1
|
Orimaye OE, Ekunseitan DA, Omaliko PC, Fasina YO. Mitigation Potential of Herbal Extracts and Constituent Bioactive Compounds on Salmonella in Meat-Type Poultry. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1087. [PMID: 38612326 PMCID: PMC11011123 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Herbal extracts have been widely evaluated in poultry production for their beneficial effects and potential substitute for antibiotics, which contribute to AMR and risks to human health through the consumption of infected meat. Salmonellosis is a systemic infection caused by Salmonella, an intracellular bacterium with the ability to cause systemic infections with significant implications for both the health and safety of farmers and consumers. The excessive use of antibiotics has escalated the incidence of antibiotic resistance bacteria in the poultry and livestock industry, highlighting the urgent need for alternatives especially in meat-type poultry. Both in vivo usage and in vitro studies of bioactive compounds from herbal extracts have demonstrated the effective antimicrobial activities against pathogenic bacteria, showing promise in managing Salmonella infections and enhancing poultry performance. Phytobiotic feed additives have shown promising results in improving poultry output due to their pharmacological properties, such as stimulating consumption, and enhancing antioxidant properties and preventing the increasing antimicrobial resistance threats. Despite potential for synergistic effects from plant-derived compounds, a further investigation into is essential to fully understand their role and mechanisms of action, for developing effective delivery systems, and for assessing environmental sustainability in controlling Salmonella in poultry production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yewande O. Fasina
- Animal Sciences Department, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (O.E.O.); (D.A.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cê ER, Giombelli A, Kich JD, Moresco KS, Miranda A, Pedrão MR, Johann G, Badaró ACL, Hashimoto EH, Machado-Lunkes A. Monitoring of Pig Slaughter Stages and Correlation in the Prevalence of Pathogens and Levels of Microorganisms That Indicate Microbiological Quality and Hygiene Using a Predictive Model. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100034. [PMID: 36916590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2022.100034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pig production is relevant to the Brazilian economy. Different stages of the raising and slaughtering process influence the microbiological quality of pig products and by-products. Microbiological analysis and hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCPs) are tools for monitoring microbiological quality indicator microorganisms. The construction of predictive models can assist the process of monitoring the microbiological quality of pig products. This study aimed to map the slaughter stages and develop a model to predict the absence or presence of Salmonella based on the process variables (distance from the farm to the slaughterhouse and aerobic mesophilic) and analyze their influence on contamination indicator microorganisms. A total of 810 samples were collected at nine stages of the slaughter process (bleeding, scalding, dehairing, singeing, washing, evisceration, inspection, final washing, and chilling). The binary class predictive model was used as a microbiological quality predictor at the slaughter stages. Salmonella was identified at all process stages, with lower contamination levels at the scalding and chilling stages, whereas the highest levels were found at the dehairing and bleeding stages. The predictive model revealed an accuracy of about 85% for Salmonella being a tool to monitor the microbiological quality of pig slaughter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elton Rodrigo Cê
- Graduate Program of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Francisco Beltrão-PR, Londrina-PR, Brazil
| | - Audecir Giombelli
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Jalusa Deon Kich
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Concórdia-SC, Brazil
| | - Karla Suzana Moresco
- Graduate Program of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Francisco Beltrão-PR, Londrina-PR, Brazil; Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Realeza-PR, Brazil
| | - Andresa Miranda
- Graduate Program of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Francisco Beltrão-PR, Londrina-PR, Brazil
| | - Mayka Reghiany Pedrão
- Graduate Program of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Francisco Beltrão-PR, Londrina-PR, Brazil
| | - Gracielle Johann
- Graduate Program of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Francisco Beltrão-PR, Londrina-PR, Brazil
| | - Andréa Cátia Leal Badaró
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Francisco Beltrão-PR, Brazil
| | - Elisabete Hiromi Hashimoto
- Graduate Program of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Francisco Beltrão-PR, Londrina-PR, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Machado-Lunkes
- Graduate Program of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Francisco Beltrão-PR, Londrina-PR, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Salmonella enterica prevalence, serotype diversity, antimicrobial resistance and control in the European pork production chain. Trends Food Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
4
|
Galán-Relaño Á, Sánchez-Carvajal J, Gómez-Gascón L, Vera E, Huerta B, Cardoso-Toset F, Gómez-Laguna J, Astorga R. Phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance patterns in Salmonella Typhimurium and its monophasic variant from pigs in southern Spain. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:596-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
5
|
Piras F, Spanu V, Siddi G, Gymoese P, Spanu C, Cibin V, Schjørring S, De Santis E, Scarano C. Whole-genome sequencing analysis of highly prevalent Salmonella serovars in wild boars from a national park in Sardinia. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
6
|
Siddi G, Piras F, Spanu V, Demontis M, Meloni MP, Sanna R, Cibin V, De Santis EPL, Scarano C. Trend of Salmonella enterica occurrence and serotypes in Sardinian pig slaughterhouses. Ital J Food Saf 2021; 10:9362. [PMID: 34532301 PMCID: PMC8419715 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2021.9362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate Salmonella prevalence and serotypes in four Sardinian pig slaughterhouses. Moreover, a population study was conducted with pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The results were compared with previous investigations carried out during years 2008 and 2014. A total of 147 samples were collected, 117 from slaughtered pigs (lymph nodes, colon content and carcass surface) and 30 from the slaughterhouse environment (surfaces in contact and not in contact with meat). Salmonella was isolated from 3.4% pig samples and was not detected from environmental samples. Comparing the results with those of previous investigations, occurrence showed a sharp decrease through the years in both animals (18.8% in 2008, 10% in 2014 and 3.4% in 2020) and environmental samples (34.1% in 2008, 3.7 in 2014, and 0% in 2020). At the same time, prevalence of carriers (pigs positive at lymph nodes and/or colon content level) showed a reduction through the years and was always lower in animals coming from local farms rather than those coming from other European Member States, probably indicating the role of stressful factors as transport in increasing Salmonella susceptibility and shedding. Salmonella serotypes were monophasic Typhimurium, Rissen and Muenchen. Overall, 13 different Salmonella serotypes were identified during the three surveys with the most prevalent being serotypes often isolated from slaughtered pigs and during human salmonellosis cases: S. Derby and S. Typhimurium in 2008, S. Anatum and S. Rissen in 2014, monophasic S. Typhimurium in 2020. Population study with pulsed field gel electrophoresis showed a high similarity between Salmonella strains belonging to the same serotype. The results of the investigations showed a decrease of Salmonella occurrence during twelve years in Sardinia, probably due to the improvement in the application of correct GMPs and GHPs at slaughterhouse and also to a reduction of the rate of carrier pigs at farm level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Siddi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari
| | | | - Vincenzo Spanu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari
| | | | | | - Rita Sanna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari
| | - Veronica Cibin
- OIE and National Reference Laboratory for Salmonellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Salmonella Infection in Nursery Piglets and Its Role in the Spread of Salmonellosis to Further Production Periods. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020123. [PMID: 33504097 PMCID: PMC7911055 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Few studies have focused on assessing Salmonella infection in the nursery and its role in further pig production periods. Mesenteric lymph nodes, intestinal content, and meat juice from 389 6-week-old male piglets intended for human consumption from five breeding farms and 191 pooled floor fecal samples from gilt development units (GDU) from the same farms were analyzed to estimate and characterize (by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and antimicrobial resistance analyses) Salmonella infection. The prevalence of infection and shedding among piglets was 36.5% and 37.3%, respectively, shedding being significantly associated with infection (Odds Ratio = 12.7; CI 7.3-22.0). Salmonella Rissen; S. 4,[5],12:i:-; and S. Derby were the most common serotypes. A low level of Salmonella-specific maternal antibodies at the beginning of the nursery period suggested it was a period of high risk of infection. Resistance to 3rd- and 4th-generation cephalosporins was detected in piglet isolates although the piglets never received antibiotics, indicating they could be vectors of antimicrobial resistance. The same Salmonella clones were detected in piglet and GDU isolates, suggesting that infected piglets play a significant role in the infection of gilts and consequently of finishing pigs in the case of production farms. The control of Salmonella infection in nursery piglets may decrease the risk of abattoir and carcass contamination.
Collapse
|
8
|
Morales-Partera Á, Cardoso Toset F, Luque I, Maldonado A, Tarradas C, Gómez-Laguna J. Supplementing feed with Pediococcus acidilactici reduces Campylobacter load in finishing pigs. Vet Rec 2020; 187:e45. [PMID: 32327553 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pigs are asymptomatic carriers of foodborne bacteria, such as Salmonella enterica and Campylobacter species, which can pose a risk to human health. New strategies to control bacteria burden before reaching the slaughterhouse are necessary. This study evaluated the effect of Pediococcus acidilactici on performance parameters and on the burden of foodborne pathogens, that have subsequent implications on food quality and safety, in free-range finishing pigs at the slaughterhouse. METHODS Pigs were randomly allocated and blocked by weight into control group (control diet) and treated group (control diet supplemented with P acidilactici) 31 days before slaughter. Weight and average daily gain were recorded and changes in faecal microbiota were determined at the beginning and at the end of the study. RESULTS No changes were observed in performance parameters. No statistically significant differences were observed when comparing between treated and control animals at the beginning or at the end of the study. However, a significant decrease was detected in the counts of Campylobacter species in treated animals between day 0 and day 31 (4.86-3.40 log colony-forming units/g; P=0.002). CONCLUSION This study indicates that supplementation with P acidilactici represents a useful approach to control Campylobacter species load in free-range finishing pigs before slaughter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Morales-Partera
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'CeiA3', Cordoba, Spain.,Department of R&D, CICAP - Food Research Centre, Pozoblanco, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Inmaculada Luque
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'CeiA3', Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alfonso Maldonado
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'CeiA3', Cordoba, Spain
| | - Carmen Tarradas
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'CeiA3', Cordoba, Spain
| | - Jaime Gómez-Laguna
- Department of R&D, CICAP - Food Research Centre, Pozoblanco, Córdoba, Spain .,Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'CeiA3', Cordoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Viana C, Sereno MJ, Pegoraro K, Yamatogi RS, Call DR, dos Santos Bersot L, Nero LA. Distribution, diversity, virulence genotypes and antibiotic resistance for Salmonella isolated from a Brazilian pork production chain. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 310:108310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
10
|
Yang J, Ju Z, Yang Y, Zhao X, Jiang Z, Sun S. Serotype, antimicrobial susceptibility and genotype profiles of Salmonella isolated from duck farms and a slaughterhouse in Shandong province, China. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:202. [PMID: 31477003 PMCID: PMC6720067 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1570-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella has been considered as one of the most important foodborne pathogens that threatened breeding industry and public health. To investigate the prevalence and characterization of Salmonella isolated from duck farms and a slaughterhouse in Shandong province, a total of 49 Salmonella strains were isolated from 2342 samples from four duck farms and one duck slaughterhouse in Jinan and Tai'an, Shandong province, China. RESULTS Among the isolates, S. Enteritidis (20/49, 40.8%) and S. Anatum (10/49, 20.4%) were the most prevalent, and high resistance rates were detected for erythromycin (49/49, 100.0%) and nalidixic acid (47/49, 95.9%). Class I integrons were detected in 17 isolates (34.7%17/49), which contained gene cassettes aadA7 + aac3-Id(15/17) and aadA5 + dfrA17 (2/17). Eleven different kinds of resistance genes were detected while blaTEM(36/49, 73.5%) was the most prevalent, followed by sul2(14/49, 28.6%). Thirteen virulence genes were tested, and all of the strains carried invA, hilA and sipA. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) results showed that seven sequence types (STs) were identified; ST11 was the most prevalent ST (20/49, 40.8%), followed by ST2441 (10/49, 20.4%). There was a strong correlation between STs and serovars. The results of pulsed field gel electrophoresis(PFGE) showed that 39 PFGE patterns were generated from 49 Salmonella strains. PFGE patterns were mostly diverse and revealed high similarity between the isolates from the same sampling sites. CONCLUSIONS The presence of Salmonella infections among duck farms revealed that ducks could also be potential reservoirs for Salmonella. The high resistance rates against commonly used antimicrobials suggested a need for more reasonable use of antimicrobials, as well as for investigating substitutes for antimicrobials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai’an, 271018 China
| | - Zijing Ju
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai’an, 271018 China
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 China
| | - Xiaonan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai’an, 271018 China
| | - Zhiyu Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai’an, 271018 China
| | - Shuhong Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Tai’an, 271018 China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fajardo-Guerrero M, Rojas-Quintero C, Chamorro-Tobar I, Zambrano C, Sampedro F, Carrascal-Camacho AK. Exposure assessment of Salmonella spp. in fresh pork meat from two abattoirs in Colombia. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2019; 26:21-27. [PMID: 31399019 DOI: 10.1177/1082013219864746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella spp. prevails as the main cause of raw meat foodborne illnesses. Implementation of food safety management systems such as Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points in swine abattoirs can help to mitigate pathogen exposure. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of the HACCP system in slaughterhouses in Colombia on reducing Salmonella spp. exposure due to the consumption of fresh pork meat. Two slaughtering plants with a different degree of HACCP implementation were selected and a quantitative microbiological mapping was built by collecting 820 samples of Salmonella spp. enumeration at different processing stages. The overall Salmonella spp. mean concentration was 1.15 ± 0.55 log MPN/g, with no significant differences among plants (P > 0.05). Deficiencies during carcass disinfection and temperature during distribution of meat cuts from the slaughterhouse lacking of HACCP resulted in a significant increase of Salmonella spp. prevalence (20-40%) (P < 0.05). Processing stages with the highest pathogen prevalence were transport (28-32%) and hanging (16-36%). The exposure assessment model estimated a higher degree of pathogen contamination at the time of consumption in meat cuts from the slaughterhouse without HACCP (3.36 versus 3.68 log MPN/g) and 10-fold increase in the probability a consumer would acquire a contaminated portion (0.011 versus 0.105). Implementation of the HACCP system in swine slaughterhouses represents tangible Salmonella spp. reduction control and public health protection measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Fajardo-Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Grupo de Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - C Rojas-Quintero
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Grupo de Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - I Chamorro-Tobar
- Asociación Porkcolombia, Fondo Nacional de la Porcicultura, Centro de Investigación y Transferencia de Tecnología del sector Porcícola (Ceniporcino), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - C Zambrano
- Asociación Porkcolombia, Fondo Nacional de la Porcicultura, Centro de Investigación y Transferencia de Tecnología del sector Porcícola (Ceniporcino), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - F Sampedro
- Environmental Health Sciences Department, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - A K Carrascal-Camacho
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Grupo de Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Khan SB, Khan MA, Ahmad I, Ur Rehman T, Ullah S, Dad R, Sultan A, Memon AM. Phentotypic, gentotypic antimicrobial resistance and pathogenicity of Salmonella enterica serovars Typimurium and Enteriditis in poultry and poultry products. Microb Pathog 2019; 129:118-124. [PMID: 30738177 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For detection and isolation of Salmonella enterica, 650 meat and tissue samples were processed using Rappaport-Vassiliadis Enrichment broth and Salmonella Chromogenic agar followed by confirmation through specific antisera and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting their Specific Serovar Genomic Regions (SSGRS). Isolates were tested for 15 antibiotics (CRO, AMX, GEN, STR, TET, CHL, CLR, LVX, OFX, GAT, CIP, SXT, AMP, LIN and AZM) according to the disc diffusion method and antimicrobial resistant genes (tet(A), tet(B), tet(C), strA/strB, aadA, aac(3)IV), aadB, sul1, sul2 and sul3, blaCMY-2, blaTEM and blaSHV) using PCR. The overall prevalence of Salmonella enterica was 12%, being higher in markets (15%) as compared to poultry farms (37.2%). The MPN of all positive meat and tissue samples was found 3.6 MPN/gram (0.17-18). A total of 234 isolates were obtained, serovar Typimurium (139) and Enteridits (95) were the most prevalent. Antimicrobial resistance patterns were different in different serovars according to origin of Salmonella isolates. The overall isolates were highly resistant for LIN (93.1%, 218/234) followed by AMX (80%, 187/234), AMP (74.3%, 174/234), TET (64.5%, 151/234) and STR (64.5%, 151/234). Overall, the most common ARG was blaTEM (76%, 178/234), followed by blaSHV (71.7%, 168/234), tet(A) (64%, 151/234) and tet(B) (64%, 150/234), while the least ARG was aadB (7.2%, 17/234). Both Typimurium and Enteridits were tested in the Balb/C mice for pathogenicity. Both Typimurium and Enteridits were found to cause successful colonization, 100% morbidity but Enteriditis were found to cause 33% mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sher Bahadar Khan
- Department of Animal Health, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan.
| | - Mumtaz Ali Khan
- Civil Veterinary Hospital, SherGarh, Livestock and Dairy Development, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Irshad Ahmad
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Tayyab Ur Rehman
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Ullah
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Rahim Dad
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - Asad Sultan
- Department of Poultry Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shekhawat SS, Gaurav A, Joseph B, Kumar H, Kumar N. Random amplified polymorphic DNA-based molecular heterogeneity analysis of Salmonella enterica isolates from foods of animal origin. Vet World 2019; 12:146-154. [PMID: 30936669 PMCID: PMC6431806 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.146-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aims to study the significance of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) typing in heterogeneity analysis of Salmonella serovars, isolated from foods of animal origin. Materials and Methods: Salmonella serovars isolated and identified from different foods of animal origin such as meat, milk, and egg by standard bacteriological methods. DNA isolated from all 10 isolates which are confirmed by biochemical and serotyping methods and then RAPD was performed using the primers OPB 10, primer 1290, NSC I, NSC II, and primer 3. Then, RAPD data were analyzed using the BioNumerics software, Belgium, Germany. Results: RAPD polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using five primers, namely OPB 10, primer 1290, NSC I, NSC II, and primer 3, classified the 10 isolates into 9, 10, 10, 7, and 10 RAPD-PCR types with discriminating powers of 0.1987, 0.423, 0.50889, 0.1842, and 0.2582, respectively. The phylogram constructed with NSC I profile classified isolates based on geographical origin. Primer 1290, NSC II, and primer 3 produced some uniform bands in all isolates indicating their binding ability in conserved genomic region. This study revealed that RAPD profile can be best used for finding out the heterogeneity at molecular level of Salmonella isolates in combination with other molecular and phenotypic typing techniques. Thus, our results support earlier observation of its significance by different workers on different Salmonella serotypes. Conclusion: Repeatability of RAPD-PCR is insufficient to distinguish genetic differences among Salmonella serovars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Singh Shekhawat
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Navania, Vallabhnagar, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Abhishek Gaurav
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Navania, Vallabhnagar, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Bincy Joseph
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Navania, Vallabhnagar, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Hitesh Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Navania, Vallabhnagar, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Nirmal Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Navania, Vallabhnagar, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Morales-Partera A, Cardoso-Toset F, Luque I, Astorga R, Maldonado A, Herrera-León S, Hernández M, Gómez-Laguna J, Tarradas C. Prevalence and diversity of Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., and Listeria monocytogenes in two free-range pig slaughterhouses. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
15
|
Álvarez-Pérez S, Blanco JL, Astorga RJ, Gómez-Laguna J, Barrero-Domínguez B, Galán-Relaño A, Harmanus C, Kuijper E, García ME. Distribution and tracking of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens in a free-range pig abattoir and processing plant. Food Res Int 2018; 113:456-464. [PMID: 30195542 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The presence and genetic diversity of Clostridium difficile and C. perfringens along the slaughtering process of pigs reared in a free-range system was assessed. A total of 270 samples from trucks, lairage, slaughter line and quartering were analyzed, and recovered isolates were toxinotyped and genotyped. C. difficile and C. perfringens were retrieved from 14.4% and 12.6% of samples, respectively. The highest percentage of positive samples for C. difficile was detected in trucks (80%) whereas C. perfringens was more prevalent in cecal and colonic samples obtained in the slaughter line (85% and 45%, respectively). C. difficile isolates (n = 105) were classified into 17 PCR ribotypes (including 010, 078, and 126) and 95 AFLP genotypes. C. perfringens isolates (n = 85) belonged to toxinotypes A (94.1%) and C (5.9%) and were classified into 80 AFLP genotypes. The same genotypes of C. difficile and C. perfringens were isolated from different pigs and occasionally from environmental samples, suggesting a risk of contaminated meat products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Álvarez-Pérez
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Blanco
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rafael J Astorga
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Jaime Gómez-Laguna
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Belén Barrero-Domínguez
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Angela Galán-Relaño
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Celine Harmanus
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ed Kuijper
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marta E García
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Colello R, Ruiz MJ, Padín VM, Rogé AD, Leotta G, Padola NL, Etcheverría AI. Detection and Characterization of Salmonella Serotypes in the Production Chain of Two Pig Farms in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1370. [PMID: 30002649 PMCID: PMC6031755 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of Salmonella in the pork production chain and to characterize Salmonella isolates. From 764 samples, 35 (4.6%) were positive for Salmonella spp., as determined by biochemical tests and the presence of the invA gene. From these, 2.6, 2.0, 8.8, and 8.0% corresponded to samples collected from farms, slaughterhouses, boning rooms and retail markets, respectively. Salmonella strains were classified into five serotypes and distributed as follows: S. Typhimurium in the pork production chain, S. Kentucky in farms and slaughterhouses, S. Brandenburg in slaughterhouses, S. Livingstone in farms and S. Agona in boning rooms and retail markets. Interestingly, the antimicrobial susceptibility testing indicated that all 35 Salmonella spp.-positive isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, and 30 were multidrug-resistant (MDR) and resistant to different classes of antibiotics. The enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) analysis showed clonal relatedness among strains isolated from farms, boning rooms and retail markets. The presence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella in food poses a potential health hazard to consumers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Colello
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
| | - María J Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Valeria M Padín
- Servicio Antígenos y Antisueros, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ariel D Rogé
- Servicio Antígenos y Antisueros, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gerardo Leotta
- Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando Noel Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora Lía Padola
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Analía I Etcheverría
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Comparison of sporadic cases of Salmonella Typhimurium with other Salmonella serotypes in Castellon (Spain): case-case study. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2017; 36:478-483. [PMID: 28993063 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Salmonella infections (SI) are common in Spain. The aim of this study was to appraise risk factors and the clinical characteristics of sporadic Salmonella Typhimurium infections compared with other sporadic salmonella serotype infections (OSI). METHODS From September 2014 to August 2015, a case-case study was carried out by the Epidemiology Division of the Public Health Centre of Castellon. Case 1 consisted of patients with sporadic S. Typhimurium infections, while case 2 comprised OSI patients, assessed according to the stool cultures analyzed by the Microbiology Laboratories of Hospital General de Castellon and Hospital de La Plana in Vila-real. Patients from detected outbreaks were not included. The salmonella serotype was identified by the National Centre of Microbiology (Madrid). RESULTS The total number of SI patients reported was 327, 242 of whom were studied (74.0%). 148 patients had sporadic S. Typhimurium infection and 64 had OSI, with median ages of 4 and 8.5 years, respectively. Sporadic S. Typhimurium infection patients presented more blood in feces and diarrhea episodes. Consumption of pork meat (OR=2.22; 95% CI 1.12-4.43), cold pork meats (OR=2.49; 95% CI 1.32-4.68) and playing in the dirt (OR=3.02; 95% CI 1.55-5.88), were associated with sporadic S. Typhimurium infection. In the 0-4 year-old group, the associated factors were consumption of cold pork meats, omelets and female gender. In the 5-year-old and over group, only playing in soil was associated with sporadic S. Typhimurium infection. CONCLUSIONS The consumption of pork and omelets, as well as playing in the dirt, were the main factors associated with infection. Children were most affected by sporadic S. Typhimurium infection.
Collapse
|
18
|
Morales-Partera ÁM, Cardoso-Toset F, Jurado-Martos F, Astorga RJ, Huerta B, Luque I, Tarradas C, Gómez-Laguna J. Survival of selected foodborne pathogens on dry cured pork loins. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 258:68-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
19
|
Fois F, Piras F, Torpdahl M, Mazza R, Consolati SG, Spanu C, Scarano C, De Santis EPL. Occurrence, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Salmonella enterica in Slaughtered Pigs in Sardinia. J Food Sci 2017; 82:969-976. [PMID: 28226178 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine Salmonella occurrence in slaughtered finishing pigs and piglets and in slaughterhouse environment in order to characterize the isolates with phenotypical (antimicrobial testing) and molecular (PFGE, MLVA) methods. Nine slaughterhouses located in Sardinia were visited. Six hundred and eight samples collected from 106 pigs and 108 environmental samples were collected and analyzed. Salmonella was isolated in 65 of 504 (12.9%) samples from finishing pigs, with an occurrence of 15.1% in colon content, 12.7% in lymph nodes and liver, and 11.1% in carcass surface samples. Salmonella was never detected in piglets. The combined results of serotyping and PFGE showed a possible self-contamination in 71.5% of Salmonella positive carcasses of lymph nodes and/or colon content carriers, pointing out the role of healthy pigs for carcass contamination. A significantly higher (P < 0.05) occurrence was detected in finishing pigs of EC countries origin (23%) than in pigs of local farms (8%). Salmonella was also detected in 3.7% of environmental samples. The most prevalent serovar was S. Anatum, followed by S. Rissen, S. Derby, and monophasic S. Typhimurium. Resistance to at least 3 antimicrobial was observed in 97.1% of strains and 7 different patterns of multiple resistance were identified. The most common resistance was detected against sulphonamide compounds. A strict slaughterhouse application of hygiene standards is essential to control the risk of Salmonella contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Fois
- Dept. of Veterinary Medicine, Univ. of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesca Piras
- Dept. of Veterinary Medicine, Univ. of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Mia Torpdahl
- Statens Serum Inst., DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Roberta Mazza
- Dept. of Veterinary Medicine, Univ. of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Spanu
- Dept. of Veterinary Medicine, Univ. of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Christian Scarano
- Dept. of Veterinary Medicine, Univ. of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Enrico P L De Santis
- Dept. of Veterinary Medicine, Univ. of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Young I, Wilhelm BJ, Cahill S, Nakagawa R, Desmarchelier P, Rajić A. A Rapid Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Slaughter and Processing Interventions to Control Non-Typhoidal Salmonella in Beef and Pork. J Food Prot 2016; 79:2196-2210. [PMID: 28104927 PMCID: PMC5238939 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pork is one of the major food sources of human salmonellosis worldwide, while beef products have been implicated in numerous foodborne outbreaks. As a result, effective interventions to reduce Salmonella contamination during beef and pork processing are of interest to both regulators and industry. We conducted a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis of literature investigating the efficacy of slaughter and processing interventions to control Salmonella in beef and pork. Review steps included: a comprehensive search strategy; relevance screening of abstracts; relevance confirmation of articles; data extraction; risk-of-bias assessment; meta-analysis (where appropriate); and a weight-of-evidence assessment. A total of 191 relevant experimental studies were identified. Two controlled trials indicated that hot water and steam treatments are effective at reducing the prevalence of Salmonella on beef carcasses (relative risk [RR] = 0.11, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.02, 0.58), while four trials found that pre-chill organic acid washes are effective at reducing Salmonella on pork carcasses (RR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.13, 0.78), with high confidence in the estimates of effect. Four quasi-experimental studies found that post-exsanguination chemical washes were effective to reduce the prevalence of Salmonella on cattle hides, with low confidence in the specific estimate of effect; moderate confidence was found for the effect estimates of scalding (RR = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.14, 0.29) and singeing (RR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.52) of pork carcasses. The overall evidence supported enhanced reductions of Salmonella through a multiple-hurdle approach. In conclusion, various slaughter and processing interventions can contribute to reducing Salmonella on beef and pork carcasses, depending on the context of application; an appropriate combination should be selected, validated, and verified by establishment operators within their local conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Young
- School of Occupational and Public Health, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, POD 249, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
| | - Barbara J Wilhelm
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Sarah Cahill
- Food Safety and Quality Unit, Office of Food Safety, Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome 00153, Italy
| | - Rei Nakagawa
- Department of Food Safety and Zoonoses, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | | | - Andrijana Rajić
- Food Safety and Quality Unit, Office of Food Safety, Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome 00153, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ni L, Zheng W, Zhang Q, Cao W, Li B. Application of slightly acidic electrolyzed water for decontamination of stainless steel surfaces in animal transport vehicles. Prev Vet Med 2016; 133:42-51. [PMID: 27720026 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) in reducing Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurim, Staphylococcus aureus or bacterial mixtures on stainless steel surfaces was evaluated and compared its efficacy with composite phenol solution for reducing total aerobic bacteria in animal transport vehicles. Stainless steel surfaces were inoculated with these strains individually or in a mixture, and sprayed with SAEW, composite phenol, or alkaline electrolyzed water for 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2min. The bactericidal activity of SAEW increased with increasing available chlorine concentration and spraying duration. The SAEW solution of 50mgl-1 of available chlorine concentration showed significantly higher effectiveness than composite phenol in reducing the pathogens on stainless steel surfaces (P<0.05). Complete inactivation of pathogens on stainless steel surfaces were observed after treatment with alkaline electrolyzed water followed by SAEW at 50mgl-1 of available chlorine concentration for 2min or alkaline electrolyzed water treatment followed by SAEW treatment at 90mgl-1 of available chlorine concentration for 0.5min. The efficacy of SAEW in reducing total aerobic bacteria in animal transport vehicles was also determined. Vehicles in the disinfection booth were sprayed with the same SAEW, alkaline electrolyzed water and composite phenol solutions using the automatic disinfection system. Samples from vehicle surfaces were collected with sterile cotton swabs before and after each treatment. No significant differences in bactericidal efficiency were observed between SAEW and composite phenol for reducing total aerobic bacteria in the vehicles (P>0.05). SAEW was also found to be more effective when used in conjunction with alkaline electrolyzed water. Results suggest that the bactericidal efficiency of SAEW was higher than or equivalent to that of composite phenol and SAEW may be used as effective alternative for reducing microbial contamination of animal transport vehicles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Ni
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, P.O. Box 67, Beijing 100083, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weichao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, P.O. Box 67, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Wei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, P.O. Box 67, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Baoming Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, P.O. Box 67, Beijing 100083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Systematic review of the magnitude of change in prevalence and quantity of Salmonella after administration of pathogen reduction treatments on pork carcasses. Anim Health Res Rev 2016; 17:39-59. [PMID: 27427192 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252316000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this systematic review, we summarized change in Salmonella prevalence and/or quantity associated with pathogen reduction treatments (washes, sprays, steam) on pork carcasses or skin-on carcass parts in comparative designs (natural or artificial contamination). METHODS In January 2015, CAB Abstracts (1910-2015), SCI and CPCI-Science (1900-2015), Medline® and Medline® In-Process (1946-2015) (OVIDSP), Science.gov, and Safe Pork (1996-2012) were searched with no language or publication type restrictions. Reference lists of 24 review articles were checked. Two independent reviewers screened 4001 titles/abstracts and assessed 122 full-text articles for eligibility. Only English-language records were extracted. RESULTS Fourteen studies (5 in commercial abattoirs) were extracted and risk of bias was assessed by two reviewers independently. Risk of bias due to systematic error was moderate; a major source of bias was the potential differential recovery of Salmonella from treated carcasses due to knowledge of the intervention. The most consistently observed association was a positive effect of acid washes on categorical measures of Salmonella; however, this was based on individual results, not a summary effect measure. CONCLUSION There was no strong evidence that any one intervention protocol (acid temperature, acid concentration, water temperature) was clearly superior to others for Salmonella control.
Collapse
|
23
|
Ferrer Savall J, Bidot C, Leblanc-Maridor M, Belloc C, Touzeau S. Modelling Salmonella transmission among pigs from farm to slaughterhouse: Interplay between management variability and epidemiological uncertainty. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 229:33-43. [PMID: 27099983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella carriage and cutaneous contamination of pigs at slaughter are a major risk for carcass contamination. They depend on Salmonella prevalence at farm, but also on transmission and skin soiling among pigs during their journey from farm to slaughterhouse. To better understand and potentially control what influences Salmonella transmission within a pig batch during this transport and lairage step, we proposed a compartmental, discrete-time and stochastic model. We calibrated the model using pork chain data from Brittany. We carried out a sensitivity analysis to evaluate the impact of the variability in management protocols and of the uncertainty in epidemiological parameters on three model outcomes: prevalence of infection, average cutaneous contamination and number of new infections at slaughter. Each outcome is mainly influenced by a single management factor: prevalence at slaughter mainly depends on the prevalence at farm, cutaneous contamination on the contamination of lairage pens and new infections on the total duration of transport and lairage. However, these results are strongly affected by the uncertainty in epidemiological parameters. Re-excretion of carriers due to stress does not have a major impact on the number of new infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Bidot
- MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Catherine Belloc
- INRA, LUNAM Université, Oniris, UMR 1300 BioEpAR, 44300 Nantes, France
| | - Suzanne Touzeau
- INRA, Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France; BIOCORE, Inria, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pires AFA, Funk JA, Habing GG, Bolin C. Phenotypic and Genotypic Diversity of Salmonella in Finishing Swine. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:182-9. [PMID: 26977814 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica (nontyphoidal) is one of the major causes of foodborne diseases in the United States and worldwide. Molecular typing methods are significant tools used to better understand the transmission and ecology of Salmonella in order to implement pre-harvest control measures. The objectives of this study were to describe the Salmonella genotypes, the distribution of isolate subtypes from different ecological niches (i.e., barn environment, nursery, and individual pigs) and their evolution over time in a longitudinal study conducted in three finishing sites (housing pigs from 10 weeks of age until slaughter at 24-26 weeks of age). Among the 107 Salmonella isolates submitted for pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis, there were 25 distinct subtypes. PFGE genotyping results were consistent with the serotype findings. A large number of distinguishable PFGE patterns (i.e., within the same serovar) were observed and different combinations of subtypes were identified within and across sites and cohorts. New subtypes may result of the introduction of new strains, genetic changes, or ongoing transmission of evolved strains within the production system. The same subtypes were detected intermittently during the study period, which suggests the persistence of indistinguishable subtypes in this production system. In addition, this study suggests persistence of the same subtype over several cohorts of pigs and potential residual contamination from the barn. Factors affecting adaptation and transmission of Salmonella within and among ecological systems (e.g., finishing pigs, nursery, and environment) should be further investigated. Understanding genotypic diversity of Salmonella in different ecological niches during pre-harvest may contribute to the development of more targeted and cost effective control programs during nursery and finishing phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alda F A Pires
- 1 Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Julie A Funk
- 1 Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Greg G Habing
- 2 Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Carole Bolin
- 3 Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Garrido AM, Burgos MJG, Márquez MLF, Aguayo MCL, Pulido RP, del Árbol JT, Gálvez A, López RL. Biocide tolerance in Salmonella from meats in Southern Spain. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 46:1177-81. [PMID: 26691479 PMCID: PMC4704616 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246420140396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella serovars sampled from meat products in Southern Spain (Andalucía) during the period 2002-2007 were analyzed in this study. The serovars most frequently detected (in order) were Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Derby, Anatum and Rissen. Isolates (n = 43) were tested for sensitivity to biocides, including the quaternary ammonium compounds benzalkonium chloride (BC), cetrimide (CT) and hexadecylpyridinium chloride (HDP), and the bisphenols triclosan (TC) and hexachlorophene (CF). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the quaternary ammonium compounds was in the range of 25 to 50 mg/L for most isolates, although a few isolates required much higher concentrations, up to 250 mg/L. Bisphenols showed higher inhibitory activity, with a MIC of 2.5 to 25 mg/L. A few isolates showed a "non-wildtype" MIC for TC of up to 250 mg/L. These results indicate a low incidence of tolerance towards quaternary ammonium compounds and triclosan among Salmonella from meats and meat products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Antonio Gálvez
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén,
Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chaudhary JH, Nayak JB, Brahmbhatt MN, Makwana PP. Virulence genes detection of Salmonella serovars isolated from pork and slaughterhouse environment in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. Vet World 2015; 8:121-4. [PMID: 27047008 PMCID: PMC4777800 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.121-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim was to detect virulence gene associated with the Salmonella serovars isolated from pork and Slaughterhouse environment. Materials and Methods: Salmonella isolates (n=37) used in this study were isolated from 270 pork and slaughter house environmental samples collected from the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation Slaughter House, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. Salmonella serovars were isolated and identified as per BAM USFDA method and serotyped at National Salmonella and Escherichia Centre, Central Research Institute, Kasauli (Himachal Pradesh, India). Polymerase chain reaction technique was used for detection of five genes, namely invA, spvR, spvC, fimA and stn among different serovars of Salmonella. Results: Out of a total of 270 samples, 37 (13.70%) Salmonella were isolated with two serovars, namely Enteritidis and Typhimurium. All Salmonella serovars produced 284 bp invA gene, 84 bp fimA and 260 bp amplicon for enterotoxin (stn) gene whereas 30 isolates possessed 310 bp spvR gene, but no isolate possessed spvC gene. Conclusion: Presence of invA, fimA and stn gene in all isolates shows that they are the specific targets for Salmonella identification and are capable of producing gastroenteric illness to humans, whereas 20 Typhimurium serovars and 10 Enteritidis serovars can able to produce systemic infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J H Chaudhary
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, AAU, Anand - 388 001, Gujarat, India
| | - J B Nayak
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, AAU, Anand - 388 001, Gujarat, India
| | - M N Brahmbhatt
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, AAU, Anand - 388 001, Gujarat, India
| | - P P Makwana
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, AAU, Anand - 388 001, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Piras F, Fois F, Mazza R, Putzolu M, Delogu ML, Lochi PG, Pani SP, Mazzette R. Salmonella Prevalence and Microbiological Contamination of Pig Carcasses and Slaughterhouse Environment. Ital J Food Saf 2014; 3:4581. [PMID: 27800371 PMCID: PMC5076698 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2014.4581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In seven EC swine abattoirs Salmonella prevalence (ISO 6579/2002) and serotypes of 25 piglets, 61 finishing pigs (lymph nodes, colon content, carcass and liver surface) and slaughterhouse environments (scalding water, surfaces in contact with meat and not in contact with meat) were investigated. Moreover, aerobic colony count [total viable count (TVC); ISO 4833] and Enterobacteriaceae (ISO 21528-2) of piglets and finishing pigs' carcasses were evaluated, and the results compared with EU process hygiene criteria (Reg. EC 2073/2005). Salmonella was not isolated in any of the piglets samples. Prevalence differed between slaughterhouses (P<0.5), and Salmonella was isolated from 39 of 244 samples of finishing slaughtered pigs (15.9%) and from 4 of 45 environmental samples (8.9%). In pig samples, carcasses showed the highest prevalence (18%) followed by colon content (14.8%), lymph nodes (13%) and liver (1.6%). S. Anatum was the most prevalent serotype (71.8%), followed by S. Derby (33.3%), S. Bredeney (5%) and S. Holcomb (2.5%). Between environmental samples, S. Anatum (50%), S. Bredeney and S. Derby (25%) were identified. Total viable mean counts (log10 CFU/cm2) of carcass surfaces ranged from 4.6 and 5.7 for piglets, and from 4.6 and 5.9 for finishing pigs, while Enterobacteriaceae ranged between 1.1 and 5 for piglets and between 2.1 and 5.3 for finishing pigs. These results were not in compliance with EU performance criteria. Total aerobic viable counts and Enterobacteriaceae mean levels of environmental samples appeared critical, particularly referred to surfaces in contact with meat (splitting equipment) and indicated an inadequate application of good manufacturing and hygiene practices during slaughtering and sanitisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Piras
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Federica Fois
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Roberta Mazza
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Miriam Putzolu
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Rina Mazzette
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Argüello H, Carvajal A, Álvarez-Ordóñez A, Jaramillo-Torres HA, Rubio P. Effect of logistic slaughter on Salmonella contamination on pig carcasses. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
29
|
Longitudinal study of distributions of similar antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella serovars in pigs and their environment in two distinct swine production systems. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:5167-78. [PMID: 23793629 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01419-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this longitudinal study was to determine and compare the prevalences and genotypic profiles of antimicrobial-resistant (AR) Salmonella isolates from pigs reared in antimicrobial-free (ABF) and conventional production systems at farm, at slaughter, and in their environment. We collected 2,889 pig fecal and 2,122 environmental (feed, water, soil, lagoon, truck, and floor swabs) samples from 10 conventional and eight ABF longitudinal cohorts at different stages of production (farrowing, nursery, finishing) and slaughter (postevisceration, postchill, and mesenteric lymph nodes [MLN]). In addition, we collected 1,363 carcass swabs and 205 lairage and truck samples at slaughter. A total of 1,090 Salmonella isolates were recovered from the samples; these were isolated with a significantly higher prevalence in conventionally reared pigs (4.0%; n = 66) and their environment (11.7%; n = 156) than in ABF pigs (0.2%; n = 2) and their environment (0.6%; n = 5) (P < 0.001). Salmonella was isolated from all stages at slaughter, including the postchill step, in the two production systems. Salmonella prevalence was significantly higher in MLN extracted from conventional carcasses than those extracted from ABF carcasses (P < 0.001). We identified a total of 24 different serotypes, with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Salmonella enterica serovar Anatum, Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis, and Salmonella enterica serovar Derby being predominant. The highest frequencies of antimicrobial resistance (AR) were exhibited to tetracycline (71%), sulfisoxazole (42%), and streptomycin (17%). Multidrug resistance (resistance to ≥ 3 antimicrobials; MDR) was detected in 27% (n = 254) of the Salmonella isolates from the conventional system. Our study reports a low prevalence of Salmonella in both production systems in pigs on farms, while a higher prevalence was detected among the carcasses at slaughter. The dynamics of Salmonella prevalence in pigs and carcasses were reciprocated in the farm and slaughter environment, clearly indicating an exchange of this pathogen between the pigs and their surroundings. Furthermore, the phenotypic and genotypic fingerprint profile results underscore the potential role played by environmental factors in dissemination of AR Salmonella to pigs.
Collapse
|
30
|
Evidence of metabolic switching and implications for food safety from the phenome(s) of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 cultured at selected points across the pork production food chain. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:5437-49. [PMID: 23770904 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01041-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 is a recognized food-borne pathogen that displays a multidrug-resistant phenotype and that is associated with systemic infections. At one extreme of the food chain, this bacterium can infect humans, limiting the treatment options available and thereby contributing to increased morbidity and mortality. Although the antibiotic resistance profile is well defined, little is known about other phenotypes that may be expressed by this pathogen at key points across the pork production food chain. In this study, 172 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104/DT104b isolated from an extensive "farm-to-fork" surveillance study, focusing on the pork food chain, were characterized in detail. Isolates were cultured from environmental, processing, retail, and clinical sources, and the study focused on phenotypes that may have contributed to persistence/survival in these different niches. Molecular subtypes, along with antibiotic resistance profiles, tolerance to biocides, motility, and biofilm formation, were determined. As a basis for human infection, acid survival and the ability to utilize a range of energy sources and to adhere to and/or invade Caco-2 cells were also studied. Comparative alterations to biocide tolerance were observed in isolates from retail. l-Tartaric acid and d-mannose-1-phosphate induced the formation of biofilms in a preselected subset of strains, independent of their origin. All clinical isolates were motile and demonstrated an enhanced ability to survive in acidic conditions. Our data report on a diverse phenotype, expressed by S. Typhimurium isolates cultured from the pork production food chain. Extending our understanding of the means by which this pathogen adapts to environmental niches along the "farm-to-fork" continuum will facilitate the protection of vulnerable consumers through targeted improvements in food safety measures.
Collapse
|