1
|
Zhu J, Liu Q, Wang Y, Zhu K, Guo J, Jin Y, Liu Y. Mangosteen extract reduces the bacterial load of eggshell and improves egg quality. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35857. [PMID: 39170416 PMCID: PMC11337060 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance accelerate the desire for antibiotic alternatives. Plant extracts have emerged as a promising and relatively unexplored area of research as potential substitutes. Herein, we investigated the prevalence and distribution patterns of bacteria on egg surfaces and evaluated the inhibitory effects of mangosteen extract on these surface bacteria. In addition, we examined the antioxidant activity and egg quality in improving the ability of mangosteen extract. The results showed that the predominant bacteria isolated from eggshells were Gram-positive, with Staphylococcus and Micrococcus as the dominant genera. Notably, mangosteen extract exhibited significant bactericidal activity, effectively inhibiting Gram-positive bacteria on the surface of chicken eggshells. Moreover, the supplementation of mangosteen extract in the feed of laying hens yielded a noteworthy improvement in egg quality, accompanied by positively shaped structure and function of microbial communities on the egg surface and in the feces. Collectively, our findings suggested that mangosteen extract was an effective alternative to traditional antibiotics, offering valuable insights for animal husbandry development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Zhu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kui Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiangpeng Guo
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yinji Jin
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yue C, Bai Y, Li T, Deng H, Lu L, Lin W, Cui X, Lv L, Gao G, Liu JH, Liu YY. Emergence of tet(X4)-positive Enterobacterales in retail eggs and the widespread of IncFIA(HI1)-HI1A-HI1B(R27) plasmids carrying tet(X4). Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 414:110574. [PMID: 38325259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The proliferation of antimicrobial-resistant microbes and resistance genes in various foods poses a serious hazard to public health. The plasmid-mediated tigecycline resistance gene tet(X4) has been detected in Enterobacterales from various niches but has not yet been reported in eggs. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence and characteristics of tigecycline-resistant strains from retail eggs. A total of 144 eggs were purchased from farmers' markets in Guangdong province, China, and eggshell (n = 144) and egg content (n = 96) samples were used to screen for tigecycline-resistant strains. Eight Escherichia coli strains (two ST195, one ST48, ST8165, ST752, ST93, ST189, and ST224) and one Klebsiella pneumoniae strain (ST252) recovered from eight (5.56 %, 8/144) egg samples (eggshells, n = 6; egg content, n = 2) were positive for tet(X4). Notably, the two E. coli ST195 strains were closely (15-54 SNPs) related to all the tet(X4)-positive E. coli ST195 from various origins (food animals, foods, migratory birds, human, and environment) deposited in GenBank. The E. coli ST224 showed a close phylogenetic relationship (9-12 SNPs) with two tet(X4)-positive E. coli strains from chicken feces and retail chicken in Guangdong province. The hybrid plasmid IncFIA(HI1)-HI1A-HI1B(R27) constitutes the predominant tet(X4) vector both herein (7/9, 77.78 %) and in the GenBank database (32/160, 20 %). The tet(X4)-positive IncFIA(HI1)-HI1A-HI1B(R27) plasmids, sharing highly similar structures, have been widely disseminated across China. However, the IncFIA(HI1)-HI1A-HI1B(R27) plasmids exhibit poor stability and low conjugation frequency. The contamination of tet(X4)-positive bacteria internally and externally in retail eggs poses a prospective food safety threat. More attention should be paid to the spread of the tet(X4) gene via epidemic clone E. coli ST195 and the plasmid IncFIA(HI1)-HI1A-HI1B(R27).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yue
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Yuman Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Haotian Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Litao Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Wannan Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Luchao Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Guolong Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Jian-Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.
| | - Yi-Yun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abraham R, Allison HS, Lee T, Pavic A, Chia R, Hewson K, Lee ZZ, Hampson DJ, Jordan D, Abraham S. A national study confirms that Escherichia coli from Australian commercial layer hens remain susceptible to critically important antimicrobials. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281848. [PMID: 37418382 PMCID: PMC10328298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling the use of the most critically important antimicrobials (CIAs) in food animals has been identified as one of the key measures required to curb the transmission of antimicrobial resistant bacteria from animals to humans. Expanding the evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of restricting CIA usage for preventing the emergence of resistance to key drugs amongst commensal organisms in animal production would do much to strengthen international efforts to control antimicrobial resistance (AMR). As Australia has strict controls on antimicrobial use in layer hens, and internationally comparatively low levels of poultry disease due to strict national biosecurity measures, we investigated whether these circumstances have resulted in curtailing development of critical forms of AMR. The work comprised a cross-sectional national survey of 62 commercial layer farms with each assessed for AMR in Escherichia coli isolates recovered from faeces. Minimum inhibitory concentration analysis using a panel of 13 antimicrobials was performed on 296 isolates, with those exhibiting phenotypic resistance to fluoroquinolones (a CIA) or multi-class drug resistance (MCR) subjected to whole genome sequencing. Overall, 53.0% of isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested, and all isolates were susceptible to cefoxitin, ceftiofur, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol and colistin. Resistance was observed for amoxicillin-clavulanate (9.1%), ampicillin (16.2%), ciprofloxacin (2.7%), florfenicol (2.4%), gentamicin (1.0%), streptomycin (4.7%), tetracycline (37.8%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (9.5%). MCR was observed in 21 isolates (7.0%), with two isolates exhibiting resistance to four antimicrobial classes. Whole genome sequencing revealed that ciprofloxacin-resistant (fluoroquinolone) isolates were devoid of both known chromosomal mutations in the quinolone resistance determinant regions and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes (qnr)-other than in one isolate (ST155) which carried the qnrS gene. Two MCR E. coli isolates with ciprofloxacin-resistance were found to be carrying known resistance genes including aadA1, dfrA1, strA, strB, sul1, sul2, tet(A), blaTEM-1B, qnrS1 and tet(A). Overall, this study found that E. coli from layer hens in Australia have low rates of AMR, likely due to strict control on antimicrobial usage achieved by the sum of regulation and voluntary measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Abraham
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hui San Allison
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Terence Lee
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony Pavic
- Birling Avian Laboratories, Bringelly, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Raymond Chia
- Australian Eggs, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kylie Hewson
- Sativus Pty Ltd, Beenleigh, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zheng Zhou Lee
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David J Hampson
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David Jordan
- New South Wales Department of Primary industries, Wollongbar, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sam Abraham
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Monitoring antimicrobial resistance trends in Salmonella spp. from poultry in Eastern Spain. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101832. [PMID: 35385824 PMCID: PMC9170925 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is one of the most important zoonotic pathogens with economic impact in public health worldwide. The relevance of Salmonella increases with the appearance of resistant strains. The aim of this study was to determine the level of antimicrobial resistance in 332 Salmonella isolates selected from 3 different poultry productive orientations in Eastern Spain during 3 yr (2015–2017). Antimicrobial susceptibly was evaluated by broth microdilution method using 14 antibiotics. Epidemiological cut-off values (ECOFF) were used to evaluate the microbiological resistance to antibiotics. The rates of Salmonella resistance at least to one antibiotic were 96, 98, and 56% in broilers, turkeys, and layers, respectively. Regarding multidrug resistance, all productive orientations seems to present a decreasing trend along the study, being the mean rates 80% in turkeys followed by broilers (40%) and layers (6%). Throughout the study, the highest percentage of resistance was found to sulfamethoxazole in all productive orientations. Strains from broilers showed the highest resistance rates to sulfamethoxazole (73%), gentamicin (57%), ciprofloxacin (50%), nalidixic acid (29%), and tetracycline (24%). Relative to turkeys the highest resistance rates were to sulfamethoxazole (76%), ciprofloxacin (69%), tetracycline (75%), nalidixic acid (63%), and ampicillin (63%). Layers presented the most elevated resistance rates to sulfamethoxazole (39%) and tetracycline (13%). Regarding serovars the most MDR common serovars to the 3 productive orientations were S. Kentucky and S. Hadar. In the other hand, high MDR rates were found in other serovars like S. Infantis and S. Typhimurium in broilers and turkeys. Results shown in the present study suggest that the reduction in the use of antibiotics begins to be reflected in the reduction of the number of MDRs, especially in layers, with no MDR Salmonella strains in the last period. However, the level of resistances found in this study suggests the necessity of continuing working on the limitation of the use of antimicrobials in poultry to achieve (as in layers) the control of MDRs.
Collapse
|
5
|
Habib I, Mohamed MYI, Khan M. Current State of Salmonella, Campylobacter and Listeria in the Food Chain across the Arab Countries: A Descriptive Review. Foods 2021; 10:2369. [PMID: 34681418 PMCID: PMC8535026 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne infections caused by bacterial pathogens are a common cause of human illness in the Middle East, with a substantial burden of economic loss and public health consequences. This review aims at elucidating recent literature on the prevalence of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS), Campylobacter and Listeria monocytogens in the food chain in the Arab countries, and to consolidate available evidence on the public health burden and the status of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among the concerned three pathogens. The reviewed evidence points to a scarcity of understanding of the magnitude of NTS in the food chain in the Arab countries. Additionally, not much work has been done at the molecular characterization level to address the source-attribution of NTS in the Arab World. Very few surveys have been done on Campylobacter in the food chain in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. There is a gap in quantitative (counts/numbers) surveillance efforts for Campylobacter in the chicken meat supply across all Arab countries, despite the availability of some qualitative (presence/absence) surveillance data. While there are several reports on L. monocytogenes in animal-sourced foods, notably in North African Arab countries, fewer are published on L. monocytogenes in plant-sourced foods. Information on the L. monocytogenes serotypes and strain diversity circulating in the Arab region is widely lacking. Antibiotic resistance in the three pathogens is not fully understood across the Arab region, despite some reports indicating varying trends at the human-food interface. The literature evidence presented in this review stresses that Salmonella, Campylobacter and L. monocytogenes continue to challenge food safety and public health in the Arab countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ihab Habib
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 1555, United Arab Emirates;
- Department of Environmental Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria P.O. Box 21221, Egypt
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia
| | - Mohamed-Yousif Ibrahim Mohamed
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 1555, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Mushtaq Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zamil S, Ferdous J, Zannat MM, Biswas PK, Gibson JS, Henning J, Hoque MA, Barua H. Isolation and antimicrobial resistance of motile Salmonella enterica from the poultry hatchery environment. Vet Res Commun 2021; 45:277-284. [PMID: 34189702 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09807-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is a globally distributed major food-borne pathogen and poultry is one of the predominant sources of salmonellosis in humans. To investigate the presence of motile Salmonella in the poultry hatchery environment, we collected 97 fluff samples from four selected broiler breeder chicken hatcheries from Chattogram, Bangladesh during July-December 2015. To isolate motile Salmonella enterica, we used conventional bacteriological techniques followed by serological verification using anti-Salmonella Poly A-E serum and species confirmation by conventional PCR assay. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method for 10 commonly used antibiotics was performed on all isolates. Isolates displaying phenotypic resistance to ampicillin were tested by PCR for blaTEM gene, whereas those resistant to tetracycline were tested for the presence of tetA, tetB and tetC genes. A total of 24 samples (24.7%; 95% CI: 16.5-34.5, N = 97) from 3 hatcheries were positive for motile Salmonella. Of them, 21 (87.5%) and 12 (50.0%) were resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline, respectively, 9 (37.5%) to nalidixic acid and sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim. No resistance was detected to ceftriaxone, cefoxitin, gentamicin, neomycin, ciprofloxacin and colistin. Ten (42%) of 24 isolates from 2 hatcheries were multi-drug resistant (i.e. resistant to ≥ 3 antimicrobial classes). Six of 21 ampicillin resistant isolates contained blaTEM gene and 10 of 12 tetracycline resistant isolates contained tetA gene. This study highlights the circulation of multi-drug resistant motile Salmonella in the hatchery environment for the first time in Bangladesh. Further epidemiological and molecular studies are therefore needed to identify the serotypes and source of the bacteria in hatcheries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shafayat Zamil
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chattogram, 4225, Bangladesh.
| | - Jinnat Ferdous
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chattogram, 4225, Bangladesh.,EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, 10001-2320, USA.,Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mosammat Moonkiratul Zannat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chattogram, 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Paritosh Kumar Biswas
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chattogram, 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Justine S Gibson
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld, 4343, Australia
| | - Joerg Henning
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld, 4343, Australia
| | - Md Ahasanul Hoque
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chattogram, 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Himel Barua
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chattogram, 4225, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ho HY, Ciou JY, Qiu YT, Hsieh SL, Shih MK, Chen MH, Tu CW, Hsieh CW, Hou CY. Improvement of Foaming Characteristics and Stability of Sterilized Liquid Egg with Egg White Hydrolysate (EWH). Foods 2021; 10:1326. [PMID: 34207592 PMCID: PMC8229439 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A pasteurized liquid egg leads to protein denaturation and degradation of processing properties, whereas non-pasteurized eggs may have food safety risks. If the negative impact of the pasteurization process on liquid eggs can be reduced, for example, the loss of stability and foamability, companies will be willing to purchase pasteurized eggs, thereby reducing food safety risks. Therefore, in this study, specific hydrolyzation conditions were used to produce egg white hydrolysate (EWH) with a lower molecular mass of amino acid and peptide fragments, and the effects of various concentration of EWH refilling on pasteurized liquid egg properties were investigated. The results showed that up to 30.1% of EWH was hydrolyzed by protease A and papain. Adding 1% (w/w) EWH can improve the negative charge potential value, surface tension, viscosity, and weight loss analysis of the sample. In addition, the cake structure and the appearance was acceptable to consumers. Therefore, to ensure its efficient use in the baking industry and considering the cost and stability, 1% (w/w) EWH was chosen as the best concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hen-Yo Ho
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 811, Taiwan; (H.-Y.H.); (Y.-T.Q.); (S.-L.H.); (C.-W.T.)
| | - Jhih-Ying Ciou
- Department of Food Science, Tunghai University, Taichung City 407, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Ting Qiu
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 811, Taiwan; (H.-Y.H.); (Y.-T.Q.); (S.-L.H.); (C.-W.T.)
| | - Shu-Ling Hsieh
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 811, Taiwan; (H.-Y.H.); (Y.-T.Q.); (S.-L.H.); (C.-W.T.)
| | - Ming-Kuei Shih
- Graduate Institute of Food Culture and Innovation, National Kaohsiung University of Hospitality and Tourism, 812301 No. 1, Songhe Rd., Xiaogang Dist., Kaohsiung City 811, Taiwan;
| | - Min-Hung Chen
- Agriculture & Food Agency Council of Agriculture Executive, Yuan Marketing & Processing Division, 54044 No. 8, Kuang-Hua Rd., Chung-Hsing New Village, Nantou City 540, Taiwan;
| | - Chao-Wen Tu
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 811, Taiwan; (H.-Y.H.); (Y.-T.Q.); (S.-L.H.); (C.-W.T.)
| | - Chang-Wei Hsieh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City 402, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 404, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yao Hou
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 811, Taiwan; (H.-Y.H.); (Y.-T.Q.); (S.-L.H.); (C.-W.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Enomoto H, Petritz OA, Thomson AE, Flammer K, Ferdous F, Meyer E, Tell LA, Baynes RE. Egg residue and depletion in Rhode Island Red hens (Gallus gallus domesticus) following multiple oral doses of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 123:104941. [PMID: 33984411 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim residues in eggs can cause risks to human health. The most common cause of residues in eggs results from failure to meet an appropriate withdrawal interval. The aim of this study was to determine the quantity and duration of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim residues in eggs and evaluate the drug elimination parameters in egg components and whole egg to better estimate the withdrawal interval of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim following oral administration for 7 days at a purposed dosage regimen (time average 46 mg kg-1 day-1 for sulfamethoxazole, time average 25 mg kg-1 day-1 for trimethoprim). Residues of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in albumen and yolk were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. A greater percentage of sulfamethoxazole was distributed into the albumen (91.53-96.74%) and a greater percentage of trimethoprim was distributed into yolk (63.92-77.36%) during treatment. The residues levels in whole egg declined below or reached the limit of quantification until 13 days for SMZ and TMP respectively. The withdrawal interval for SMZ and TMP were 43 days and 17 days respectively using the FDA tolerance method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Enomoto
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Olivia A Petritz
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Petritz, Flammer, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Andrea E Thomson
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Petritz, Flammer, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Keven Flammer
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Petritz, Flammer, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Farha Ferdous
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Emma Meyer
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacology, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Pharmacy, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Lisa A Tell
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ronald E Baynes
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Antimicrobial resistance and genomic characterisation of Escherichia coli isolated from caged and non-caged retail table eggs in Western Australia. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 340:109054. [PMID: 33465549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne exposure to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria is a growing global health concern. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is well recognised as an indicator of food contamination with faecal materials. In the present study, we investigated the occurrence of E. coli in table eggs sold at retail supermarkets in Western Australia (WA). A total of 2172 visually clean and intact retail eggs were purchased between October 2017 and June 2018. A single carton containing a dozen eggs was considered as a single sample resulting a total of 181 samples. The shells and contents of each sample were separately pooled and tested using standard culture-based methods. Overall, generic E. coli was detected in 36 (19.8%; 95% confidence interval: 14.3; 26.4) of the 181 tested retail egg samples. We characterised 100 of the recovered E. coli isolates for their phenotypic antimicrobial resistance using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). A subset of E. coli isolates (n = 14) were selected on the basis of their MIC patterns, and were further characterised using whole genome sequencing (WGS). Fifty-seven (57%) of the recovered generic E. coli isolates (n = 100) were resistant to at least one of the 14 antimicrobials included in the MIC testing panel, of which 22 isolates (22%) showed multi-class resistance. The highest frequencies of non-susceptibility of E. coli isolated from WA retailed eggs were against tetracycline (49%) and ampicillin (36%). WGS revealed that tet(A) and blaTEM-1B genes were present in most of the isolates exhibiting phenotypic resistance to tetracycline and ampicillin, respectively. The majority (98%) of the characterised E. coli isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and azithromycin, and none were resistant to the cephalosporin antimicrobials included in the MIC panel. Two isolates demonstrated reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, with MICs of 0.125 and 0.25 mg/L, and WGS revealed the presence of plasmid mediated qnrs1 gene in both isolates. This is the first report on detection of non-wild-type resistance to fluoroquinolones in supermarket eggs in Australia; one of the two isolates was from a cage-laid eggs sample while the other was from a barn-laid retail eggs sample. Fluoroquinolones have never been permitted for use in poultry farms in Australia. Thus, the detection of low-level ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli in the absence of local antimicrobial selection pressure at the Australian layer farms warrants further research on the potential role of the environment or human-related factors in the transmission of antimicrobial resistance. The results of this study add to the local and global understanding of antimicrobial resistance spread in foods of animal origin.
Collapse
|
10
|
Veltman T, Jordan D, McDevitt CA, Bell J, Howden BP, Valcanis M, O'Dea M, Abraham S, Scott P, Kovac JH, Chia R, Combs B, Chousalkar K, Wilson T, Trott DJ. Absence of high priority critically important antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella sp. isolated from Australian commercial egg layer environments. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 340:109042. [PMID: 33461002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of antimicrobial resistance in foodborne pathogens is a growing public health concern. This study was undertaken to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica isolated from the Australian commercial egg layer industry. S. enterica subspecies enterica (n=307) isolated from Australian commercial layer flock environments (2015-2018) were obtained from reference, research and State Government laboratories from six Australian states. All Salmonella isolates were serotyped. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) for 16 antimicrobial agents was performed by broth microdilution. Antimicrobial resistance genes and sequence types (STs) were identified in significant isolates by whole genome sequencing (WGS). Three main serotypes were detected, S. Typhimurium (n=61, 19.9%), S. Senftenburg (n=45, 14.7%) and S. Agona (n=37, 12.1%). AST showed 293/307 (95.4%) isolates were susceptible to all tested antimicrobial agents and all isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanate, azithromycin, ceftiofur, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, colistin, florfenicol, gentamicin, kanamycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Low levels of non-susceptibility were observed to streptomycin (2.3%, n=7), sulfisoxazole (2.0%, n=6), chloramphenicol (1.3%, n=4) and tetracycline (1.0%, n=3). Very low levels of non-susceptibility were observed to ampicillin (2/307; 0.7%) and cefoxitin (2/307; 0.7%). Two isolates (S. Havana and S. Montevideo), exhibited multidrug-resistant phenotypes to streptomycin, sulfisoxazole and tetracycline and possessed corresponding antimicrobial resistance genes (aadA4, aac(6')-Iaa, sul1, tetB). One S. Typhimurium isolate was resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline, and possessed both tetA and blaTEM-1B. WGS also identified these isolates as belonging to ST4 (S. Montevideo), ST578 (S. Havana) and ST19 (S. Typhimurium). The absence of resistance to highest priority critically important antimicrobials as well as the extremely low level of AMR generally among Australian commercial egg layer Salmonella isolates likely reflect Australia's conservative antimicrobial registration policy in food-producing animals and low rates of antimicrobial use within the industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Veltman
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia; Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - David Jordan
- Department of Primary Industries, New South Wales Government, Wollongbar, Australia
| | - Christopher A McDevitt
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia; Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jan Bell
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia; Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Benjamin P Howden
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mary Valcanis
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark O'Dea
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Sam Abraham
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | | | - Jessica H Kovac
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
| | | | - Barry Combs
- OzFoodNet, Communicable Disease Control Directorate, Perth, Australia
| | - Kapil Chousalkar
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
| | | | - Darren J Trott
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rizzo NN, Pottker ES, Webber B, Borges KA, Duarte SC, Levandowski R, Ruschel LR, Rodrigues LB. Effect of two lytic bacteriophages against multidrug-resistant and biofilm-forming Salmonella Gallinarum from poultry. Br Poult Sci 2020; 61:640-645. [PMID: 32901508 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1805724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
1. Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) infections cause fowl typhoid, which leads to important economic losses. Multidrug resistance (MDR) and the capacity for bacteria to form biofilms could play an important role in the persistence of SG in poultry flocks resulting in intermittent disease outbreaks. The aim of the following study was to assess the lytic activity of two new bacteriophages (Salmonella phages UPF_BP1 and UPF_BP2) against MDR and biofilm-forming SG. 2. Forty-six strains of SG, isolated in 2015, were characterised by antimicrobial resistance, biofilm formation profiles and susceptibility to two new bacteriophages. 3. Of these strains, 24% were multidrug resistant and more than 80% formed biofilm, with no statistical difference between incubation temperatures (42°C or 22°C). With regard to the lytic activity of the phages, 85% of strains were susceptible to at least one phage. Of these, 74% were lysed by both phages, including MDR and biofilm producing strains. 4. The use of salmonella phages UPF_BP1 and UPF_BP2 were shown to be promising alternatives for the biological control of fowl typhoid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N N Rizzo
- Faculdade De Agronomia E Medicina Veterinária, Universidade De Passo Fundo , Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil.,Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul , Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - E S Pottker
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul , Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - B Webber
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul , Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - K A Borges
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul , Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - S C Duarte
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) Suínos e Aves , Concórdia, SC, Brazil
| | - R Levandowski
- Faculdade De Agronomia E Medicina Veterinária, Universidade De Passo Fundo , Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - L R Ruschel
- Faculdade De Agronomia E Medicina Veterinária, Universidade De Passo Fundo , Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - L B Rodrigues
- Faculdade De Agronomia E Medicina Veterinária, Universidade De Passo Fundo , Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sodagari HR, Wang P, Robertson I, Habib I, Sahibzada S. Non-Typhoidal Salmonella at the Human-Food-of-Animal-Origin Interface in Australia. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1192. [PMID: 32674371 PMCID: PMC7401514 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella is a major zoonotic pathogen that plays a significant role in foodborne human salmonellosis worldwide through the consumption of contaminated foods, particularly those of animal origin. Despite a considerable reduction in human salmonellosis outbreaks in developed countries, Australia is experiencing a continuous rise of such outbreaks in humans. This review of the literature highlights the reported non-typhoidal Salmonella outbreaks in humans as well as the occurrence of the pathogen in foods from animal sources throughout Australia. Non-typhoidal Salmonella infections from food animals are more often associated with at-risk people, such as immunocompromised and aged people or children. Although several animal-sourced foods were recognised as the catalysts for salmonellosis outbreaks in Australia, egg and egg-based products remained the most implicated foods in the reported outbreaks. This review further highlights the antimicrobial resistance trends of non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates at the human-food interface, with a focus on clinically important antimicrobials in humans, by collating evidence from previous investigations in Australia. The rise in antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella, especially to antimicrobials commonly prescribed to treat human salmonellosis, has become a significant global public health concern. However, the overall prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Australia is considerably lower than in other parts of the world, particularly in terms of critically important antimicrobials for the treatment of human salmonellosis. The present review adds to our understanding of the global epidemiology of non-typhoidal Salmonella with emphasis on the past few decades in Australia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Sodagari
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia; (H.R.S.); (P.W.); (I.R.)
| | - Penghao Wang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia; (H.R.S.); (P.W.); (I.R.)
| | - Ian Robertson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia; (H.R.S.); (P.W.); (I.R.)
| | - Ihab Habib
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia; (H.R.S.); (P.W.); (I.R.)
- Veterinary Medicine Department, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain P.O. Box 1555, UAE
| | - Shafi Sahibzada
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia; (H.R.S.); (P.W.); (I.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
de Alcântara Rodrigues I, Ferrari RG, Panzenhagen PHN, Mano SB, Conte-Junior CA. Antimicrobial resistance genes in bacteria from animal-based foods. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020; 112:143-183. [PMID: 32762867 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a worldwide public health threat. Farm animals are important sources of bacteria containing antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Although the use of antimicrobials in aquaculture and livestock has been reduced in several countries, these compounds are still routinely applied in animal production, and contribute to ARGs emergence and spread among bacteria. ARGs are transmitted to humans mainly through the consumption of products of animal origin (PAO). Bacteria can present intrinsic resistance, and once antimicrobials are administered, this resistance may be selected and multiply. The exchange of genetic material is another mechanism used by bacteria to acquire resistance. Some of the main ARGs found in bacteria present in PAO are the bla, mcr-1, cfr and tet genes, which are directly associated to antibiotic resistance in the human clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isadora de Alcântara Rodrigues
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Gomes Ferrari
- Chemistry Institute, Food Science Program, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | - Sergio Borges Mano
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil; Chemistry Institute, Food Science Program, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Health Quality Control, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Occurrence and Characterization of Salmonella Isolated from Table Egg Layer Farming Environments in Western Australia and Insights into Biosecurity and Egg Handling Practices. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9010056. [PMID: 31941158 PMCID: PMC7168610 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and distribution of Salmonella in commercial layer farming environments of 26 flocks belonging to seven egg businesses (free-range and barn-laid) in Western Australia (WA). Between November 2017 and June 2018, a total of 265 environmental samples of dust, feed, water, pooled feces, and boot swabs were tested for detection of Salmonella according to standard culture-based methods. Isolates were assayed for serovar and subtyped by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Salmonella spp. were recovered from 35% (93/265) of all tested samples. Dust (53.8%, 28/52) and pooled fecal (54.5%, 18/33) samples provided the highest Salmonella recovery rates. Nine different Salmonella serovars were characterized across the positive (n = 93) environmental samples, of which S. Typhimurium (60/93, 64.5%) and S. Infantis (21/93, 22.5%) were the most prevalent. MLST revealed that all S. Typhimurium isolates were of sequence type ST-19. Microbiological screening of Salmonella was not routinely practiced in any of the surveyed egg businesses. Some of the egg businesses exhibited variable levels of compliance with basic biosecurity measures as well as high-risk egg handling practices. Egg businesses in WA should be encouraged to adopt a voluntary program of environmental sampling and verification testing for Salmonella. Such voluntary programs will aid in supporting solutions for the management of this pathogen in the human food chain.
Collapse
|
15
|
Benevides VP, Rubio MS, Alves LBR, Barbosa FO, Souza AIS, Almeida AM, Casas MRT, Guastalli EAL, Soares NM, Berchieri Jr A. Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella Serovars Isolated From an Egg-Producing Region in Brazil. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2020-1259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - MS Rubio
- University of the State of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - LBR Alves
- University of the State of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - FO Barbosa
- University of the State of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - AIS Souza
- University of the State of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - AM Almeida
- University of the State of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abraham S, O’Dea M, Sahibzada S, Hewson K, Pavic A, Veltman T, Abraham R, Harris T, Trott DJ, Jordan D. Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. isolated from Australian meat chickens remain susceptible to critically important antimicrobial agents. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224281. [PMID: 31644602 PMCID: PMC6808415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organisation has defined "highest priority critically important antimicrobials" (CIAs) as those requiring the greatest control during food production. Evidence demonstrating that restricted antimicrobial usage prevents the emergence of resistance to CIA's amongst pathogenic and commensal organisms on a production system-wide scale would strengthen international efforts to control antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Therefore, in a designed survey of all major chicken-meat producers in Australia, we investigated the phenotypic AMR of E. coli (n = 206) and Salmonella (n = 53) from caecal samples of chickens at slaughter (n = 200). A large proportion of E. coli isolates (63.1%) were susceptible to all tested antimicrobials. With regards to CIA resistance, only two E.coli isolates demonstrated resistance to fluoroquinolones, attributed to mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of gyrA. Antimicrobial resistance was observed for trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (8.7%), streptomycin (9.7%), ampicillin (14.1%), tetracycline (19.4%) and cefoxitin (0.5%). All Salmonella isolates were susceptible to ceftiofur, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, colistin, florfenicol, gentamicin and tetracycline. A low frequency of Salmonella isolates exhibited resistance to streptomycin (1.9%), ampicillin (3.8%), and cefoxitin (11.3%). AMR was only observed among Salmonella Sofia serovars. None of the Salmonella isolates exhibited a multi-class-resistant phenotype. Whole genome sequencing did not identify any known resistance mechanisms for the Salmonella isolates demonstrating resistance to cefoxitin. The results provide strong evidence that resistance to highest priority CIA's is absent in commensal E. coli and Salmonella isolated from Australian meat chickens, and demonstrates low levels of resistance to compounds with less critical ratings such as cefoxitin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline. Apart from regulated exclusion of CIAs from most aspects of livestock production, vaccination against key bacterial pathogens and stringent biosecurity are likely to have contributed to the favorable AMR status of the Australian chicken meat industry. Nevertheless, industry and government need to proactively monitor AMR and antimicrobial stewardship practices to ensure the long-term protection of both animal and human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Abraham
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mark O’Dea
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Shafi Sahibzada
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kylie Hewson
- Australian Chicken Meat Federation, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony Pavic
- Birling Avian Laboratories, Bringelly, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tania Veltman
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rebecca Abraham
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Taha Harris
- Birling Avian Laboratories, Bringelly, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Darren J. Trott
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
| | - David Jordan
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sobur A, Hasan M, Haque E, Mridul AI, Noreddin A, El Zowalaty ME, Rahman T. Molecular Detection and Antibiotyping of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Isolated from Houseflies in a Fish Market. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040191. [PMID: 31618930 PMCID: PMC6963335 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Houseflies (Musca domestica) are well-known mechanical vectors for spreading multidrug-resistant bacteria. Fish sold in open markets are exposed to houseflies. The present study investigated the prevalence and antibiotypes of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella spp. in houseflies captured from a fish market. Direct interviews with fish vendors and consumers were also performed to draw their perceptions about the role of flies in spreading antibiotic-resistant bacteria. A total of 60 houseflies were captured from a local fish market in Bangladesh. The presence of Salmonella spp. was confirmed using PCR method. Antibiogram was determined by the disk diffusion method, followed by the detection of tetA, tetB, and qnrA resistance genes by PCR. From the interview, it was found that most of the consumers and vendors were not aware of antibiotic resistance, but reported that flies can carry pathogens. Salmonella spp. were identified from the surface of 34 (56.7%) houseflies, of which 31 (91.2%) were found to be MDR. This study revealed 25 antibiotypes among the isolated Salmonella spp. All tested isolates were found to be resistant to tetracycline. tetA and tetB were detected in 100% and 47.1% of the isolates, respectively. Among the 10 isolates phenotypically found resistant to ciprofloxacin, six (60%) were found to be positive for qnrA gene. As far as we know, this is the first study from Bangladesh to report and describe the molecular detection of multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp. in houseflies in a fish market facility. The occurrence of a high level of MDR Salmonella in houseflies in the fish market is of great public health concerns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdus Sobur
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (A.S.); (A.I.M.)
| | - Mehedi Hasan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh;
| | - Emdadul Haque
- Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh;
| | - Asmaul Iqbal Mridul
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (A.S.); (A.I.M.)
| | - Ayman Noreddin
- Infectious Diseases and Anti-Infective Therapy Research Group, Sharjah Medical Research Institute and College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE;
| | - Mohamed E. El Zowalaty
- Infectious Diseases and Anti-Infective Therapy Research Group, Sharjah Medical Research Institute and College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE;
- Virology and Microbiology Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, City University College of Ajman, Ajman 18484, UAE
- Correspondence: (M.E.E.Z.); (T.R.)
| | - Tanvir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (A.S.); (A.I.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.E.E.Z.); (T.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
McWhorter AR, Tearle R, Moyle TS, Chousalkar KK. In vivo passage of Salmonella Typhimurium results in minor mutations in the bacterial genome and increases in vitro invasiveness. Vet Res 2019; 50:71. [PMID: 31551081 PMCID: PMC6760104 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0688-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Eggs and raw or undercooked egg-containing food items are frequently identified as the bacterial source during epidemiolocal investigation of Salmonella outbreaks. Multi-locus variable number of tandem repeats analysis (MLVA) is a widely used Salmonella typing method enabling the study of diversity within populations of the same serotype. In vivo passage, however, has been linked with changes in MLVA type and more broadly the Salmonella genome. We sought to investigate whether in vivo passage through layer hens had an effect on MLVA type as well as the bacterial genome and whether any mutations affected bacterial virulence. Layer hens were infected with either Salmonella Typhimurium DT9 (03-24-11-11-523) as part of a single infection or were co-infected with an equal amount of Salmonella Mbandaka. Salmonella shedding in both single and co-infected birds was variable over the course of the 16-week experiment. Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Mbandaka were identified in feces of co-infected birds. Salmonella colonies isolated from fecal samples were subtyped using MLVA. A single change in SSTR-6 was observed in Salmonella Typhimurium strains isolated from co-infected birds. Isolates of Salmonella Typhimurium of both the parent (03-24-11-11-523) and modified (03-24-12-11-523) MLVA type were sequenced and compared with the genome of the parent strain. Sequence analysis revealed that in vivo passaging resulted in minor mutation events. Passaged isolates exhibited significantly higher invasiveness in cultured human intestinal epithelial cells than the parent strain. The microevolution observed in this study suggests that changes in MLVA may arise more commonly and may have clinical significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R. McWhorter
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
| | - Rick Tearle
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
- Davies Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
| | - Talia S. Moyle
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
| | - Kapil K. Chousalkar
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sodagari HR, Mohammed AB, Wang P, O'Dea M, Abraham S, Robertson I, Habib I. Non-typhoidal Salmonella contamination in egg shells and contents from retail in Western Australia: Serovar diversity, multilocus sequence types, and phenotypic and genomic characterizations of antimicrobial resistance. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 308:108305. [PMID: 31476731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the number of human salmonellosis cases in Western Australia (WA) has increased more dramatically than in any other Australian state. In 2017, the number of cases in WA was more than double the five-year average, and eggs had emerged as the key culprit for several Salmonella foodborne disease outbreaks. To better understand such an epidemiologically intriguing situation, our research goal was to investigate the prevalence, serovar diversity, multilocus sequence types, and antimicrobial resistance of non-typhoidal Salmonella contamination in retail eggs produced and sold in WA. A total of 200 visually clean and intact retail egg samples (each containing a dozen eggs) were purchased for one year (2017-2018) from supermarkets in metropolitan Perth, the capital of WA. For each sample, the contents and shells of the 12 eggs were separately pooled and cultured according to standard methods. Overall, Salmonella was detected in 11.5% (23/200) of the tested egg samples. Salmonella was isolated from 4.5% (9/200) and 3% (6/200) of eggshells and egg contents, respectively. In 4% (8/200) of the samples, Salmonella was recovered from both eggshell and egg contents. Isolates from positive retail egg samples were serotyped as either S. Typhimurium (52.2% [12/23]) or S. Infantis (39.1% [9/23]). Both serotypes were concurrently recovered from two different retail egg samples. We retained a set of both S. Typhimurium (n = 29) and S. Infantis (n = 12) isolates from all Salmonella-positive retail packs (n = 23) for further characterization. Only two (S. Typhimurium) isolates showed resistance to ampicillin, of which one carried β-lactamase resistance gene blaTEM-1b. The remaining isolates (39/41) were susceptible to all 14 antimicrobials included in the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) testing panel. Multilocus sequence typing and serotyping were perfectly mirrored, as all S. Typhimurium isolates were characterized as sequence type (ST)-19, and all S. Infantis isolates were ST-32. This study points to the noteworthy Salmonella prevalence rate in retail egg samples in WA. Our results illustrate minimal public health risks arising from antimicrobial resistance Salmonella from Australian eggs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Sodagari
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Arkan Baraa Mohammed
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Penghao Wang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Mark O'Dea
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Sam Abraham
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Ian Robertson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Ihab Habib
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia; Veterinary Medicine Department, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab of Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Parker EM, Edwards LJ, Mollenkopf DF, Ballash GA, Wittum TE, Parker AJ. Salmonella monitoring programs in Australian feed mills: a retrospective analysis. Aust Vet J 2019; 97:336-342. [PMID: 31328262 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The availability of safe, commercially prepared stock feed for production animals is an important step in ensuring animal health and welfare and the safety of food animal products for human consumption. Animal feed quality assurance programs include microbiological monitoring of raw materials, mill equipment and finished feed. Over a period of 16 years, 23,963 samples for Salmonella culture and serotyping were collected from 22 stock feed mills. A multivariable generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) was used to identify mill and sample type factors that increase the odds of detecting Salmonella. The odds of detecting a Salmonella positive sample was greatest in samples from raw materials and in mills that processed restricted animal material (RAM). The percentage of positive samples ranged from 7.2% in 2003 to 2.8% in 2017. Of the 1,069 positive samples, 976 were serotyped with 61 different Salmonella serotypes isolated. The serotype most frequently isolated from raw materials was S. Agona, (n = 108) whilst S. Anatum was the serotype most frequently isolated from equipment and finished feed (n = 156). The diversity of Salmonella serotypes differed between mills and different stages of the production line. Microbiological monitoring in the commercial preparation of animal feed in Australian stock feed mills guides the implementation of quality control measures and risk mitigation strategies thereby reducing the prevalence and diversity of potentially zoonotic bacteria such as Salmonella, enhancing food safety for both animal and consumer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E M Parker
- The Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue Wooster, Ohio, 446911
| | - L J Edwards
- Ridley AgriProducts Pty Ltd, 70-80, Bald Hill Road, Pakenham, Victoria, 3810, Australia
| | - D F Mollenkopf
- The Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1920 Coffey Road Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - G A Ballash
- The Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1920 Coffey Road Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - T E Wittum
- The Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1920 Coffey Road Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - A J Parker
- The Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue Wooster, Ohio, 446911
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Shim JB, Seo KW, Kim YB, Jeon HY, Lim SK, Lee YJ. Molecular characteristics of extended-spectrum and plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from commercial layer in Korea. Poult Sci 2019; 98:949-956. [PMID: 30239888 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the poultry industry, commercial layer farms play an important role in meeting the protein demand through the supply of eggs. However, the risk of contamination by β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in eggs laid by commercial chickens is significant. In this study, we investigated the rate of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and plasmid-mediated AmpC (pAmpC) β-lactamase-producing E. coli isolated from layer hens and characterized their molecular background. Among the 92 cefotaxime-resistant E. coli isolates, 66 (71.7%) were identified as multidrug resistant and 29 showed phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of β-lactamase-producing E. coli. The ESBL/pAmpC genes blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-15, and blaCMY-2 were detected in 1, 6, 5, and 4 isolates, respectively. The non-ESBL/pAmpC gene blaTEM-1 was found in 16 isolates. Three isolates harbored both blaTEM-1 and blaCTX-M-14 genes. A total of 12 isolates also carried class 1 integrons, with 3 different gene cassette arrangements found in 8 of these isolates. A pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis of the 29 β-lactamase-producing E. coli isolates revealed that 4 PFGE patterns were consistent with the β-lactamase gene and layer farm origin, and showed a similar antibiotic resistance pattern. Our results suggest that comprehensive surveillance and more prudent use of third-generation cephalosporins in commercial layer farms is necessary to prevent the dissemination of ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Bo Shim
- R&D center, Korean Poultry TS Co., Ltd., Icheon 17415, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Won Seo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Bin Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Young Jeon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Kyung Lim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ju Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
De Leo R, Quartieri A, Haghighi H, Gigliano S, Bedin E, Pulvirenti A. Application of pectin‐alginate and pectin‐alginate‐laurolyl arginate ethyl coatings to eliminate
Salmonella enteritidis
cross contamination in egg shells. J Food Saf 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo De Leo
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia Reggio Emilia Italy
| | - Andrea Quartieri
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia Reggio Emilia Italy
| | - Hossein Haghighi
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia Reggio Emilia Italy
| | - Silvia Gigliano
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia Reggio Emilia Italy
| | - Elisa Bedin
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia Reggio Emilia Italy
| | - Andrea Pulvirenti
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia Reggio Emilia Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Centre BIOGEST‐SITEIAUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia Reggio Emilia Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cooper C, Moore SC, Moore RJ, Chandry PS, Fegan N. Salmonella enterica subsp. salamae serovar Sofia, a prevalent serovar in Australian broiler chickens, is also capable of transient colonisation in layers. Br Poult Sci 2018; 59:270-277. [PMID: 29493264 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2018.1447083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
1. Salmonella enterica subsp. salamae serovar sofia (S. sofia) is a prevalent strain of Salmonella in Australian broilers and has been isolated from broiler chickens, litter, dust, as well as pre- and post-processing carcasses, and retail chicken portions but has never been reported in commercial Australian layers or eggs. 2. To investigate whether a S. sofia isolate from a broiler could colonise layers, one-month-old Hyline brown layers were orally inoculated with S. sofia and colonisation was monitored for 2-4 weeks. 3. Overall, 30-40% of the chickens shed S. sofia from the cloaca between 6 and 14 d post-inoculation which then declined to 10% by d 21. Necropsy at 2 weeks post-inoculation revealed 80% of birds harboured S. sofia in the caecum, whilst, by 4 weeks post-infection, no chickens were colonised with S. sofia in the gastrointestinal tract, liver or spleen. Additionally, no aerosol 'bird to bird' transfer was evident. 4. This study demonstrated that laying hens can be colonised by broiler-derived S. sofia; however, this colonisation was transient, reaching a peak at 14 d post-inoculation, and was completely cleared by 28 d post-inoculation. The transience of colonisation of S. sofia in layers could be a factor explaining why S. sofia has never been detected when screening for Salmonella serotypes found in Australian laying hens or eggs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean C Moore
- b CSIRO Agriculture & Food , Werribee , Australia
| | - Robert J Moore
- c School of Science , RMIT University , Bundoora , Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
McLellan JE, Pitcher AJ, Ballard SA, Grabsch EA, Bell JM, Barton M, Grayson ML. Superbugs in the supermarket? Assessing the rate of contamination with third-generation cephalosporin-resistant gram-negative bacteria in fresh Australian pork and chicken. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2018; 7:30. [PMID: 29484175 PMCID: PMC5824441 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-018-0322-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antibiotic misuse in food-producing animals is potentially associated with human acquisition of multidrug-resistant (MDR; resistance to ≥ 3 drug classes) bacteria via the food chain. We aimed to determine if MDR Gram-negative (GNB) organisms are present in fresh Australian chicken and pork products. Methods We sampled raw, chicken drumsticks (CD) and pork ribs (PR) from 30 local supermarkets/butchers across Melbourne on two occasions. Specimens were sub-cultured onto selective media for third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GCR) GNBs, with species identification and antibiotic susceptibility determined for all unique colonies. Isolates were assessed by PCR for SHV, TEM, CTX-M, AmpC and carbapenemase genes (encoding IMP, VIM, KPC, OXA-48, NDM). Results From 120 specimens (60 CD, 60 PR), 112 (93%) grew a 3GCR-GNB (n = 164 isolates; 86 CD, 78 PR); common species were Acinetobacter baumannii (37%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13%) and Serratia fonticola (12%), but only one E. coli isolate. Fifty-nine (36%) had evidence of 3GCR alone, 93/163 (57%) displayed 3GCR plus resistance to one additional antibiotic class, and 9/163 (6%) were 3GCR plus resistance to two additional classes. Of 158 DNA specimens, all were negative for ESBL/carbapenemase genes, except 23 (15%) which were positive for AmpC, with 22/23 considered to be inherently chromosomal, but the sole E. coli isolate contained a plasmid-mediated CMY-2 AmpC. Conclusions We found low rates of MDR-GNBs in Australian chicken and pork meat, but potential 3GCR-GNBs are common (93% specimens). Testing programs that only assess for E. coli are likely to severely underestimate the diversity of 3GCR organisms in fresh meat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jade E. McLellan
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Ashleigh J. Pitcher
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Susan A. Ballard
- Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Departments, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Elizabeth A. Grabsch
- Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Departments, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Jan M. Bell
- Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - Mary Barton
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - M. Lindsay Grayson
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Departments, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Odoch T, Sekse C, L'Abee-Lund TM, Høgberg Hansen HC, Kankya C, Wasteson Y. Diversity and Antimicrobial Resistance Genotypes in Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Isolates from Poultry Farms in Uganda. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E324. [PMID: 29438292 PMCID: PMC5858393 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15020324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) are foodborne pathogens of global public health significance. The aim of this study was to subtype a collection of 85 NTS originating from poultry farms in Uganda, and to evaluate a subgroup of phenotypically resistant isolates for common antimicrobial resistance genes and associated integrons. All isolates were subtyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Phenotypically resistant isolates (n = 54) were screened by PCR for the most relevant AMR genes corresponding to their phenotypic resistance pattern, and all 54 isolates were screened by PCR for the presence of integron class 1 and 2 encoding genes. These genes are known to commonly encode resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim, sulfonamide and chloramphenicol. PFGE revealed 15 pulsotypes representing 11 serotypes from 75 isolates, as 10 were non-typable. Thirty one (57.4%) of the 54 resistant isolates carried at least one of the seven genes (blaTEM-1,cmlA, tetA, qnrS,sul1,dhfrI,dhfrVII) identified by PCR and six (11%) carried class 1 integrons. This study has shown that a diversity of NTS-clones are present in Ugandan poultry farm settings, while at the same time similar NTS-clones occur in different farms and areas. The presence of resistance genes to important antimicrobials used in human and veterinary medicine has been demonstrated, hence the need to strengthen strategies to combat antimicrobial resistance at all levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terence Odoch
- Department of Bio-security, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | | | - Trine M L'Abee-Lund
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 0454 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Helge Christoffer Høgberg Hansen
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 0454 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Clovice Kankya
- Department of Bio-security, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 0454 Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
In vitro binding comparison of cephalosporins to human serum albumin by spectroscopy and molecular docking approaches: A novel structural pursuing. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
27
|
Horizontal Dissemination of Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants in Multiple Salmonella Serotypes following Isolation from the Commercial Swine Operation Environment after Manure Application. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.01503-17. [PMID: 28802274 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01503-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the plasmids carrying antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants in multiple Salmonella serotypes recovered from the commercial swine farm environment after manure application on land. Manure and soil samples were collected on day 0 before and after manure application on six farms in North Carolina, and sequential soil samples were recollected on days 7, 14, and 21 from the same plots. All environmental samples were processed for Salmonella, and their plasmid contents were further characterized. A total of 14 isolates including Salmonella enterica serotypes Johannesburg (n = 2), Ohio (n = 2), Rissen (n = 1), Typhimurium var5- (n = 5), Worthington (n = 3), and 4,12:i:- (n = 1), representing different farms, were selected for plasmid analysis. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by broth microdilution against a panel of 14 antimicrobials on the 14 confirmed transconjugants after conjugation assays. The plasmids were isolated by modified alkaline lysis, and PCRs were performed on purified plasmid DNA to identify the AMR determinants and the plasmid replicon types. The plasmids were sequenced for further analysis and to compare profiles and create phylogenetic trees. A class 1 integron with an ANT(2″)-Ia-aadA2 cassette was detected in the 50-kb IncN plasmids identified in S Worthington isolates. We identified 100-kb and 90-kb IncI1 plasmids in S Johannesburg and S Rissen isolates carrying the blaCMY-2 and tet(A) genes, respectively. An identical 95-kb IncF plasmid was widely disseminated among the different serotypes and across different farms. Our study provides evidence on the importance of horizontal dissemination of resistance determinants through plasmids of multiple Salmonella serotypes distributed across commercial swine farms after manure application.IMPORTANCE The horizontal gene transfer of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants located on plasmids is considered to be the main reason for the rapid proliferation and spread of drug resistance. The deposition of manure generated in swine production systems into the environment is identified as a potential source of AMR dissemination. In this study, AMR gene-carrying plasmids were detected in multiple Salmonella serotypes across different commercial swine farms in North Carolina. The plasmid profiles were characterized based on Salmonella serotype donors and incompatibility (Inc) groups. We found that different Inc plasmids showed evidence of AMR gene transfer in multiple Salmonella serotypes. We detected an identical 95-kb plasmid that was widely distributed across swine farms in North Carolina. These conjugable resistance plasmids were able to persist on land after swine manure application. Our study provides strong evidence of AMR determinant dissemination present in plasmids of multiple Salmonella serotypes in the environment after manure application.
Collapse
|
28
|
Sharma P, Pande VV, Moyle TS, McWhorter AR, Chousalkar KK. Correlating bacterial shedding with fecal corticosterone levels and serological responses from layer hens experimentally infected with Salmonella Typhimurium. Vet Res 2017; 48:5. [PMID: 28166810 PMCID: PMC5294877 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Enteriditis and Salmonella Typhimurium are commonly isolated during egg-related outbreaks of salmonellosis and represent a significant international public health issue. In Australia, Salmonella Typhimurium is the most common serovar identified in egg product related foodborne outbreaks. While a number of studies have investigated Salmonella shedding and host responses to infection, they have been conducted over a short time period. The present study sought to characterise bacterial shedding and host responses to infection in hens infected with only Salmonella Typhimurium or co-infected with both Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Mbandaka over a 16 week period. Salmonella shedding was quantified using the most probable number and qPCR methods and was highly variable over the course of the experiment. On day 1, fecal corticosterone metabolites in birds infected with Salmonella Typhimurium (674.2 ± 109.3 pg/mg) were significantly higher than control (238.0 ± 12.62 pg/mg) or co-infected (175.4 ± 8.58 pg/mg) birds. The onset of lay occurred between weeks 6–8 post-infection (pi) and Fecal corticosterone metabolite (FCM) concentrations increased in both control and co-infected birds. Antibody responses to infection were monitored in both serum and yolk samples. Salmonella Typhimurium specific antibody was lower in co-infected animals than monoinfected animals. Bacterial loads in internal organs were characterised to determine persistence. Spleen, liver and caecal tonsils were positive for bacteria in both groups, indicating that Salmonella was not cleared from the birds and internal organ colonization could serve as a reservoir for continued bacterial shedding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pardeep Sharma
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, 5173, Australia
| | - Vivek V Pande
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, 5173, Australia
| | - Talia S Moyle
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, 5173, Australia
| | - Andrea R McWhorter
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, 5173, Australia
| | - Kapil K Chousalkar
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, 5173, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abraham S, O'Dea M, Trott DJ, Abraham RJ, Hughes D, Pang S, McKew G, Cheong EYL, Merlino J, Saputra S, Malik R, Gottlieb T. Isolation and plasmid characterization of carbapenemase (IMP-4) producing Salmonella enterica Typhimurium from cats. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35527. [PMID: 27767038 PMCID: PMC5073282 DOI: 10.1038/srep35527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) are a pressing public health issue due to limited therapeutic options to treat such infections. CREs have been predominantly isolated from humans and environmental samples and they are rarely reported among companion animals. In this study we report on the isolation and plasmid characterization of carbapenemase (IMP-4) producing Salmonella enterica Typhimurium from a companion animal. Carbapenemase-producing S. enterica Typhimurium carrying blaIMP-4 was identified from a systemically unwell (index) cat and three additional cats at an animal shelter. All isolates were identical and belonged to ST19. Genome sequencing revealed the acquisition of a multidrug-resistant IncHI2 plasmid (pIMP4-SEM1) that encoded resistance to nine antimicrobial classes including carbapenems and carried the blaIMP-4-qacG-aacA4-catB3 cassette array. The plasmid also encoded resistance to arsenic (MIC-150 mM). Comparative analysis revealed that the plasmid pIMP4-SEM1 showed greatest similarity to two blaIMP-8 carrying IncHI2 plasmids from Enterobacter spp. isolated from humans in China. This is the first report of CRE carrying a blaIMP-4 gene causing a clinical infection in a companion animal, with presumed nosocomial spread. This study illustrates the broader community risk entailed in escalating CRE transmission within a zoonotic species such as Salmonella, and in a cycle that encompasses humans, animals and the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Abraham
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, WA, Australia
| | - Mark O'Dea
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, WA, Australia
| | - Darren J Trott
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Abraham
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, WA, Australia.,Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David Hughes
- Concord Veterinary Hospital, North Strathfield NSW, Australia
| | - Stanley Pang
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, WA, Australia
| | - Genevieve McKew
- Department of Microbiology &Infectious Diseases, Concord Hospital, NSW and The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Elaine Y L Cheong
- Department of Microbiology &Infectious Diseases, Concord Hospital, NSW and The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John Merlino
- Department of Microbiology &Infectious Diseases, Concord Hospital, NSW and The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sugiyono Saputra
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas Gottlieb
- Department of Microbiology &Infectious Diseases, Concord Hospital, NSW and The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Pande VV, Devon RL, Sharma P, McWhorter AR, Chousalkar KK. Study of Salmonella Typhimurium Infection in Laying Hens. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:203. [PMID: 26941727 PMCID: PMC4766288 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of Salmonella enterica are frequently involved in egg and egg product related human food poisoning outbreaks worldwide. In Australia, Salmonella Typhimurium is frequently involved in egg and egg product related foodborne illness and Salmonella Mbandaka has also been found to be a contaminant of the layer farm environment. The ability possessed by Salmonella Enteritidis to colonize reproductive organs and contaminate developing eggs has been well-described. However, there are few studies investigating this ability for Salmonella Typhimurium. The hypothesis of this study was that the Salmonella Typhimurium can colonize the gut for a prolonged period of time and that horizontal infection through feces is the main route of egg contamination. At 14 weeks of age hens were orally infected with either S. Typhimurium PT 9 or S. Typhimurium PT 9 and Salmonella Mbandaka. Salmonella shedding in feces and eggs was monitored for 15 weeks post-infection. Egg shell surface and internal contents of eggs laid by infected hens were cultured independently for detection of Salmonella spp. The mean Salmonella load in feces ranged from 1.54 to 63.35 and 0.31 to 98.38 most probable number/g (MPN/g) in the S. Typhimurium and S. Typhimurium + S. Mbandaka group, respectively. No correlation was found between mean fecal Salmonella load and frequency of egg shell contamination. Egg shell contamination was higher in S. Typhimurium + S. Mbandaka infected group (7.2% S. Typhimurium, 14.1% S. Mbandaka) compared to birds infected with S. Typhimurium (5.66%) however, co-infection had no significant impact on egg contamination by S. Typhimurium. Throughout the study Salmonella was not recovered from internal contents of eggs laid by hens. Salmonella was isolated from different segments of oviduct of hens from both the groups, however pathology was not observed on microscopic examination. This study investigated Salmonella shedding for up to 15 weeks p.i which is a longer period of time compared to previously published studies. The findings of current study demonstrated intermittent but persistent fecal shedding of Salmonella after oral infection for up to 15 weeks p.i. Further, egg shell contamination, with lack of internal egg content contamination and the low frequency of reproductive organ infection suggested that horizontal infection through contaminated feces is the main route of egg contamination with S. Typhimurium in laying hens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek V Pande
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Rebecca L Devon
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Pardeep Sharma
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Andrea R McWhorter
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Kapil K Chousalkar
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|