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Rosales AB, Causserand C, Coetsier C, Formosa-Dague C. Probing the reduction of adhesion forces between biofilms and anti-biofouling filtration membrane surfaces using FluidFM technology. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 234:113701. [PMID: 38101142 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Biofouling is a persistent problem in many sectors (healthcare, medicine, marine, and membrane filtration processes). To control the biofouling of surfaces, it is essential to overcome or reduce the adhesion forces between biofilms and surfaces. To access and understand the molecular basis of these interactions, atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a well-suited technology that can measure adhesion forces at the piconewton level. However, AFM-based existing methods only probe interactions between individual cells and surfaces, which is not representative of realistic conditions given that bacteria mainly exist in biofilms. We develop here an original method using FluidFM, a combination of AFM and microfluidics, to probe the adhesion forces between biofilms and filtration membranes modified with an anti-biofouling agent, vanillin. This strategy involves i) growing bacterial biofilms on micrometer-sized polystyrene beads, ii) aspirating these biofilm beads at the aperture of microfluidic cantilevers and iii) using them as probes in force spectroscopy experiments. The results obtained first showed that COOH-functionalized polystyrene beads are more suitable for bacterial growth, and that biofilms obtained after 3 h of incubation could be used with FluidFM. Then, biofilm-scale force spectroscopy experiments showed a significant decrease in adhesion forces, adhesion work, and adhesion events after membrane modification, demonstrating the potential of vanillin-coated membranes to reduce biofouling. In addition, the comparison between results at the individual cell and biofilm scales highlighted the complexity of polymeric matrix unbinding and/or unfolding in the biofilm, showing that individual cells behave differently from biofilms. Overall, this method could have implications in the fields of materials science, chemical engineering, health, and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Burato Rosales
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Christel Causserand
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Clémence Coetsier
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France; Fédération de Recherche Fermat, CNRS, 31000 Toulouse, France.
| | - Cécile Formosa-Dague
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, INSA, INRAE, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France; Fédération de Recherche Fermat, CNRS, 31000 Toulouse, France.
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Jonsmoen UL, Malyshev D, Öberg R, Dahlberg T, Aspholm ME, Andersson M. Endospore pili: Flexible, stiff, and sticky nanofibers. Biophys J 2023; 122:2696-2706. [PMID: 37218131 PMCID: PMC10397575 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Species belonging to the Bacillus cereus group form endospores (spores) whose surface is decorated with micrometers-long and nanometers-wide endospore appendages (Enas). The Enas have recently been shown to represent a completely novel class of Gram-positive pili. They exhibit remarkable structural properties making them extremely resilient to proteolytic digestion and solubilization. However, little is known about their functional and biophysical properties. In this work, we apply optical tweezers to manipulate and assess how wild-type and Ena-depleted mutant spores immobilize on a glass surface. Furthermore, we utilize optical tweezers to extend S-Ena fibers to measure their flexibility and tensile stiffness. Finally, by oscillating single spores, we examine how the exosporium and Enas affect spores' hydrodynamic properties. Our results show that S-Enas (μm-long pili) are not as effective as L-Enas in immobilizing spores to glass surfaces but are involved in forming spore-to-spore connections, holding the spores together in a gel-like state. The measurements also show that S-Enas are flexible but tensile stiff fibers, which support structural data suggesting that the quaternary structure is composed of subunits arranged in a complex to produce a bendable fiber (helical turns can tilt against each other) with limited axial fiber extensibility. Finally, the results show that the hydrodynamic drag is 1.5 times higher for wild-type spores expressing S- and L-Enas compared with mutant spores expressing only L-Enas or "bald spores" lacking Ena, and 2 times higher compared with spores of the exosporium-deficient strain. This study unveils novel findings on the biophysics of S- and L-Enas, their role in spore aggregation, binding of spores to glass, and their mechanical behavior upon exposure to drag forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unni Lise Jonsmoen
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | | | - Rasmus Öberg
- Department of Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Marina E Aspholm
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.
| | - Magnus Andersson
- Department of Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå, Sweden.
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Zhao Y, Zhu S, Fan X, Zhang X, Ren H, Huang H. Precise portrayal of microscopic processes of wastewater biofilm formation: Taking SiO 2 as the model carrier. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:157776. [PMID: 35926593 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Precise characterization of the microscopic processes of wastewater biofilm formation is essential for regulating biofilm behavior. Nevertheless, it remains a great challenge. This study investigated biofilm formation on SiO2 carriers under gradually increasing shear force combining the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (XDLVO) theory in a Couette-Taylor reactor, and precisely revealed the micro-interface interaction and species colonization during biofilm formation. The results indicated that bacterial reversible adhesion distance on SiO2 carrier surface was 3.06 ± 0.48 nm. Meanwhile, the secondary minimum of total XDLVO interaction energy could be used as a novel indicator to distinguish biofilm formation stages. The revealed biofilm formation stages were also confirmed by the electrochemical analysis. Additionally, the pioneer species that colonized at first were Comamonadaceae, Azospira, Flavobacterium and Azonexus, while keystone species such as Hydrogenophaga, AKYH767, Aquimonas and Ignavibacterium determined the stability of microbial community. In conclusion, this study provided a methodological example to study wastewater biofilm micro-interface behavior through the integration of an experimental platform as well as multiple monitoring and analysis methods, which opened up new perspectives for biofilm research and provided useful guidance for the regulation of biofilm-related treatment processes and new technology development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Shanshan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xuan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xuxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.
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4
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Model for Wall Shear Stress from Obliquely Impinging Planar Underexpanded Jets. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12147311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Though inclined under-expanded planar jets are used in many practical applications, the wall stress resulting from their impingement has not been adequately characterized. Reduced-order models for wall shear as a function of jet parameters have not been reported. This work uses computational fluid dynamics to determine wall shear stress as a function of the nozzle parameters and jet angle. The simulations of the impinging jet are validated against the experimental data and direct numerical simulation; then, the jet parameters are varied to formulate an empirical relationship for maximum wall shear stress as a function of a nozzle pressure ratio, standoff distance, jet Reynolds number, and impingement angle. The global expression for shear stress agrees with the numerical results within a mean deviation of 3%. The relationship can be used for applications where shear stress information is required to design or assess the performance of practical systems, such as surface cleaning, particle resuspension from the surface, and surface cooling.
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Zegeye ED, Pradhan B, Llarena AK, Aspholm M. Enigmatic Pilus-Like Endospore Appendages of Bacillus cereus Group Species. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12367. [PMID: 34830248 PMCID: PMC8619143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The endospores (spores) of many Bacillus cereus sensu lato species are decorated with multiple hair/pilus-like appendages. Although they have been observed for more than 50 years, all efforts to characterize these fibers in detail have failed until now, largely due to their extraordinary resilience to proteolytic digestion and chemical solubilization. A recent structural analysis of B. cereus endospore appendages (Enas) using cryo-electron microscopy has revealed the structure of two distinct fiber morphologies: the longer and more abundant "Staggered-type" (S-Ena) and the shorter "Ladder-like" type (L-Ena), which further enabled the identification of the genes encoding the S-Ena. Ena homologs are widely and uniquely distributed among B. cereus sensu lato species, suggesting that appendages play important functional roles in these species. The discovery of ena genes is expected to facilitate functional studies involving Ena-depleted mutant spores to explore the role of Enas in the interaction between spores and their environment. Given the importance of B. cereus spores for the food industry and in medicine, there is a need for a better understanding of their biological functions and physicochemical properties. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the Ena structure and the potential roles these remarkable fibers may play in the adhesion of spores to biotic and abiotic surfaces, aggregation, and biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephrem Debebe Zegeye
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway; (E.D.Z.); (A.-K.L.)
| | - Brajabandhu Pradhan
- Structural and Molecular Microbiology, VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ann-Katrin Llarena
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway; (E.D.Z.); (A.-K.L.)
| | - Marina Aspholm
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway; (E.D.Z.); (A.-K.L.)
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6
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Fan X, Zhu SS, Zhang XX, Ren HQ, Huang H. Revisiting the Microscopic Processes of Biofilm Formation on Organic Carriers: A Study under Variational Shear Stresses. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:5529-5541. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Shan-Shan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xu-Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hong-Qiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
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Carniello V, Peterson BW, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ. Physico-chemistry from initial bacterial adhesion to surface-programmed biofilm growth. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 261:1-14. [PMID: 30376953 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation is initiated by adhesion of individual bacteria to a surface. However, surface adhesion alone is not sufficient to form the complex community architecture of a biofilm. Surface-sensing creates bacterial awareness of their adhering state on the surface and is essential to initiate the phenotypic and genotypic changes that characterize the transition from initial bacterial adhesion to a biofilm. Physico-chemistry has been frequently applied to explain initial bacterial adhesion phenomena, including bacterial mass transport, role of substratum surface properties in initial adhesion and the transition from reversible to irreversible adhesion. However, also emergent biofilm properties, such as production of extracellular-polymeric-substances (EPS), can be surface-programmed. This review presents a four-step, comprehensive description of the role of physico-chemistry from initial bacterial adhesion to surface-programmed biofilm growth: (1) bacterial mass transport towards a surface, (2) reversible bacterial adhesion and (3) transition to irreversible adhesion and (4) cell wall deformation and associated emergent properties. Bacterial transport mostly occurs from sedimentation or convective-diffusion, while initial bacterial adhesion can be described by surface thermodynamic and Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO)-analyses, considering bacteria as smooth, inert colloidal particles. DLVO-analyses however, require precise indication of the bacterial cell surface, which is impossible due to the presence of bacterial surface tethers, creating a multi-scale roughness that impedes proper definition of the interaction distance in DLVO-analyses. Application of surface thermodynamics is also difficult, because initial bacterial adhesion is only an equilibrium phenomenon for a short period of time, when bacteria are attached to a substratum surface through few surface tethers. Physico-chemical bond-strengthening occurs in several minutes leading to irreversible adhesion due to progressive removal of interfacial water, conformational changes in cell surface proteins, re-orientation of bacteria on a surface and the progressive involvement of more tethers in adhesion. After initial bond-strengthening, adhesion forces arising from a substratum surface cause nanoscopic deformation of the bacterial cell wall against the elasticity of the rigid peptidoglycan layer positioned in the cell wall and the intracellular pressure of the cytoplasm. Cell wall deformation not only increases the contact area with a substratum surface, presenting another physico-chemical bond-strengthening mechanism, but is also accompanied by membrane surface tension changes. Membrane-located sensor molecules subsequently react to control emergent phenotypic and genotypic properties in biofilms, most notably adhesion-associated ones like EPS production. Moreover, also bacterial efflux pump systems may be activated or mechano-sensitive channels may be opened upon adhesion-induced cell wall deformation. The physico-chemical properties of the substratum surface thus control the response of initially adhering bacteria and through excretion of autoinducer molecules extend the awareness of their adhering state to other biofilm inhabitants who subsequently respond with similar emergent properties. Herewith, physico-chemistry is not only involved in initial bacterial adhesion to surfaces but also in what we here propose to call "surface-programmed" biofilm growth. This conclusion is pivotal for the development of new strategies to control biofilm formation on substratum surfaces, that have hitherto been largely confined to the initial bacterial adhesion phenomena.
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Xu Zhou K, Li N, Christie G, Wilson DI. Assessing the Impact of Germination and Sporulation Conditions on the Adhesion of Bacillus Spores to Glass and Stainless Steel by Fluid Dynamic Gauging. J Food Sci 2017; 82:2614-2625. [PMID: 29125641 PMCID: PMC5698761 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The adhesion of spores of 3 Bacillus species with distinctive morphologies to stainless steel and borosilicate glass was studied using the fluid dynamic gauging technique. Marked differences were observed between different species of spores, and also between spores of the same species prepared under different sporulation conditions. Spores of the food-borne pathogen B. cereus were demonstrated to be capable of withstanding shear stresses greater than 1500 Pa when adhered to stainless steel, in contrast to spores of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium, which detached in response to lower shear stress. An extended DLVO model was shown to be capable of predicting the relative differences in spore adhesion between spores of different species and different culture conditions, but did not predict absolute values of force of adhesion well. Applying the model to germinating spores showed a significant reduction in adhesion force shortly after triggering germination, indicating a potential strategy to achieve enhanced removal of spores from surfaces in response to shear stress, such as during cleaning-in-place procedures. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Spore-forming bacteria are a concern to the food industry because they have the potential to cause food-borne illness and product spoilage, while being strongly adhesive to processing surfaces and resistant to cleaning-in-place procedures. This work is of significance to the food processors and manufacturers because it offers insight to the properties of spore adhesion and identifies a potential strategy to facilitate the removal of spores during cleaning procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu Zhou
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniv. of CambridgePhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Nan Li
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniv. of CambridgePhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Graham Christie
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniv. of CambridgePhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0AS, U.K
| | - D. Ian Wilson
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniv. of CambridgePhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0AS, U.K
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Xu Zhou K, Wisnivesky F, Wilson D, Christie G. Effects of culture conditions on the size, morphology and wet density of spores ofBacillus cereus569 andBacillus megateriumQM B1551. Lett Appl Microbiol 2017; 65:50-56. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Xu Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - F. Wisnivesky
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - D.I. Wilson
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - G. Christie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
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Radziwill-Bienkowska JM, Le DTL, Szczesny P, Duviau MP, Aleksandrzak-Piekarczyk T, Loubière P, Mercier-Bonin M, Bardowski JK, Kowalczyk M. Adhesion of the genome-sequenced Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris IBB477 strain is mediated by specific molecular determinants. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:9605-9617. [PMID: 27687992 PMCID: PMC5071367 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7813-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the nature of mucus-microbe interactions will provide important information that can help to elucidate the mechanisms underlying probiotic adhesion. This study focused on the adhesive properties of the Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris IBB477 strain, previously shown to persist in the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free rats. The shear flow-induced detachment of L. lactis cells was investigated under laminar flow conditions. Such a dynamic approach demonstrated increased adhesion to bare and mucin-coated polystyrene for IBB477, compared to that observed for the MG1820 control strain. To identify potential genetic determinants giving adhesive properties to IBB477, the improved high-quality draft genome sequence comprising chromosome and five plasmids was obtained and analysed. The number of putative adhesion proteins was determined on the basis of surface/extracellular localisation and/or the presence of adhesion domains. To identify proteins essential for the IBB477 specific adhesion property, nine deletion mutants in chromosomal genes have been constructed and analysed using adhesion tests on bare polystyrene as well as mucin-, fibronectin- or collagen IV-coated polystyrene plates in comparison to the wild-type strain. These experiments demonstrated that gene AJ89_07570 encoding a protein containing DUF285, MucBP and four Big_3 domains is involved in adhesion to bare and mucin-coated polystyrene. To summarise, in the present work, we characterised the adhesion of IBB477 under laminar flow conditions; identified the putative adherence factors present in IBB477, which is the first L. lactis strain exhibiting adhesive and mucoadhesive properties to be sequenced and demonstrated that one of the proteins containing adhesion domains contributes to adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pawel Szczesny
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Pascal Loubière
- LISBP - Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Muriel Mercier-Bonin
- LISBP - Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France.,INRA/INPT/UPS Toxalim UMR 1331, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, F-31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacek Karol Bardowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kowalczyk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
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Castelain M, Duviau MP, Oxaran V, Schmitz P, Cocaign-Bousquet M, Loubière P, Piard JC, Mercier-Bonin M. Oligomerized backbone pilin helps piliated Lactococcus lactis to withstand shear flow. BIOFOULING 2016; 32:911-923. [PMID: 27472256 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2016.1213817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present work focuses on the role of pili present at the cell surface of Lactococcus lactis in bacterial adhesion to abiotic (hydrophobic polystyrene) and biotic (mucin-coated polystyrene) surfaces. Native pili-displaying strains and isogenic derivatives in which pilins or sortase C structural genes had been modified were used. Surface physico-chemistry, morphology and shear-flow-induced detachment of lactococcal cells were evaluated. The involvement of pili in L. lactis adhesion was clearly demonstrated, irrespective of the surface characteristics (hydrophobic/hydrophilic, presence or not of specific binding sites). The accessory pilin, PilC, and the backbone pilin, PilB, were revealed to play a major role in adhesion, provided that the PilB was present in its polymerized form. Within the population fraction that remained attached to the surface under increasing shear flow, different association behaviors were observed, showing that pili could serve as anchoring sites thus hampering the effect of shear flow on cell orientation and detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Castelain
- a LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA , Toulouse , France
| | | | - Virginie Oxaran
- b Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay , Jouy-en-Josas , France
| | - Philippe Schmitz
- a LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA , Toulouse , France
| | | | - Pascal Loubière
- a LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA , Toulouse , France
| | - Jean-Christophe Piard
- b Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay , Jouy-en-Josas , France
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12
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The Exosporium Layer of Bacterial Spores: a Connection to the Environment and the Infected Host. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 79:437-57. [PMID: 26512126 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00050-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of what we know regarding bacterial spore structure and function has been learned from studies of the genetically well-characterized bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Molecular aspects of spore structure, assembly, and function are well defined. However, certain bacteria produce spores with an outer spore layer, the exosporium, which is not present on B. subtilis spores. Our understanding of the composition and biological functions of the exosporium layer is much more limited than that of other aspects of the spore. Because the bacterial spore surface is important for the spore's interactions with the environment, as well as being the site of interaction of the spore with the host's innate immune system in the case of spore-forming bacterial pathogens, the exosporium is worthy of continued investigation. Recent exosporium studies have focused largely on members of the Bacillus cereus family, principally Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus. Our understanding of the composition of the exosporium, the pathway of its assembly, and its role in spore biology is now coming into sharper focus. This review expands on a 2007 review of spore surface layers which provided an excellent conceptual framework of exosporium structure and function (A. O. Henriques and C. P. Moran, Jr., Annu Rev Microbiol 61:555-588, 2007, http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.61.080706.093224). That review began a process of considering outer spore layers as an integrated, multilayered structure rather than simply regarding the outer spore components as independent parts.
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13
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Knoll J, Knott S, Nirschl H. Characterization of the adhesion force between magnetic microscale particles and the influence of surface-bound protein. POWDER TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2015.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Yoshihara A, Nobuhira N, Narahara H, Toyoda S, Tokumoto H, Konishi Y, Nomura T. Estimation of the adhesive force distribution for the flagellar adhesion of Escherichia coli on a glass surface. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 131:67-72. [PMID: 25956746 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the presence or absence of microbial flagella and the microbial motility on the colloidal behaviors of microbial cells were quantitatively evaluated. The microbial cell attachment and detachment processes on a glass surface were observed directly using a parallel-plate flow chamber. Wild-type, flagellar paralyzed, and nonflagellated Escherichia coli strains were used as model microbial cells. In the cell attachment tests, the microbial adhesion rate in a 160mM NaCl solution was approximately 10 times higher than that in a 10mM solution, for all E. coli strains. The colloidal behavior of the microbial cells agreed well with the predictions of the DLVO theory. In addition, the microbial flagella and motility did not significantly affect the cell attachment, regardless of the existence of a potential barrier between the cell and the glass substratum. In the cell detachment tests, the cumulative number of microbial cells detached from the glass substratum with increasing flow rate was fit well with the Weibull distribution function. The list of strains arranged in order of increasing median drag force required to remove them was nonflagellated strain, flagellar paralyzed strain, and wild-type strain. These results indicated that the flagella and the flagellar motility inhibited the cell detachment from the glass substratum. Furthermore, a large external force would likely be required to inhibit the microbial adhesion in the early stage of the biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Yoshihara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan; Corporate Engineering Center, Corporate Production Management & Engineering Division, Sumitomo Bakelite Co., Ltd., 2100 Takayanagi, Fujieda, Shizuoka 426-0041, Japan.
| | - Noritaka Nobuhira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Hisaya Narahara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Syunsuke Toyoda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Hayato Tokumoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Konishi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Nomura
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
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Yoshihara A, Narahara H, Kuriyama Y, Toyoda S, Tokumoto H, Konishi Y, Nomura T. Measurement of microbial adhesive forces with a parallel plate flow chamber. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 432:77-85. [PMID: 25086382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS It was predicted that the colloidal behaviors of archaea and bacteria with disparate surface structure were different. In this study, the effects of the physicochemical properties of microbial cell surfaces on colloidal behavior were analyzed with Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory, thermodynamics, and powder technology. EXPERIMENTS Cell attachment and detachment from model substrates were directly observed using a parallel plate flow chamber. Gram-negative Escherichia coli and archaeal Methanosarcina barkeri were used as model microbial cells, and positively and negatively charged glass slides were used as model substrates. FINDINGS Microbial adhesion on both substrates agreed well with predictions calculated from DLVO theory, using experimental parameters. The total number of cells detached from the substrates as a function of flow rate was fit with the Weibull distribution function. In addition, the drag force required for detachment, which was estimated from the hydrodynamic forces, had a wide distribution; however, the forces became smaller with increasing ionic strength because of reduced electrostatic interactions between the cells and the substrate. M. barkeri could not be detached from positively charged substrates because it would entail a negative change in the interfacial energy of interaction. Thus adhesion was thermodynamically favored in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Yoshihara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan; Corporate Engineering Center, Corporate Production Management & Engineering Div., Sumitomo Bakelite Co., Ltd., 2100 Takayanagi, Fujieda, Shizuoka 426-0041, Japan
| | - Hisaya Narahara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Yuta Kuriyama
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Syunsuke Toyoda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Hayato Tokumoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Konishi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Nomura
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
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Bacillus thuringiensis as a surrogate for Bacillus anthracis in aerosol research. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 30:1453-61. [PMID: 24338558 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1576-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of candidate surrogate spores prior to experimental use is critical to confirm that the surrogate characteristics are as closely similar as possible to those of the pathogenic agent of interest. This review compares the physical properties inherent to spores of Bacillus anthracis (Ba) and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) that impact their movement in air and interaction with surfaces, including size, shape, density, surface morphology, structure and hydrophobicity. Also evaluated is the impact of irradiation on the physical properties of both Bacillus species. Many physical features of Bt and Ba have been found to be similar and, while Bt is considered typically non-pathogenic, it is in the B. cereus group, as is Ba. When cultured and sporulated under similar conditions, both microorganisms share a similar cylindrical pellet shape, an aerodynamic diameter of approximately 1 μm (in the respirable size range), have an exosporium with a hairy nap, and have higher relative hydrophobicities than other Bacillus species. While spore size, morphology, and other physical properties can vary among strains of the same species, the variations can be due to growth/sporulation conditions and may, therefore, be controlled. Growth and sporulation conditions are likely among the most important factors that influence the representativeness of one species, or preparation, to another. All Bt spores may, therefore, not be representative of all Ba spores. Irradiated spores do not appear to be a good surrogate to predict the behavior of non-irradiated spores due to structural damage caused by the irradiation. While the use of Bt as a surrogate for Ba in aerosol testing appears to be well supported, this review does not attempt to narrow selection between Bt strains. Comparative studies should be performed to test the hypothesis that viable Ba and Bt spores will behave similarly when suspended in the air (as an aerosol) and to compare the known microscale characteristics versus the macroscale response.
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Le DTL, Tran TL, Duviau MP, Meyrand M, Guérardel Y, Castelain M, Loubière P, Chapot-Chartier MP, Dague E, Mercier-Bonin M. Unraveling the role of surface mucus-binding protein and pili in muco-adhesion of Lactococcus lactis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79850. [PMID: 24260308 PMCID: PMC3832589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion of bacteria to mucus may favor their persistence within the gut and their beneficial effects to the host. Interactions between pig gastric mucin (PGM) and a natural isolate of Lactococcus lactis (TIL448) were measured at the single-cell scale and under static conditions, using atomic force microscopy (AFM). In parallel, these interactions were monitored at the bacterial population level and under shear flow. AFM experiments with a L. lactis cell-probe and a PGM-coated surface revealed a high proportion of specific adhesive events (60%) and a low level of non-adhesive ones (2%). The strain muco-adhesive properties were confirmed by the weak detachment of bacteria from the PGM-coated surface under shear flow. In AFM, rupture events were detected at short (100−200 nm) and long distances (up to 600−800 nm). AFM measurements on pili and mucus-binding protein defective mutants demonstrated the comparable role played by these two surface proteinaceous components in adhesion to PGM under static conditions. Under shear flow, a more important contribution of the mucus-binding protein than the pili one was observed. Both methods differ by the way of probing the adhesion force, i.e. negative force contact vs. sedimentation and normal-to-substratum retraction vs. tangential detachment conditions, using AFM and flow chamber, respectively. AFM blocking assays with free PGM or O-glycan fractions purified from PGM demonstrated that neutral oligosaccharides played a major role in adhesion of L. lactis TIL448 to PGM. This study dissects L. lactis muco-adhesive phenotype, in relation with the nature of the bacterial surface determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doan Thanh Lam Le
- Université de Toulouse; INSA,UPS, INP; LISBP, Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, Toulouse, France
- CNRS, LAAS, Toulouse, France
- CNRS, ITAV-UMS3039, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, LAAS, Toulouse, France
| | - Thi-Ly Tran
- Université de Toulouse; INSA,UPS, INP; LISBP, Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Duviau
- Université de Toulouse; INSA,UPS, INP; LISBP, Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, Toulouse, France
| | - Mickael Meyrand
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Yann Guérardel
- Université de Lille1, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UGSF, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- CNRS, UMR 8576, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Mickaël Castelain
- Université de Toulouse; INSA,UPS, INP; LISBP, Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Loubière
- Université de Toulouse; INSA,UPS, INP; LISBP, Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Etienne Dague
- CNRS, LAAS, Toulouse, France
- CNRS, ITAV-UMS3039, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, LAAS, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail: (MMB); (ED)
| | - Muriel Mercier-Bonin
- Université de Toulouse; INSA,UPS, INP; LISBP, Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail: (MMB); (ED)
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18
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Role of mechanical vs. chemical action in the removal of adherent Bacillus spores during CIP procedures. Food Microbiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Williams G, Linley E, Nicholas R, Baillie L. The role of the exosporium in the environmental distribution of anthrax. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 114:396-403. [PMID: 23039141 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the contribution of the exosporium, the outer layer of the Bacillus anthracis spore, to soil attachment. Persistence of spores in soil and their ability to infect animals has been linked to a range of factors which include the presence of organic material and calcium (OMC), pH > 6.0, temperatures above 15.5°C and cycles of local flooding which are thought to transport buried spores to the surface. METHODS AND RESULTS The ability of wild type (exosporium +ve) and sonicated (exosporium -ve) spores to bind to soils which differed in their composition was determined using a flow-through soil column-based method. A statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) in the binding of wild type spores was observed with spores adhering more firmly to the soil with the highest OMC content. We also found that the removal of the exosporium increased the ability of the spore to adhere to both soil types. CONCLUSION Structures within the exosporium affected the ability of B. anthracis spores to bind to different soil types. Not surprisingly, wild type spores adhered to soil which has been shown to favour the persistence of the pathogen. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The ability to persist in and colonise the soil surface is a key requirement of a pathogen which infects grazing animals. By characterising the process involved, we will be better placed to develop strategies to disrupt the infection cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Williams
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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20
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Zhou W, Watt SK, Tsai DH, Lee VT, Zachariah MR. Quantitative Attachment and Detachment of Bacterial Spores from Fine Wires through Continuous and Pulsed DC Electrophoretic Deposition. J Phys Chem B 2012; 117:1738-45. [DOI: 10.1021/jp307282q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Mechanical Engineering, ‡Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Sarah K. Watt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Mechanical Engineering, ‡Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - De-Hao Tsai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Mechanical Engineering, ‡Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Vincent T. Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Mechanical Engineering, ‡Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Michael R. Zachariah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Mechanical Engineering, ‡Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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21
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Boulbene B, Morchain J, Bonin MM, Janel S, Lafont F, Schmitz P. A combined computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and experimental approach to quantify the adhesion force of bacterial cells attached to a plane surface. AIChE J 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.13747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Mercier-Bonin M, Duviau MP, Ellero C, Lebleu N, Raynaud P, Despax B, Schmitz P. Dynamics of detachment of Escherichia coli from plasma-mediated coatings under shear flow. BIOFOULING 2012; 28:881-894. [PMID: 22963000 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2012.719160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of plasma-mediated coatings, containing silver nanoparticles embedded in an organosilicon or silica-like matrix, were deposited onto stainless steel and chemically characterized. Their anti-adhesive properties were evaluated in vitro towards Escherichia coli by performing shear-flow induced detachment experiments. Increasing the wall shear stress facilitated E. coli cell detachment, irrespective of the coating characteristics. When nanosilver was incorporated, cell detachment was lower, probably due to the affinity of the embedded silver for biological components of the cell wall. The presence of methyl groups in the matrix network could also promote enhanced hydrophobic interactions. Within the population fraction remaining attached to the coating under increasing shear flow, different association phenotypes were observed, viz. progressively lying flat, moving laterally, remaining tethered, or rotating by a single anchoring point, until alignment with the flow direction. This re-orientation phenotype and its relation with detachment were dependent of the coating. The effects of such heterogeneities should be more deeply explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Mercier-Bonin
- Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, Toulouse, F-31077, France.
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