and sheep (4.5%) than in goat farms (0.2%). Lineage I accounted for 69% of L. monocytogenes isolates. Among animal samples, the most prevalent sublineages (SL) and clonal complexes (CC) were SL1/CC1, SL219/CC4, SL26/CC26 and SL87/CC87, whereas SL666/CC666 was most prevalent in environmental samples. Sixty-one different L. monocytogenes cgMLST types were found, 28% common to different animals and/or surfaces within the same farm and 21% previously reported elsewhere in the context of food and human surveillance. Listeria monocytogenes prevalence was not affected by farm hygiene but by season: higher prevalence was observed during winter in cattle, and during winter and spring in sheep farms. Cows in their second lactation had a higher probability of L. monocytogenes faecal shedding. This study highlights dairy farms as a reservoir for hypervirulent L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Palacios-Gorba
- Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alexandra Moura
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Listeria, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Jesús Gomis
- Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alexandre Leclercq
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Listeria, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Ángel Gómez-Martín
- Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Hélène Bracq-Dieye
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Listeria, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, 75015, France
| | - María L Mocé
- Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nathalie Tessaud-Rita
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Listeria, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Estrella Jiménez-Trigos
- Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Guillaume Vales
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Listeria, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Ángel García-Muñoz
- Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pierre Thouvenot
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Listeria, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Empar García-Roselló
- Departamento Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Listeria, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, 75015, France.,Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Institut Imagine, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Juan J Quereda
- Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
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10
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Palacios-Gorba C, Moura A, Gomis J, Leclercq A, Gómez-Martín Á, Bracq-Dieye H, Mocé ML, Tessaud-Rita N, Jiménez-Trigos E, Vales G, García-Muñoz Á, Thouvenot P, García-Roselló E, Lecuit M, Quereda JJ. Ruminant-associated Listeria monocytogenes isolates belong preferentially to dairy-associated hypervirulent clones: a longitudinal study in 19 farms. Environ Microbiol 2021. [PMID: 34863016 DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.29.454412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that ruminants constitute reservoirs of Listeria monocytogenes, but little is known about the epidemiology and genetic diversity of this pathogen within farms. Here we conducted a large-scale longitudinal study to monitor Listeria spp. in 19 dairy farms during three consecutive seasons (N = 3251 samples). L. innocua was the most prevalent species, followed by L. monocytogenes. Listeria monocytogenes was detected in 52.6% of farms and more frequently in cattle (4.1%) and sheep (4.5%) than in goat farms (0.2%). Lineage I accounted for 69% of L. monocytogenes isolates. Among animal samples, the most prevalent sublineages (SL) and clonal complexes (CC) were SL1/CC1, SL219/CC4, SL26/CC26 and SL87/CC87, whereas SL666/CC666 was most prevalent in environmental samples. Sixty-one different L. monocytogenes cgMLST types were found, 28% common to different animals and/or surfaces within the same farm and 21% previously reported elsewhere in the context of food and human surveillance. Listeria monocytogenes prevalence was not affected by farm hygiene but by season: higher prevalence was observed during winter in cattle, and during winter and spring in sheep farms. Cows in their second lactation had a higher probability of L. monocytogenes faecal shedding. This study highlights dairy farms as a reservoir for hypervirulent L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Palacios-Gorba
- Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alexandra Moura
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Listeria, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Jesús Gomis
- Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alexandre Leclercq
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Listeria, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Ángel Gómez-Martín
- Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Hélène Bracq-Dieye
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Listeria, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, 75015, France
| | - María L Mocé
- Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nathalie Tessaud-Rita
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Listeria, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Estrella Jiménez-Trigos
- Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Guillaume Vales
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Listeria, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Ángel García-Muñoz
- Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pierre Thouvenot
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Listeria, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Empar García-Roselló
- Departamento Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre for Listeria, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, 75015, France
- Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Institut Imagine, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Juan J Quereda
- Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
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11
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Zoz F, Guyot S, Grandvalet C, Ragon M, Lesniewska E, Dupont S, Firmesse O, Carpentier B, Beney L. Management of Listeria monocytogenes on Surfaces via Relative Air Humidity: Key Role of Cell Envelope. Foods 2021; 10:foods10092002. [PMID: 34574112 PMCID: PMC8468791 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although relative air humidity (RH) strongly influences microbial survival, its use for fighting surface pathogens in the food industry has been inadequately considered. We asked whether RH control could destroy Listeria monocytogenes EGDe by envelope damage. The impact of dehydration in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 75%, 68%, 43% and 11% RH on the bacterial envelope was investigated using flow cytometry and atomic force microscopy. Changes after rehydration in the protein secondary structure and peptidoglycan were investigated by infrared spectroscopy. Complementary cultivability measurements were performed by running dehydration–rehydration with combinations of NaCl (3–0.01%), distilled water, city water and PBS. The main results show that cell membrane permeability and cell envelope were greatly altered during dehydration in PBS at 68% RH followed by rapid rehydration. This damage led cells to recover only 67% of their initial volume after rehydration. Moreover, the most efficient way to destroy cells was dehydration and rehydration in city water. Our study indicates that rehydration of dried, sullied foods on surfaces may improve current cleaning procedures in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Zoz
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102, F-21000 Dijon, France; (F.Z.); (C.G.); (M.R.); (S.D.); (L.B.)
- Mérieux NutriSciences–70 Mail Marcel Cachin, F-38600 Fontaine, France
| | - Stéphane Guyot
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102, F-21000 Dijon, France; (F.Z.); (C.G.); (M.R.); (S.D.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-3-8077-2387
| | - Cosette Grandvalet
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102, F-21000 Dijon, France; (F.Z.); (C.G.); (M.R.); (S.D.); (L.B.)
| | - Mélanie Ragon
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102, F-21000 Dijon, France; (F.Z.); (C.G.); (M.R.); (S.D.); (L.B.)
| | - Eric Lesniewska
- ICB UMR CNRS 6303, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21078 Dijon, France;
| | - Sébastien Dupont
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102, F-21000 Dijon, France; (F.Z.); (C.G.); (M.R.); (S.D.); (L.B.)
| | - Olivier Firmesse
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (O.F.); (B.C.)
| | - Brigitte Carpentier
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (O.F.); (B.C.)
| | - Laurent Beney
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102, F-21000 Dijon, France; (F.Z.); (C.G.); (M.R.); (S.D.); (L.B.)
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12
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Assessment of Quality and Safety of Farm Level Produced Cheeses from Sheep and Goat Milk. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11073196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of sheep’s and goat’s milk and cheese is currently increasing. The production process of these types of cheese is being carried out by traditional domestic production at farm level. However, knowledge in the field of hygiene, technology and health safety of cheeses are still insufficient. This study aimed to examine the physical and chemical quality and microbiological safety of sheep’s and goat’s milk and cheeses made from them. The month of milking influenced the content of milk components (p < 0.001) in sheep’s milk and goat’s milk, but no changes in SCC content during the examined period were found (p > 0.05). Level of contamination by Enterobacteriaceae sp. and coagulase-positive staphylococci was lower than 5 log CFU/mL in sheep’s and goat’s milk. During the ripening time, the number of lactic acid bacteria significantly raised (p < 0.001). Ripening time statistically changed (p < 0.001) not just the microbial safety of cheeses but also the color (p < 0.01). Under the applicable regulations, the analyzed samples were evaluated as suitable for human consumption.
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13
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Palaiodimou L, Fanning S, Fox EM. Genomic insights into persistence of Listeria species in the food processing environment. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:2082-2094. [PMID: 33768629 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Listeria species may colonize and persist in food processing facilities for prolonged periods of time, despite hygiene interventions in place. To understand the genetic factors contributing to persistence of Listeria strains, this study undertook a comparative analysis of seven persistent and six presumed non-persistent strains, isolated from a single food processing environment, to identify genetic markers correlating to promoting persistence of Listeria strains, through whole genome sequence analysis. METHODS AND RESULTS A diverse pool of genetic markers relevant to hygiene tolerance was identified, including disinfectant resistance markers qacH, emrC and the efflux cassette bcrABC. Both persistent and presumed non-persistent cohorts encoded a range of stress resistance markers, including heavy metal resistance, oxidative and pH stress, although trends were associated with each cohort (e.g., qacH and cadA1C resistance was more frequently found in persistent isolates). Persistent isolates were more likely to contain mutations associated with attenuated virulence, including a truncated InlA. Plasmids and transposons were widespread between cohorts. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that no single genetic marker identified was universally responsible for a strain's ability to persist. Persistent strains were more likely to harbour mutation associated with hypovirulence. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study provides additional insights into the distribution of genetic elements relevant to persistence across Listeria species, as well as strain virulence potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Palaiodimou
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - S Fanning
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - E M Fox
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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14
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Rodriguez C, Taminiau B, García-Fuentes E, Daube G, Korsak N. Listeria monocytogenes dissemination in farming and primary production: Sources, shedding and control measures. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Hunt K, Jordan K. Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) Analysis of Listeria monocytogenes. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2220:79-88. [PMID: 32975767 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0982-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PFGE is a valuable tool for assessing L. monocytogenes strain interrelatedness. It is based on the study of total bacterial DNA restriction patterns. Cells are embedded in agarose plugs before being lysed. The released DNA is then digested into large fragments by restriction enzymes. As DNA fragments are too large to be separated by traditional electrophoresis in an agarose gel, changes in the direction of the electrical current are periodically applied in order to allow the proper migration of large DNA fragments. Strains are characterized by the obtained DNA fragment patterns or pulsotypes which vary depending on the number and size of bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hunt
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Kieran Jordan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.
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16
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Tirloni E, Bernardi C, Pomilio F, Torresi M, De Santis EPL, Scarano C, Stella S. Occurrence of Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from PDO Taleggio Production Plants. Foods 2020; 9:foods9111636. [PMID: 33182585 PMCID: PMC7696599 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the presence of Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes in four plants producing PDO Taleggio cheese. A total of 360 environmental samples were collected from different areas during production. The sampling points were identified as Food Contact Surfaces (FCS), transfer-Non Food Contact Surfaces (tr-NFCS), and non-transfer-NFCS (non-tr-NFCS). Fifty-nine ingredients/products were also analyzed. Listeria spp. was found in all the plants with a mean prevalence of 23.1%; plants that included a ripening area showed significantly higher prevalence if compared to the other plants. The positivity rate detected on FCS was moderate (~12%), but significantly lower if compared to NFCS (about 1/4 of the samples, p < 0.01). Among the FCS, higher prevalence was revealed on ripening equipment. Listeria spp. was never detected in the ingredients or products. A total of 125 Listeria spp. isolates were identified, mostly as L. innocua (almost 80%). L. monocytogenes was detected only from two FCS samples, in an area dedicated to the cutting of ripened blue cheeses; strain characterization by whole genome sequencing (WGS) evidenced a low virulence of the isolates. The results of the present study stress the importance of Listeria spp. management in the dairy plants producing PDO Taleggio and similar cheeses, mainly by the application of strict hygienic practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Tirloni
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.B.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-50317855; Fax: +39-02-50317870
| | - Cristian Bernardi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Francesco Pomilio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, Via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Marina Torresi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, Via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (F.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Enrico P. L. De Santis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.P.L.D.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Christian Scarano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.P.L.D.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Simone Stella
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy; (C.B.); (S.S.)
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17
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Boukili M, Filali FR, Lafkih N, Bouymajane A, Sefiani M, Moumni M. Prevalence, characterization and antimicrobial resistance of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from beef meat in Meknes city, Morocco. Germs 2020; 10:74-80. [PMID: 32656103 DOI: 10.18683/germs.2020.1180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Listeria monocytogenes is one of the most pathogenic bacteria related to the consumption of contaminated food. This study aims to determine the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in raw beef meat in Meknes city of Morocco, to evaluate its pathogenicity and resistance to antimicrobials. Methods During four seasons, a total of 140 samples were collected from supermarkets, butcheries and Souk (weekly traditional market). The PCR method was used to examine the presence of specific and virulence genes in the isolated strains, and also to identify their serotypes. The antimicrobial resistance was determined. Results The results show a prevalence of 7.14% which depends on retail sites and also on the season's variation. The majority of the strains were detected in butcheries (6 strains), and supermarkets (4 strains). Moreover, the majority of strains were detected during summer (50%). Concerning virulence genes, the seven researched genes were detected in 100% of isolated strains. The majority of strains were of the (1/2a, 1/2c, 3a and 3c) serogroup (70%), while two of them were of the (1/2b, 3b, 4b and 4d) serogroup (20%). All isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial, while three strains were resistant to nine tested antimicrobials. However, they were highly susceptible to amikacin, imipenem, gentamicin, sulfamethoxazole and chloramphenicol. Conclusions According to results, isolated L. monocytogenes from analyzed beef meat shows a high level of pathogenicity and resistance to the most used antimicrobials in listeriosis therapy, which calls for the severe application of quality systems at the slaughterhouses and retail sites level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Boukili
- MD, Team of Microbiology and Health, Laboratory of Chemistry-Biology Applied to the Environment, Moulay Ismail University Faculty of Sciences, BP 11201 Zitoune Meknes, Morocco
| | - Fouzia Rhazi Filali
- PhD, Team of Microbiology and Health, Laboratory of Chemistry-Biology Applied to the Environment, Moulay Ismail University Faculty of Sciences, BP 11201 Zitoune Meknes, Morocco
| | - Nada Lafkih
- MD, Team of Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Cellular Genomics and Molecular Techniques of Investigation, Moulay Ismail University Faculty of Sciences, BP 11201 Zitoune Meknes, Morocco
| | - Aziz Bouymajane
- MD, Team of Microbiology and Health, Laboratory of Chemistry-Biology Applied to the Environment, Moulay Ismail University Faculty of Sciences, BP 11201 Zitoune Meknes, Morocco
| | - Majida Sefiani
- PhD, Team of Microbiology and Health, Laboratory of Chemistry-Biology Applied to the Environment, Moulay Ismail University Faculty of Sciences, BP 11201 Zitoune Meknes, Morocco
| | - Mohieddine Moumni
- PhD, Biotechnology and Valorization of Bioresources Laboratory. Moulay Ismaïl University, Faculty of Sciences, Biology Department. BP 11201 Zitoune 50000 Meknès, Morocco
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18
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Cortes BW, Naditz AL, Anast JM, Schmitz-Esser S. Transcriptome Sequencing of Listeria monocytogenes Reveals Major Gene Expression Changes in Response to Lactic Acid Stress Exposure but a Less Pronounced Response to Oxidative Stress. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3110. [PMID: 32038553 PMCID: PMC6985202 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a well-characterized pathogen that represents a major threat to food safety. In this study, we examine the chromosomal and plasmid transcriptomes of two different L. monocytogenes strains, 6179 [belonging to sequence type (ST) 121] and R479a (ST8), in response to 30 min exposure to oxidative (0.01% hydrogen peroxide) and acid (1% lactic acid, pH 3.4) stress. The exposure to oxidative stress resulted in 102 and 9 differentially expressed (DE) genes in the chromosomal transcriptomes of 6179 and R479a, respectively. In contrast, 2280 and 2151 DE genes were observed in the respective chromosomal transcriptomes of 6179 and R479a in response to lactic acid stress. During lactic acid stress, we observed upregulation of numerous genes known to be involved in the L. monocytogenes stress response, including multiple members of the σB regulon, many of which have not been functionally characterized. Among these genes, homologs of lmo2230 were highly upregulated in both strains. Most notably, the σB-dependent non-coding RNA Rli47 was by far the most highly expressed gene in both 6179 and R479a, accounting for an average of 28 and 38% of all mapped reads in the respective chromosomal transcriptomes. In response to oxidative stress, one DE gene was identified in the 6179 plasmid transcriptome, and no DE genes were observed in the transcriptome of the R479a plasmid. However, lactic acid exposure resulted in upregulation of the stress response gene clpL, among others, on the 6179 plasmid. In R479a, a number of uncharacterized plasmid genes were upregulated, indicating a potential role in stress response. Furthermore, an average of 65% of all mapped transcriptome reads for the R479a plasmid following acid stress were mapped to an intergenic region bearing similarity to riboswitches involved in transition metal resistance. The results of this study support the conclusion that members of the σB regulon, particularly lmo2230 and the non-coding RNA Rli47, play an integral role in the response of L. monocytogenes to acid stress. Furthermore, we report the first global transcriptome sequencing analysis of L. monocytogenes plasmid gene expression and identify a putative, plasmid-encoded riboswitch with potential involvement in response to acid exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bienvenido W Cortes
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Annabel L Naditz
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Justin M Anast
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Stephan Schmitz-Esser
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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19
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Papademas P, Aspri M, Mariou M, Dowd SE, Kazou M, Tsakalidou E. Conventional and omics approaches shed light on Halitzia cheese, a long-forgotten white-brined cheese from Cyprus. Int Dairy J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Múgica-Vidal R, Sainz-García E, Álvarez-Ordóñez A, Prieto M, González-Raurich M, López M, López M, Rojo-Bezares B, Sáenz Y, Alba-Elías F. Production of Antibacterial Coatings Through Atmospheric Pressure Plasma: a Promising Alternative for Combatting Biofilms in the Food Industry. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-019-02293-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Campagnollo FB, Gonzales-Barron U, Pilão Cadavez VA, Sant’Ana AS, Schaffner DW. Quantitative risk assessment of Listeria monocytogenes in traditional Minas cheeses: The cases of artisanal semi-hard and fresh soft cheeses. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Melero B, Stessl B, Manso B, Wagner M, Esteban-Carbonero ÓJ, Hernández M, Rovira J, Rodriguez-Lázaro D. Listeria monocytogenes colonization in a newly established dairy processing facility. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 289:64-71. [PMID: 30199737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The presence and colonization of Listeria monocytogenes were investigated in a newly established dairy processing plant during a one-year period. A total of 250 non-food contact surfaces, 163 food contact surfaces, 46 personnel and 77 food samples were analyzed in two different buildings according to the cheese production chain. Initial steps, including salting, are performed in building I (old facility), while the final steps, including ripening, cutting and packaging, are performed in building II (new facility). Overall, 218 samples were collected from building I and 318 from building II. L. monocytogenes isolates were subtyped by PFGE and MLST, and a questionnaire about quality measures was completed. The overall prevalence of L. monocytogenes was 8.40%, and while the presence of the pathogen was observed just during the first sampling in building I, L. monocytogenes was found in building II at the third sampling event. The salting area in building I had the highest proportion of positive samples with the highest diversity of PFGE types. Moreover, L. monocytogenes PFGE type 3 (sequence type -ST- 204) was first detected in building II in the third visit, and spread through this building until the end of the study. The answers to the questionnaire implied that lack of hygienic barriers in specific parts of the facilities and uncontrolled personnel flow were the critical factors for the spread of L. monocytogenes within and between buildings. Knowledge of the patterns of L. monocytogenes colonization can help a more rational design of new cheesemaking facilities, and improve the food safety within current facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Melero
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Beatrix Stessl
- Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Beatriz Manso
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Martin Wagner
- Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Marta Hernández
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jordi Rovira
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
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23
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Gérard A, El-Hajjaji S, Niyonzima E, Daube G, Sindic M. Prevalence and survival of Listeria monocytogenes
in various types of cheese-A review. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amaury Gérard
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agro-Food Products; Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; University of Liège; Passage des Déportés, 2 5030 Gembloux Belgium
| | - Soundous El-Hajjaji
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agro-Food Products; Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; University of Liège; Passage des Déportés, 2 5030 Gembloux Belgium
| | - Eugène Niyonzima
- Food Safety and Quality Management Department; School of Food Science and Technology; University of Rwanda; Avenue de l'armée, P.O. Box 3900 Kigali Rwanda
| | - Georges Daube
- Food Science Department; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; FARAH, University of Liège; Sart-Tilman B43b 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Marianne Sindic
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agro-Food Products; Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; University of Liège; Passage des Déportés, 2 5030 Gembloux Belgium
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24
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Hygiene Quality and Consumer Safety of Traditional Short- and Long-Ripened Cheeses from Poland. J FOOD QUALITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/8732412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was the assessment of the microbiological quality of three types of traditional cheeses which are produced from raw and pasteurized cow’s milk. Two types of cheeses were of the short-ripened type, and one cheese was long-ripened. A microbial examination was conducted for the presence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes microorganisms and the count of aerobic, psychrotrophic, lactic acid bacteria, and coliform bacteria, as well as Escherichia coli, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., and yeasts. The examined cheeses did not fulfill the microbial criteria for food safety (presence of L. monocytogenes) and process hygiene (exceeded allowable levels of E. coli and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus). The levels of coliform bacteria, E. coli, and Enterobacteriaceae and the presence of Enterococcus faecalis determined in the three examined cheese types indicated that insufficient hygiene procedures were used during the production process. The results of the study indicate that the examined cheeses did not fulfill the microbial criteria for food safety and process hygiene according to the legislation. It is necessary to introduce correction procedures as indicated in the current report.
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Jordan K, McAuliffe O. Listeria monocytogenes in Foods. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2018; 86:181-213. [PMID: 30077222 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes causes listeriosis, a rare foodborne disease with a mortality rate of 20%-30%. The elderly and immunocompromised are particularly susceptible to listeriosis. L. monocytogenes is ubiquitous in nature and can contaminate food-processing environments, posing a threat to the food chain. This is particularly important for ready-to-eat foods as there is no heat treatment or other antimicrobial step between production and consumption. Thus, occurrence and control of L. monocytogenes are important for industry and public health. Advances in whole-genome sequence technology are facilitating the investigation of disease outbreaks, linking sporadic cases to outbreaks, and linking outbreaks internationally. Novel control methods, such as bacteriophage and bacteriocins, can contribute to a reduction in the occurrence of L. monocytogenes in the food-processing environment, thereby reducing the risk of food contamination and contributing to a reduction in public health issues.
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26
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Gray JA, Chandry PS, Kaur M, Kocharunchitt C, Bowman JP, Fox EM. Novel Biocontrol Methods for Listeria monocytogenes Biofilms in Food Production Facilities. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:605. [PMID: 29666613 PMCID: PMC5891606 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High mortality and hospitalization rates have seen Listeria monocytogenes as a foodborne pathogen of public health importance for many years and of particular concern for high-risk population groups. Food manufactures face an ongoing challenge in preventing the entry of L. monocytogenes into food production environments (FPEs) due to its ubiquitous nature. In addition to this, the capacity of L. monocytogenes strains to colonize FPEs can lead to repeated identification of L. monocytogenes in FPE surveillance. The contamination of food products requiring product recall presents large economic burden to industry and is further exacerbated by damage to the brand. Poor equipment design, facility layout, and worn or damaged equipment can result in Listeria hotspots and biofilms where traditional cleaning and disinfecting procedures may be inadequate. Novel biocontrol methods may offer FPEs effective means to help improve control of L. monocytogenes and decrease cross contamination of food. Bacteriophages have been used as a medical treatment for many years for their ability to infect and lyse specific bacteria. Endolysins, the hydrolytic enzymes of bacteriophages responsible for breaking the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria, are being explored as a biocontrol method for food preservation and in nanotechnology and medical applications. Antibacterial proteins known as bacteriocins have been used as alternatives to antibiotics for biopreservation and food product shelf life extension. Essential oils are natural antimicrobials formed by plants and have been used as food additives and preservatives for many years and more recently as a method to prevent food spoilage by microorganisms. Competitive exclusion occurs naturally among bacteria in the environment. However, intentionally selecting and applying bacteria to effect competitive exclusion of food borne pathogens has potential as a biocontrol application. This review discusses these novel biocontrol methods and their use in food safety and prevention of spoilage, and examines their potential to control L. monocytogenes within biofilms in food production facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Gray
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Werribee, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Food Safety and Innovation, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | | | - Mandeep Kaur
- Centre for Food Safety and Innovation, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Chawalit Kocharunchitt
- Centre for Food Safety and Innovation, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - John P. Bowman
- Centre for Food Safety and Innovation, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Edward M. Fox
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Werribee, VIC, Australia
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Castro H, Jaakkonen A, Hakkinen M, Korkeala H, Lindström M. Occurrence, Persistence, and Contamination Routes of Listeria monocytogenes Genotypes on Three Finnish Dairy Cattle Farms: a Longitudinal Study. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e02000-17. [PMID: 29222098 PMCID: PMC5795088 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02000-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular epidemiology of Listeria monocytogenes was investigated in a longitudinal study of three Finnish dairy farms during 2013 to 2016. A total of 186 bulk tank milk (BTM), 224 milk filter sock (MFS), and 1,702 barn environment samples were analyzed, and isolates of L. monocytogenes were genotyped using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. L. monocytogenes occurred throughout the year in all sample types, and the prevalence in MFS increased significantly during the indoor season. L. monocytogenes was more prevalent in MFS (29%) than in BTM (13%) samples. However, the prevalence of L. monocytogenes varied more between farms in samples of MFS (13 to 48%) than in BTM (10 to 16%). For each farm, the L. monocytogenes genotypes detected were classified by persistence (defined as persistent if isolated from ≥3 samples during ≥6 months) and predominance (defined as predominant if >5% prevalence on at least one farm visit). The prevalence of sporadic genotypes was 4 to 5% on all three farms. In contrast, the prevalence of persistent predominant genotypes varied between farms by 4% to 16%. The highest prevalence of persistent predominant genotypes was observed on the farm with the poorest production hygiene. Persistent predominant genotypes were most prevalent on feeding surfaces, water troughs, and floors. Genotypes isolated from the milking system or from cow udders had a greater relative risk of occurring in BTM and MFS than genotypes that only occurred elsewhere in the farm, supporting the hypothesis that L. monocytogenes is transmitted to milk from contamination on the udder surface or in the milking equipment.IMPORTANCEListeria monocytogenes is a ubiquitous environmental bacterium and the causative agent of a serious foodborne illness, listeriosis. Dairy products are common vehicles of listeriosis, and dairy cattle farms harbor L. monocytogenes genotypes associated with human listeriosis outbreaks. Indeed, dairy cattle farms act as a reservoir of L. monocytogenes, and the organism is frequently detected in bulk tank milk (BTM) and in the feces of clinically healthy cows. The ecology of L. monocytogenes in the farm environment is complex and poorly understood. Isolates of the same L. monocytogenes genotype can occur in the farm for years, but the factors contributing to the persistence of genotypes on dairy farms are unknown. Knowledge of the persistence patterns and contamination routes of L. monocytogenes on dairy farms can improve management of the contamination pressure in the farm environment and aid in the development of focused control strategies to reduce BTM contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Castro
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anniina Jaakkonen
- Microbiology Research Unit, Finnish Food Safety Authority (Evira), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjaana Hakkinen
- Microbiology Research Unit, Finnish Food Safety Authority (Evira), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Korkeala
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miia Lindström
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Kang IB, Kim DH, Chon JW, Seo KH. Effect of microbial control measures on farmstead cheesemaking and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus
and Enterococcus
spp. isolates. J Food Saf 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Il-Byeong Kang
- Center for One Health; College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University; Seoul The Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyeon Kim
- Center for One Health; College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University; Seoul The Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Whan Chon
- Center for One Health; College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University; Seoul The Republic of Korea
| | - Kun-Ho Seo
- Center for One Health; College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University; Seoul The Republic of Korea
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Castro H, Ruusunen M, Lindström M. Occurrence and growth of Listeria monocytogenes in packaged raw milk. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 261:1-10. [PMID: 28850852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The increased availability of packaged raw drinking milk necessitates the investigation of the occurrence and growth of Listeria monocytogenes in raw milk during distribution and storage. The occurrence of L. monocytogenes in 105 retailed raw milk bottles, 115 bulk tank milk samples, 23 in-line milk filter socks and in 50 environmental samples collected from an on-farm dairy establishment were investigated. Growth of inoculated low-level L. monocytogenes contamination was also investigated in two types of raw milk packaging, namely in 1-litre plastic bottles and 3-litre bag-in-boxes, both stored at three different storage temperatures of 6, 8 and 10°C. The occurrence of L. monocytogenes was higher (4.8%) in bottled raw milk stored until the use-by-date of the package compared to fresh bulk tank milk (1.7%). L. monocytogenes counts were ≤13CFU/ml in bottled raw milk and ≤1CFU/ml in bulk tank milk. L. monocytogenes was not detected in the packaging facility, but occurred very frequently (39%) in the milk filter socks. Subtyping of L. monocytogenes isolates using pulsed-field gel-electrophoresis revealed seven pulsotypes, of which two occurred in multiple samples. Targeted inoculum levels of 1-2CFU/ml yielded L. monocytogenes counts≥100CFU/ml within seven days of storage in 22% of the raw milk packages stored at 6°C, and in all of the raw milk packages stored at 8°C. The frequent occurrence of L. monocytogenes in raw milk and the ability of a low-level L. monocytogenes contamination to grow at refrigeration temperatures highlight the importance of consumer education regarding the appropriate raw milk storage and handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Castro
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjo Ruusunen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miia Lindström
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Knudsen GM, Nielsen JB, Marvig RL, Ng Y, Worning P, Westh H, Gram L. Genome-wide-analyses of Listeria monocytogenes from food-processing plants reveal clonal diversity and date the emergence of persisting sequence types. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017; 9:428-440. [PMID: 28574206 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Whole genome sequencing is increasing used in epidemiology, e.g. for tracing outbreaks of food-borne diseases. This requires in-depth understanding of pathogen emergence, persistence and genomic diversity along the food production chain including in food processing plants. We sequenced the genomes of 80 isolates of Listeria monocytogenes sampled from Danish food processing plants over a time-period of 20 years, and analysed the sequences together with 10 public available reference genomes to advance our understanding of interplant and intraplant genomic diversity of L. monocytogenes. Except for three persisting sequence types (ST) based on Multi Locus Sequence Typing being ST7, ST8 and ST121, long-term persistence of clonal groups was limited, and new clones were introduced continuously, potentially from raw materials. No particular gene could be linked to the persistence phenotype. Using time-based phylogenetic analyses of the persistent STs, we estimate the L. monocytogenes evolutionary rate to be 0.18-0.35 single nucleotide polymorphisms/year, suggesting that the persistent STs emerged approximately 100 years ago, which correlates with the onset of industrialization and globalization of the food market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitte M Knudsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jesper Boye Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hvidovre Hospital, MRSA KnowledgeCenter, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Rasmus L Marvig
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yin Ng
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peder Worning
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hvidovre Hospital, MRSA KnowledgeCenter, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Henrik Westh
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hvidovre Hospital, MRSA KnowledgeCenter, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lone Gram
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Growth interactions and antilisterial effects of the bacteriocinogenic Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris M104 and Enterococcus faecium KE82 strains in thermized milk in the presence or absence of a commercial starter culture. Food Microbiol 2017; 64:145-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Buchanan RL, Gorris LG, Hayman MM, Jackson TC, Whiting RC. A review of Listeria monocytogenes : An update on outbreaks, virulence, dose-response, ecology, and risk assessments. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 461] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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34
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Development of a novel multi-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) combined with high resolution melting analysis (HRMA) for Listeria innocua typing and its application in a food processing plant. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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35
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Beno SM, Stasiewicz MJ, Andrus AD, Ralyea RD, Kent DJ, Martin NH, Wiedmann M, Boor KJ. Development and Validation of Pathogen Environmental Monitoring Programs for Small Cheese Processing Facilities. J Food Prot 2016; 79:2095-2106. [PMID: 28221969 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen environmental monitoring programs (EMPs) are essential for food processing facilities of all sizes that produce ready-to-eat food products exposed to the processing environment. We developed, implemented, and evaluated EMPs targeting Listeria spp. and Salmonella in nine small cheese processing facilities, including seven farmstead facilities. Individual EMPs with monthly sample collection protocols were designed specifically for each facility. Salmonella was detected in only one facility, with likely introduction from the adjacent farm indicated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis data. Listeria spp. were isolated from all nine facilities during routine sampling. The overall Listeria spp. (other than Listeria monocytogenes ) and L. monocytogenes prevalences in the 4,430 environmental samples collected were 6.03 and 1.35%, respectively. Molecular characterization and subtyping data suggested persistence of a given Listeria spp. strain in seven facilities and persistence of L. monocytogenes in four facilities. To assess routine sampling plans, validation sampling for Listeria spp. was performed in seven facilities after at least 6 months of routine sampling. This validation sampling was performed by independent individuals and included collection of 50 to 150 samples per facility, based on statistical sample size calculations. Two of the facilities had a significantly higher frequency of detection of Listeria spp. during the validation sampling than during routine sampling, whereas two other facilities had significantly lower frequencies of detection. This study provides a model for a science- and statistics-based approach to developing and validating pathogen EMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Beno
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, 358 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Matthew J Stasiewicz
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, 358 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Alexis D Andrus
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, 358 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Robert D Ralyea
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, 358 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - David J Kent
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, 358 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Nicole H Martin
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, 358 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, 358 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Kathryn J Boor
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, 358 Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Dreyer M, Aguilar-Bultet L, Rupp S, Guldimann C, Stephan R, Schock A, Otter A, Schüpbach G, Brisse S, Lecuit M, Frey J, Oevermann A. Listeria monocytogenes sequence type 1 is predominant in ruminant rhombencephalitis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36419. [PMID: 27848981 PMCID: PMC5111077 DOI: 10.1038/srep36419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria (L.) monocytogenes is an opportunistic pathogen causing life-threatening infections in diverse mammalian species including humans and ruminants. As little is known on the link between strains and clinicopathological phenotypes, we studied potential strain-associated virulence and organ tropism in L. monocytogenes isolates from well-defined ruminant cases of clinical infections and the farm environment. The phylogeny of isolates and their virulence-associated genes were analyzed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and sequence analysis of virulence-associated genes. Additionally, a panel of representative isolates was subjected to in vitro infection assays. Our data suggest the environmental exposure of ruminants to a broad range of strains and yet the strong association of sequence type (ST) 1 from clonal complex (CC) 1 with rhombencephalitis, suggesting increased neurotropism of ST1 in ruminants, which is possibly related to its hypervirulence. This study emphasizes the importance of considering clonal background of L. monocytogenes isolates in surveillance, epidemiological investigation and disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Dreyer
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lisandra Aguilar-Bultet
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Rupp
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Guldimann
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Schock
- Department of Pathology, AHVLA Lasswade, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Arthur Otter
- AHVLA Shrewsbury Kendal Road, Harlscott, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sylvain Brisse
- Institut Pasteur, Microbial Evolutionary Genomics, Paris, France
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France.,Inserm U1117, Paris, France.,French National Reference Center and WHO Collaborating Center Listeria, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Joachim Frey
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Oevermann
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
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Rychli K, Grunert T, Ciolacu L, Zaiser A, Razzazi-Fazeli E, Schmitz-Esser S, Ehling-Schulz M, Wagner M. Exoproteome analysis reveals higher abundance of proteins linked to alkaline stress in persistent Listeria monocytogenes strains. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 218:17-26. [PMID: 26594790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, responsible for listeriosis a rare but severe infection disease, can survive in the food processing environment for month or even years. So-called persistent L. monocytogenes strains greatly increase the risk of (re)contamination of food products, and are therefore a great challenge for food safety. However, our understanding of the mechanism underlying persistence is still fragmented. In this study we compared the exoproteome of three persistent strains with the reference strain EGDe under mild stress conditions using 2D differential gel electrophoresis. Principal component analysis including all differentially abundant protein spots showed that the exoproteome of strain EGDe (sequence type (ST) 35) is distinct from that of the persistent strain R479a (ST8) and the two closely related ST121 strains 4423 and 6179. Phylogenetic analyses based on multilocus ST genes showed similar grouping of the strains. Comparing the exoproteome of strain EGDe and the three persistent strains resulted in identification of 22 differentially expressed protein spots corresponding to 16 proteins. Six proteins were significantly increased in the persistent L. monocytogenes exoproteomes, among them proteins involved in alkaline stress response (e.g. the membrane anchored lipoprotein Lmo2637 and the NADPH dehydrogenase NamA). In parallel the persistent strains showed increased survival under alkaline stress, which is often provided during cleaning and disinfection in the food processing environments. In addition, gene expression of the proteins linked to stress response (Lmo2637, NamA, Fhs and QoxA) was higher in the persistent strain not only at 37 °C but also at 10 °C. Invasion efficiency of EGDe was higher in intestinal epithelial Caco2 and macrophage-like THP1 cells compared to the persistent strains. Concurrently we found higher expression of proteins involved in virulence in EGDe e.g. the actin-assembly-inducing protein ActA and the surface virulence associated protein SvpA. Furthermore proteins involved in cell wall modification, such as the lipoteichonic acid primase LtaP and the N-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidase (Lmo2591) are more abundant in EGDe than in the persistent strains and could indirectly contribute to virulence. In conclusion this study provides information about a set of proteins that could potentially support survival of L. monocytogenes in abiotic niches in food processing environments. Based on these data, a more detailed analysis of the role of the identified proteins under stresses mimicking conditions in food producing environment is essential for further elucidate the mechanism of the phenomenon of persistence of L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Rychli
- Institute for Milk Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Tom Grunert
- Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Luminita Ciolacu
- Institute for Milk Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galaţi, 47 Domneasca St., 800008 Galaţi, Romania.
| | - Andreas Zaiser
- Institute for Milk Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ebrahim Razzazi-Fazeli
- VetCORE facility for research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Stephan Schmitz-Esser
- Institute for Milk Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Martin Wagner
- Institute for Milk Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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Occurrence, Persistence, and Virulence Potential of Listeria ivanovii in Foods and Food Processing Environments in the Republic of Ireland. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:350526. [PMID: 26543856 PMCID: PMC4620271 DOI: 10.1155/2015/350526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of L. ivanovii in foods and food processing environments in Ireland, to track persistence, and to characterize the disease causing potential of the isolated strains. A total of 2,006 samples (432 food samples and 1,574 environmental swabs) were collected between March 2013 and March 2014 from 48 food business operators (FBOs) belonging to different production sectors (dairy, fish, meat, and fresh-cut vegetable). Six of the forty-eight FBOs had samples positive for L. ivanovii on at least one sampling occasion. L. ivanovii was present in fifteen samples (fourteen environmental samples and one food sample). All but one of those positive samples derived from the dairy sector, where L. ivanovii prevalence was 1.7%. Six distinguishable pulsotypes were obtained by PFGE analysis, with one pulsotype being persistent in the environment of a dairy food business. Sequence analysis of the sigB gene showed that fourteen isolates belonged to L. ivanovii subsp. londoniensis, while only one isolate was L. ivanovii subsp. ivanovii. Cell invasion assays demonstrated that the majority of L. ivanovii strains were comparable to L. monocytogenes EGDe in their ability to invade CACO-2 epithelial cells whilst four isolates had significantly higher invasion efficiencies.
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40
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The challenge of challenge testing to monitor Listeria monocytogenes growth on ready-to-eat foods in Europe by following the European Commission (2014) Technical Guidance document. Food Res Int 2015; 75:233-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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41
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Jadhav S, Gulati V, Fox EM, Karpe A, Beale DJ, Sevior D, Bhave M, Palombo EA. Rapid identification and source-tracking of Listeria monocytogenes using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 202:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fox EM, Wall PG, Fanning S. Control of Listeria species food safety at a poultry food production facility. Food Microbiol 2015; 51:81-6. [PMID: 26187831 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Surveillance and control of food-borne human pathogens, such as Listeria monocytogenes, is a critical aspect of modern food safety programs at food production facilities. This study evaluated contamination patterns of Listeria species at a poultry food production facility, and evaluated the efficacy of procedures to control the contamination and transfer of the bacteria throughout the plant. The presence of Listeria species was studied along the production chain, including raw ingredients, food-contact, non-food-contact surfaces, and finished product. All isolates were sub-typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to identify possible entry points for Listeria species into the production chain, as well as identifying possible transfer routes through the facility. The efficacy of selected in-house sanitizers against a sub-set of the isolates was evaluated. Of the 77 different PFGE-types identified, 10 were found among two or more of the five categories/areas (ingredients, food preparation, cooking and packing, bulk packing, and product), indicating potential transfer routes at the facility. One of the six sanitizers used was identified as unsuitable for control of Listeria species. Combining PFGE data, together with information on isolate location and timeframe, facilitated identification of a persistent Listeria species contamination that had colonized the facility, along with others that were transient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward M Fox
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Patrick G Wall
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Cabrita P, Trigo MJ, Ferreira RB, Brito L. Differences in the Expression of Cold Stress-Related Genes and in the Swarming Motility Among Persistent and Sporadic Strains of Listeria monocytogenes. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:576-84. [PMID: 25974395 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of certain Listeria monocytogenes strains in food-related environments suggests niche adaptation of these strains and therefore constitutes a major risk to consumer health and results in economic losses for the food producer. In this study, a set of 23 L. monocytogenes isolates, including a group of persistent and a group of sporadic strains, was evaluated regarding their swarming motility at 11°C. In each group, significant (p<0.05) differences in motility were observed. The transcript levels of nine cold stress-related genes were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR in two representatives of persistent (CBISA3077) and sporadic (CBISA3049) strains isolated from the dairy environment, and significant (p<0.05) differences between the two strains were observed. The persistent strain showed significantly higher transcript levels of dtpT and sigB genes, and significantly lower levels of flaA, oppA, lmo1722, and lmo0866 genes. In the persistent strain, the upregulation of sigB, involved in the tolerance to low temperature and to osmotic stress, could account for the persistence of this strain in its original dairy environment. In a similar way, the downregulation of two helicase-encoding genes lmo1722 and lmo0866, in this strain, may be an evolutionary trait that could facilitate cold stress adaptation. Even though this analysis should be extended to more sporadic and more persistent strains, the results presented here strongly suggest gene expression networks differently adjusted, in the two strains, to the low-temperature environment from where they were collected. Moreover, our findings suggest that bacterial motility per se should not be considered a key feature for the persistence of L. monocytogenes in the food environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Cabrita
- 1 Center for Botany Applied to Agriculture/Departamento dos Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Território (CBAA/DRAT), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon , Lisbon, Portugal .,2 Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária , Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Maria João Trigo
- 2 Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária , Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Boavida Ferreira
- 1 Center for Botany Applied to Agriculture/Departamento dos Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Território (CBAA/DRAT), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon , Lisbon, Portugal .,3 Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica , New University of Lisbon, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Luisa Brito
- 1 Center for Botany Applied to Agriculture/Departamento dos Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Território (CBAA/DRAT), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon , Lisbon, Portugal
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Rodríguez-López P, Saá-Ibusquiza P, Mosquera-Fernández M, López-Cabo M. Listeria monocytogenes-carrying consortia in food industry. Composition, subtyping and numerical characterisation of mono-species biofilm dynamics on stainless steel. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 206:84-95. [PMID: 26001376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to find out how real Listeria monocytogenes-carrying biofilms are in industrial settings, a total of 270 environmental samples belonging to work surfaces from fish (n = 123), meat (n = 75) and dairy industries (n = 72) were analysed in order to detect L. monocytogenes. 12 samples were positive for L. monocytogenes and a total of 18 different species were identified as accompanying microbiota in fish and meat industry. No L. monocytogenes was found in samples from dairy industry. Molecular characterisation combining results of AscI and ApaI macrorestriction PFGE assays yielded 7 different subtypes of L. monocytogenes sharing in 71.43% of cases the same serogroup (1/2a-3a). Results from dynamic numerical characterisation between L. monocytogenes monospecies biofilms on stainless steel (SS) using MATLAB-based tool BIOFILMDIVER demonstrated that except in isolate A1, in which a significant increase in the percentage of covered area (CA), average diffusion distance (ADD) and maximum diffusion distance (MDD) was observed after 120 h of culture, no significant differences were observed in the dynamics of the rest of the L. monocytogenes isolates. Quantitative dual-species biofilm association experiments performed on SS indicated that L. monocytogenes cell counts presented lower values in mixed-species cultures with certain species at 24 and 48 h compared with mono-species culture. However, they remained unaltered after 72 h except when co-cultured with Serratia fonticola which presented differences in all sampling times and was also the dominant species within the dual-species biofilm. When considering frequency of appearance of accompanying species, an ecological distribution was demonstrated as Escherichia coli appeared to be the most abundant in fish industry and Carnobacterium spp. in meat industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Rodríguez-López
- Department of Microbiology and Technology of Marine Products, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Campus of Bellaterra, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Paula Saá-Ibusquiza
- Department of Microbiology and Technology of Marine Products, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Maruxa Mosquera-Fernández
- Department of Microbiology and Technology of Marine Products, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Marta López-Cabo
- Department of Microbiology and Technology of Marine Products, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
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Muhterem-Uyar M, Dalmasso M, Bolocan AS, Hernandez M, Kapetanakou AE, Kuchta T, Manios SG, Melero B, Minarovičová J, Nicolau AI, Rovira J, Skandamis PN, Jordan K, Rodríguez-Lázaro D, Stessl B, Wagner M. Environmental sampling for Listeria monocytogenes control in food processing facilities reveals three contamination scenarios. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Schmitz-Esser S, Müller A, Stessl B, Wagner M. Genomes of sequence type 121 Listeria monocytogenes strains harbor highly conserved plasmids and prophages. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:380. [PMID: 25972859 PMCID: PMC4412001 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The food-borne pathogen Listeria (L.) monocytogenes is often found in food production environments. Thus, controlling the occurrence of L. monocytogenes in food production is a great challenge for food safety. Among a great diversity of L. monocytogenes strains from food production, particularly strains belonging to sequence type (ST)121 are prevalent. The molecular reasons for the abundance of ST121 strains are however currently unknown. We therefore determined the genome sequences of three L. monocytogenes ST121 strains: 6179 and 4423, which persisted for up to 8 years in food production plants in Ireland and Austria, and of the strain 3253 and compared them with available L. monocytogenes ST121 genomes. Our results show that the ST121 genomes are highly similar to each other and show a tremendously high degree of conservation among some of their prophages and particularly among their plasmids. This remarkably high level of conservation among prophages and plasmids suggests that strong selective pressure is acting on them. We thus hypothesize that plasmids and prophages are providing important adaptations for survival in food production environments. In addition, the ST121 genomes share common adaptations which might be related to their persistence in food production environments such as the presence of Tn6188, a transposon responsible for increased tolerance against quaternary ammonium compounds, a yet undescribed insertion harboring recombination hotspot (RHS) repeat proteins, which are most likely involved in competition against other bacteria, and presence of homologs of the L. innocua genes lin0464 and lin0465.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Schmitz-Esser
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute for Milk Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Anneliese Müller
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute for Milk Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Beatrix Stessl
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute for Milk Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute for Milk Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Vienna, Austria
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Spanu C, Scarano C, Ibba M, Spanu V, De Santis EPL. Occurrence and traceability of Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from sheep's milk cheese-making plants environment. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Reducing the Occurrence of L. monocytogenes. LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES IN THE FOOD PROCESSING ENVIRONMENT 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16286-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Melo J, Andrew P, Faleiro M. Listeria monocytogenes in cheese and the dairy environment remains a food safety challenge: The role of stress responses. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Garrido-Maestu A, Chapela MJ, Vieites JM, Cabado AG. Application of real-time PCR to detect Listeria monocytogenes in a mussel processing industry: Impact on control. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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