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Hildebrandt IM, Riddell LM, Hall NO, James MK, Marks BP. Demonstration of Inappropriate Validation Method for a Cracker Baking Process Using Predictive Modeling. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100298. [PMID: 38734415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Validation of baking processes for the inactivation of Salmonella is complicated by the combined effects of product heating and drying. The goal of this study was to quantitatively evaluate a previously disseminated approach to validating baking processes utilizing a predictive model developed using only isothermal and single-moisture inactivation data for the initially formulated dough. A simple cracker dough was formulated using flour inoculated with a five-strain cocktail of Salmonella. Side-by-side isothermal and baking experiments were performed to estimate Salmonella inactivation kinetics and to quantify survivors in a dynamic environment, respectively. Isothermal, single-moisture inactivation experiments were performed with cracker dough (water activity, aw = 0.956 ± 0.002; moisture content = 0.50 ± 0.01 dry basis) at three temperatures (56, 60, or 63°C) with ≥6 time intervals. Baking experiments were performed in a convection oven at 177°C with samples pulled every 30 s up to 360 s, with an endpoint product aw (25°C) of 0.45. The Salmonella isothermal, single-moisture inactivation kinetics in cracker dough resulted in D60°C and z-values of 4.6 min and 4.9°C, respectively; this model was then integrated over the dynamic product temperature profiles from the baking experiments. In the baking experiments, an average of 5-log reductions of Salmonella was achieved by 150 s of treatment; however, >100-log reductions were predicted by the dough-based models at that time point. This fail-dangerous overestimation of Salmonella lethality in crackers explicitly demonstrated that single-level moisture-based prediction models are inappropriate for describing inactivation in a process with both dynamic temperature and moisture, and that model-based validations must incorporate moisture/aw. Furthermore, end-users should exercise caution when utilizing unvalidated models to validate preventive control processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Hildebrandt
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Linnea M Riddell
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Nicole O Hall
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael K James
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Bradley P Marks
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
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2
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Tonti M, Verheyen D, Kozak D, Skåra T, Van Impe JFM. Radio frequency inactivation of Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes in skimmed and whole milk powder. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 413:110556. [PMID: 38244386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Milk powder is a convenient, shelf-stable food ingredient used in a variety of food products. However, pathogenic bacteria can be present and survive during prolonged storage, leading to outbreaks of foodborne diseases and product recalls. Radio frequency (RF) heating is a processing technology suitable for bulk treatment of milk powder, aiming at microbial inactivation. This study investigates the RF inactivation of Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes in two types of milk powder; skimmed and whole milk powder. Specifically, the aims were to (i) examine the influence of the powder's composition on bacterial inactivation, (ii) evaluate the response of bacteria with different Gram properties (Gram positive and Gram negative) and (iii) verify the use of Enterococcus faecium as a surrogate for the two microorganisms for the specific RF process. In order to examine exclusively the influence of RF, a non-isothermal temperature profile was used, employing solely different RF energy levels to heat the product to the target temperatures. A log-linear model with a Bigelow-type temperature dependency was fitted to the experimental data. S. Typhimurium was less susceptible to RF treatments in comparison to L.monocytogenes, demonstrating a higher inactivation rate (k) and higher percentage of sublethal injury. A higher k was also observed for both microorganisms in the whole milk powder, indicating that the increased fat content and decreased levels of lactose and protein in the milk powder had an adverse impact on the microbial survival for both pathogens. The surrogate microorganism E. faecium successfully validated the microbial response of the two microorganisms to RF treatments. In general, a low heating rate RF-only process was successful in inactivating the two foodborne pathogens in skimmed and whole milk powder by 4 log(CFU/g).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tonti
- BioTeC+ - Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control, KU Leuven, Gebroeders de Smetstraat 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium; OPTEC, Optimization in Engineering Center-of-Excellence, KU Leuven, Belgium; CPMF(2), Flemish Cluster Predictive Microbiology in Foods - www.cpmf2.be, Belgium.
| | - Davy Verheyen
- BioTeC+ - Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control, KU Leuven, Gebroeders de Smetstraat 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium; OPTEC, Optimization in Engineering Center-of-Excellence, KU Leuven, Belgium; CPMF(2), Flemish Cluster Predictive Microbiology in Foods - www.cpmf2.be, Belgium.
| | - Dmytro Kozak
- BioTeC+ - Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control, KU Leuven, Gebroeders de Smetstraat 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium; OPTEC, Optimization in Engineering Center-of-Excellence, KU Leuven, Belgium; CPMF(2), Flemish Cluster Predictive Microbiology in Foods - www.cpmf2.be, Belgium.
| | | | - Jan F M Van Impe
- BioTeC+ - Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control, KU Leuven, Gebroeders de Smetstraat 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium; OPTEC, Optimization in Engineering Center-of-Excellence, KU Leuven, Belgium; CPMF(2), Flemish Cluster Predictive Microbiology in Foods - www.cpmf2.be, Belgium.
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3
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Lou Y, Kasler DR, Hawkins ZL, Li Z, Sannito D, Fritz RD, Yousef AE. Inactivation kinetics of selected pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria by aqueous ozone to validate minimum usage in purified water. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1258381. [PMID: 38298536 PMCID: PMC10829095 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1258381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Ozone is often used as an antimicrobial agent at the final step in purified water processing. When used in purified bottled water manufacturing, residual ozone should not exceed 0.4 mg/L, per US-FDA regulations. These regulations require the control of Escherichia coli and other coliform bacteria; however, non-coliform pathogens can contaminate bottled water. Hence, it is prudent to test the efficacy of ozone against such pathogens to determine if the regulated ozone level adequately ensures the safety of the product. Inactivation of selected pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria in purified water was investigated as a function of ozone dose, expressed in Ct units (mg O3*min/L). Bacterial species tested were Enterococcus faecium, E. coli (two serotypes), Listeria monocytogenes (three strains), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella enterica (three serovars). Resulting dose (Ct)-response (reduction in populations' log10 CFU/mL) relationships were mostly linear with obvious heteroscedasticity. This heteroscedastic relationship required developing a novel statistical approach to analyze these data so that the lower bound of the dose-response relationships can be determined and appropriate predictive models for such a bound can be formulated. An example of this analysis was determining the 95%-confidence lower bound equation for the pooled dose-responses of all tested species; the model can be presented as follows: Logpopulationreduction = 3.80Ct + 1.84. Based on this relationship, application ozone at a Ct of 0.832 and 21°C achieves ≥ 5-log reduction in the population of any of the tested pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria. This dose can be implemented by applying ozone at 0.832 mg/L for 1 min, 0.416 mg/L for 2 min, or other combinations. The study also proved the suitability of E. faecium ATCC 8459 as a surrogate strain for the pathogens tested in the current study for validating water decontamination processes by ozone. In conclusion, the study findings can be usefully implemented in processing validation of purified water and possibly other water types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Lou
- PepsiCo R&D, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - David R. Kasler
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Zach L. Hawkins
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Zhen Li
- PepsiCo R&D, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | | | | | - Ahmed E. Yousef
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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4
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Sun S, Xie Y, Zhou X, Zhu MJ, Sablani S, Tang J. Survival and thermal resistance of Salmonella in chocolate products with different water activities. Food Res Int 2023; 172:113209. [PMID: 37689954 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of Salmonella in chocolate products has caused worldwide outbreaks and recalls. There is a lack of information on the impact of water activity (aw) on the stability of Salmonella in chocolate products during storage and thermal treatments. In this research, the survival and thermal resistance of a Salmonella cocktail (S. Enteritidis PT30, S. Tennessee K4643, S. Typhimurium S544) was examined in different chocolate products (dark chocolate, white chocolate, milk chocolate) at two aw levels (0.25, 0.50) over 12 months at 22 °C. A reduction of 4.19 log10 CFU/gof Salmonella was obtained in dark chocolate after 12 months (aw = 0.50, at 22 °C); less reductions were observed in white and milk chocolates. In all three products, more reductions were observed ataw = 0.50 than at aw = 0.25 over the 12-months storage. When treated at 80 °C, the D-values (time required to cause 1 log reduction) of the Salmonella cocktail in the chocolate samples with initial aw of 0.25 were 35.7, 25.2 and 11.6 min in dark, white and milk chocolate, respectively, before the storage. The D80°C -values of Salmonella cocktail in the samples with initial aw of 0.50 were 6.45, 7.46, and 3.98 min in dark, white and milk chocolate, respectively. After 12 months of storage at 22 °C, the D80°C-value of Salmonella cocktail decreased to 9.43 min (p < 0.05) in milk chocolate but remained 22.7 min in white chocolate with an aw of 0.25 at 22 °C. The data suggests that Salmonella can survive in chocolate products for up to 12 months, and its thermal resistance remained relatively stable. Thus, Salmonella is resistant to desiccation in chocolates, particularly in milk and white chocolates, and its thermal resistance remains during one-year storage, which could pose a potential threat for future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicheng Sun
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Yucen Xie
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Xu Zhou
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Mei-Jun Zhu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Shyam Sablani
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Juming Tang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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5
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Acuff J, Waterman K, Wu J, Murphy C, Gallagher D, Ponder M. Inactivation kinetics of a surrogate yield conservative predictions of foodborne pathogen reductions from low water activity foods of varying size and composition during low-temperature steam processing. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17893. [PMID: 37449168 PMCID: PMC10336792 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in using models to predict foodborne pathogen inactivation as a way to validate or verify preventive controls. Unlike liquid foods, solid, low water activity foods (LWAF) are heterogenous in composition and structure and do not transfer heat uniformly. Using models constructed from one food to predict pathogen inactivation on another LWAF is complex and may not always be possible, even if the foods have similar composition. Using models constructed from inactivation kinetics of three foodborne pathogens and a surrogate from vacuum-steam-pasteurized (72 and 82 °C) whole macadamia nuts and dried apricot halves, 3-log reductions were predicted for the same pathogens and foods of reduced size. Model fits (First-order, Weibull, and Gompertz) were significantly impacted by the food type regardless of particle size. Despite the foods being identical in composition with particle size as the only altered characteristic, best-fit models accurately predicted the 3-log reductions only 50% of the time, but the surrogate inactivation models provided conservative predictions for pathogen reductions, highlighting that a surrogate's model may be a suitable tool for predicting pathogen reduction on LWAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.C. Acuff
- Virginia Tech, Food Science and Technology Department, 1230 Washington St., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - K. Waterman
- Virginia Tech, Food Science and Technology Department, 1230 Washington St., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - J. Wu
- Virginia Tech, Food Science and Technology Department, 1230 Washington St., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - C.M. Murphy
- Virginia Tech, Food Science and Technology Department, 1230 Washington St., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - D. Gallagher
- Virginia Tech, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 409 Durham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - M.A. Ponder
- Virginia Tech, Food Science and Technology Department, 1230 Washington St., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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6
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Gaseous chlorine dioxide for inactivating Salmonella enterica and Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 on chia seeds. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
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7
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Efficacy of triple-wash using a peroxyacetic acid and hydrogen peroxide solution at reducing populations and cross-contamination of Salmonella Typhimurium and the surrogate Enterococcus faecium on tomatoes. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2023.114499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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8
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Practice and Progress: Updates on Outbreaks, Advances in Research, and Processing Technologies for Low-moisture Food Safety. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100018. [PMID: 36916598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Large, renowned outbreaks associated with low-moisture foods (LMFs) bring to light some of the potential, inherent risks that accompany foods with long shelf lives if pathogen contamination occurs. Subsequently, in 2013, Beuchat et al. (2013) noted the increased concern regarding these foods, specifically noting examples of persistence and resistance of pathogens in low-water activity foods (LWAFs), prevalence of pathogens in LWAF processing environments, and sources of and preventive measures for contamination of LWAFs. For the last decade, the body of knowledge related to LMF safety has exponentially expanded. This growing field and interest in LMF safety have led researchers to delve into survival and persistence studies, revealing that some foodborne pathogens can survive in LWAFs for months to years. Research has also uncovered many complications of working with foodborne pathogens in desiccated states, such as inoculation methods and molecular mechanisms that can impact pathogen survival and persistence. Moreover, outbreaks, recalls, and developments in LMF safety research have created a cascading feedback loop of pushing the field forward, which has also led to increased attention on how industry can improve LMF safety and raise safety standards. Scientists across academia, government agencies, and industry have partnered to develop and evaluate innovate thermal and nonthermal technologies to use on LMFs, which are described in the presented review. The objective of this review was to describe aspects of the extensive progress made by researchers and industry members in LMF safety, including lessons-learned about outbreaks and recalls, expansion of knowledge base about pathogens that contaminate LMFs, and mitigation strategies currently employed or in development to reduce food safety risks associated with LMFs.
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9
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Ahmad NH, Marks BP, Ryser ET. Effect of Lactose and Milk Protein on Thermal Resistance of Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 and Salmonella in Dairy Powders. J Food Prot 2022; 85:1865-1874. [PMID: 36173901 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-22-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Microbial challenge studies using nonpathogenic surrogates provide a practical means for validating thermally based pathogen controls for low-moisture foods. Because the relative thermal resistance, or kill ratio, of Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 (a nonpathogenic surrogate) to Salmonella is greatly influenced by food composition, this study assessed relative thermal resistance of a five-strain Salmonella cocktail and E. faecium in skim milk powder (SMP), lactose-free skim milk powder (LSMP), 90% milk protein isolate (MPI), and lactose powder (LP). The impact of sugar composition (lactose versus glucose-galactose) on resuscitation of bacterial survivors, by using SMP and LSMP, was also determined. Dairy powders were inoculated with agar-grown cultures, mixed, preequilibrated at 0.25 water activity (aw), ground to achieve homogeneity, reequilibrated, and subjected to isothermal treatment. After enumeration on nonselective differential media, log-linear and Bigelow models were fit to the survivor data via one-step global regression. The aw changes and glass transition temperature were assessed at elevated temperatures by using uninoculated, equilibrated powder samples. Estimated D90°C-values were approximately two times higher for E. faecium (P < 0.05) than for Salmonella in SMP, LP, and MPI, but statistically similar (P > 0.05) in LSMP. Addition of sugars to recovery media did not influence survivor resuscitation from heat-treated SMP and LSMP, confirming that microbial inactivation was impacted primarily by the thermal treatment, not the recovery step. Thermally induced changes in aw were seen only for LP and MPI, with the glass transition temperature observed only for SMP and MPI. In conclusion, rather than always requiring greater lethality of E. faecium than Salmonella, these findings suggest that sufficient pathogen controls for low-moisture foods can also be validated by thoroughly documenting the appropriate kill ratios of E. faecium to Salmonella. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Hawa Ahmad
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Bradley P Marks
- Department of Biosystem and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Elliot T Ryser
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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Temple J, Stearns R, Coe C, Chaney H, Tou J, Freshour A, Luo Y, Shen C. Evaluation of the efficacy of a mixer of hydrogen peroxide and peroxyacetic acid to mitigate microbial cross-contamination of Salmonella Typhimurium and the surrogate Enterococcus faecium during triple-washing of butternut squash. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Ahmad NH, Hildebrandt IM, Pickens SR, Vasquez S, Jin Y, Liu S, Halik LA, Tsai HC, Lau SK, D'Souza RC, Kumar S, Subbiah J, Thippareddi H, Zhu MJ, Tang J, Anderson NM, Grasso-Kelley EM, Ryser ET, Marks BP. Interlaboratory Evaluation of Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 as a Salmonella Surrogate for Validating Thermal Treatment of Multiple Low-Moisture Foods. J Food Prot 2022; 85:1538-1552. [PMID: 35723555 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-22-054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT This multi-institutional study assessed the efficacy of Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 as a nonpathogenic Salmonella surrogate for thermal processing of nonfat dry milk powder, peanut butter, almond meal, wheat flour, ground black pepper, and date paste. Each product was analyzed by two laboratories (five independent laboratories total), with the lead laboratory inoculating (E. faecium or a five-strain Salmonella enterica serovar cocktail of Agona, Reading, Tennessee, Mbandaka, and Montevideo) and equilibrating the product to the target water activity before shipping. Both laboratories subjected samples to three isothermal treatments (between 65 and 100°C). A log-linear and Bigelow model was fit to survivor data via one-step regression. On the basis of D80°C values estimated from the combined model, E. faecium was more thermally resistant (P < 0.05) than Salmonella in nonfat dry milk powder (DEf-80°C, 100.2 ± 5.8 min; DSal-80°C, 28.9 ± 1.0 min), peanut butter (DEf-80°C, 133.5 ± 3.1 min; DSal-80°C, 57.6 ± 1.5 min), almond meal (DEf-80°C, 34.2 ± 0.4 min; DSal-80°C, 26.1 ± 0.2 min), ground black pepper (DEf-80°C, 3.2 ± 0.8 min; DSal-80°C, 1.5 ± 0.1 min), and date paste (DEf-80°C, 1.5 ± 0.0 min; DSal-80°C, 0.5 ± 0.0 min). Although the combined laboratory D80°C for E. faecium was lower (P < 0.05) than for Salmonella in wheat flour (DEf-80°C, 9.4 ± 0.1 min; DSal-80°C, 10.1 ± 0.2 min), the difference was ∼7%. The zT values for Salmonella in all products and for E. faecium in milk powder, almond meal, and date paste were not different (P > 0.05) between laboratories. Therefore, this study demonstrated the impact of standardized methodologies on repeatability of microbial inactivation results. Overall, E. faecium NRRL B-2354 was more thermally resistant than Salmonella, which provides support for utilizing E. faecium as a surrogate for validating thermal processing of multiple low-moisture products. However, product composition should always be considered before making that decision. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Hawa Ahmad
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Ian M Hildebrandt
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824.,U.S. Food Drug Administration, Institute of Food Safety and Health, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501
| | - Shannon R Pickens
- U.S. Food Drug Administration, Institute of Food Safety and Health, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501
| | - Sabrina Vasquez
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Health, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501
| | - Yuqiao Jin
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Health, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501
| | - Shuxiang Liu
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Health, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501
| | - Lindsay A Halik
- Illinois Institute of Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Health, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501
| | - Hsieh-Chin Tsai
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Soon Kiat Lau
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Health, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501.,Department of Biological System Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Roshan C D'Souza
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Jeyamkondan Subbiah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Health, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501.,Department of Biological System Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | | | - Mei-Jun Zhu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Juming Tang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Health, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501
| | - Nathan M Anderson
- U.S. Food Drug Administration, Institute of Food Safety and Health, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501
| | - Elizabeth M Grasso-Kelley
- U.S. Food Drug Administration, Institute of Food Safety and Health, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501
| | - Elliot T Ryser
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Bradley P Marks
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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Wang Y, Yang H. Metabolomics elucidating the effect of water activity on the thermal resistance of Salmonella in wheat flour. Food Res Int 2022; 162:112203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Ayeni AO, Samuel IT, Adekeye BT, Agboola O, Nwinyi OC, Oladokun O, Ayoola AA, Elehinafe FB. Inactivation kinetics and thermodynamics assessments of Geobacillus stearothermophilus during thermal sterilization for products safety. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sajce.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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14
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Liu Z, Sheng L, Canakapalli SS, Wang L. Evaluation of the microbial control efficacies of commonly used home-drying and storage practices of dried peaches. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Functional Genomics Identified Novel Genes Involved in Growth at Low Temperatures in Listeria monocytogenes. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0071022. [PMID: 35735974 PMCID: PMC9431668 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00710-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a foodborne pathogen that can cause severe human illness. Standard control measures for restricting bacterial growth, such as refrigeration, are often inadequate as Lm grows well at low temperatures. To identify genes involved in growth at low temperatures, a powerful functional genomics method Tn-seq was performed in this study. This genome-wide screening comprehensively identified the known and novel genetic determinants involved in low-temperature growth. A novel gene lmo1366, encoding rRNA methyltransferase, was identified to play an essential role in Lm growth at 16°C. In contrast, the inactivation of lmo2301, a gene encoding the terminase of phage A118, significantly enhanced the growth of Lm at 16°C. The deletion of lmo1366 or lmo2301 resulted in cell morphology alterations and impaired the growth rate in milk and other conditions at low temperatures. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the Δlmo1366 and Δlmo2301 mutants exhibited altered transcriptional patterns compared to the wild-type strain at 16°C with significant differences in genes involved in ribosome structural stability and function, and membrane biogenesis, respectively. This work uncovered novel genetic determinants involved in Lm growth at 16°C, which could lead to a better understanding of how bacteria survive and multiply at low temperatures. Furthermore, these findings could potentially contribute to developing novel antibacterial strategies under low-temperature conditions. IMPORTANCEListeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive pathogen that contributes to foodborne outbreaks due to its ability to survive at low temperatures. However, the genetic determinants of Lm involved in growth at low temperatures have not been fully defined. Here, the genetic determinants involved in the low-temperature growth of Lm were comprehensively identified on a genome-wide scale by Tn-seq. The gene lmo1366, encoding rRNA methyltransferase, was identified essential for growth under low-temperature conditions. On the other hand, the gene lmo2301, encoding terminase of phage A118, plays a negative role in bacterial growth at low temperatures. The transcriptomic analysis revealed the potential mechanisms. These findings lead to a better understanding of how bacteria survive and multiply at low temperatures and could provide unique targets for novel antibacterial strategies under low-temperature conditions.
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Serra-Castelló C, Possas A, Jofré A, Garriga M, Bover-Cid S. High-pressure processing inactivation of Salmonella in raw pet food for dog is enhanced by acidulation with lactic acid. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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17
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Radio frequency assisted thermal processing for pasteurization of packaged whole milk powder surrounded by oil. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Wason S, Verma T, Wei X, Mauromoustakos A, Subbiah J. Thermal inactivation kinetics of Salmonella enterica and Enterococcus faecium NRRL B- 2354 as a function of temperature and water activity in fine ground black pepper. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111393. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yang Y, Sekhon AS, Singh A, Unger P, Michael M. Survival and thermal resistance of Listeria monocytogenes in dry and hydrated nonfat dry milk and whole milk powder during extended storage. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2022.105338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Liu S, Wei X, Tang J, Qin W, Wu Q. Recent developments in low-moisture foods: microbial validation studies of thermal pasteurization processes. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-16. [PMID: 34927484 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2016601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks associated with low-moisture foods (e.g., wheat flour, nuts, and cereals) have urged the development of novel technologies and re-validation of legacy pasteurization process. For various thermal pasteurization processes, they share same scientific facts (e.g., bacterial heat resistance increased at reduced water activity) and guidelines. However, they also face specific challenges because of their different heat transfer mechanisms, processing conditions, or associated low-moisture foods' formulations. In this article, we first introduced the general structural for validating a thermal process and the shared basic information that would support our understanding of the key elements of each thermal process. Then, we reviewed the current progress of validation studies of 7 individual heating technologies (drying roasting, radiofrequency-assisted pasteurization, superheated steam, etc.) and the combined treatments (e.g., infrared and hot air). Last, we discussed knowledge gaps that require more scientific data in the future studies. We aimed to provide a process-centric view point of thermal pasteurization studies of low-moisture foods. The information could provide detailed protocol for process developers, operators, and managers to enhance low-moisture foods safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Food Processing and Safety, School of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinyao Wei
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Juming Tang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Wen Qin
- Institute of Food Processing and Safety, School of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Coskun E, Ozturk S, Akpinar M, Halkman AK, Erdogdu F. Effect of far infrared heating process on surface decontamination and quality attributes of whole yellow and white onions. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Abstract
This project was undertaken to determine the kinetic parameters of thermal inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes on pecans, macadamia nuts, and sunflower seeds subjected to heat treatments simulating industry processes. Five strains were grown in nonselective medium, mixed, and resuspended before inoculating macadamia nuts, pecans, and sunflower seeds (6 to 9 Log CFU/g). Redried inoculated pecans and macadamia nuts were heated in an oven at a temperature range of 90 to 140°C. Unshelled sunflower seeds were heated in sunflower seed oil. The thermal inactivation was determined by measuring viable cell counts using standard microbiological methods. Average count data were fit to the log-linear model, and thermal-death kinetics were calculated. On pecans, the viable Listeria counts were reduced by 3 and 3.5 Log CFU/g after 40 min at 110°C and 8 min at 140°C, respectively. On macadamia nuts, the L. monocytogenes population was reduced by 5 Log CFU/g after 20 min at 120°C. Unshelled sunflower seeds were subjected to heat treatment via a hot-oil bath. On sunflower seeds, >7 Log CFU/g reductions were observed after 15 min at 120°C. The thermal resistance (D value) for inactivation on pecans at 140°C was 3.1 min and on macadamia nuts at 120°C was 4.4 min. The inactivation of L. monocytogenes was influenced by the kind of nut or seed. These results suggest that L. monocytogenes has a relatively high thermal tolerance. The findings from this study will contribute to the assessment of the effectiveness of heat treatment for control of this pathogen on nuts and seeds. IMPORTANCE Listeria monocytogenes is a major concern for the food industry in ready-to-eat (RTE) foods. In recent years, large-scale recalls have occurred with contaminated sunflower seeds and macadamia nuts that triggered product withdrawals. These events stress the importance of understanding Listeria's ability to survive heat treatments in these low-water activity foods. Nuts and seeds are subjected to a variety of thermal treatments typically referred as roasting. To date, no listeriosis outbreak has been linked to nuts and seeds, but the recent recognition that this pathogen can be detected in commercial products stresses the need for research on thermal treatments. The characterization of heat inactivation kinetics at temperatures typically used during roasting processes will be very beneficial for validation studies. This manuscript reports inactivation rates of L. monocytogenes strains inoculated onto macadamia nuts, sunflower seeds, and pecan halves subjected to temperatures between 90 and 140°C.
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Chiara M, Giulia T, Federica B, Diego M, Robin D, Fausto G, Stefania A. Listeria monocytogenes sensitivity to antimicrobial treatments depends on cell origin. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21263. [PMID: 34711898 PMCID: PMC8553832 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00767-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we investigated how cell origin could affect the efficacy of an antimicrobial treatment (mild heating combined with terpenoids) in Listeria monocytogenes Scott A, considering cells from: 1. single colony, 2. glycerol stock, 3. cold adapted culture, and 4. fresh culture in stationary phase. After treatment, culturability on BHI medium and viability assessed by flow cytometry were evaluated. Our results showed that the cell origin significantly impacted viability and culturability of L. monocytogenes towards antimicrobial treatment. The mild heat treatment combined or not with terpenoids mainly affected culturability rather than viability, although the culturability of cells from single colony was less impacted. Therefore, to mimic the worst scenario, these latter were selected to contaminate Gorgonzola rind and roast beef slices and we evaluated the ability of L. monocytogenes cells to recover their culturability (on ALOA agar medium) and to growth on the food matrix stored at 4 °C for 7 days. Our results suggest that only Gorgonzola rind allowed a partial recovery of the culturability of cells previously heated in presence or not of terpens. In conclusion, we found a connection between the cell history and sensitivity toward an antimicrobial treatment, underlying the importance to standardize the experimental procedures (starting from the cells to be used in the assay) in the assessment of cell sensitivity to a specific treatment. Finally, our study clearly indicated that VBNC cells can resuscitate under favorable conditions on a food matrix, becoming a threat for consumer’s health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montanari Chiara
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Agri-Food Research, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tabanelli Giulia
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Agri-Food Research, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbieri Federica
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mora Diego
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Duncan Robin
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Gardini Fausto
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Agri-Food Research, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Arioli Stefania
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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Thermal inactivation of Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes and Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 in desiccated shredded coconut. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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Desiccation and thermal resistance of Salmonella and Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 in almond meal as impacted by water activity and storage temperature. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Wason S, Verma T, Subbiah J. Validation of process technologies for enhancing the safety of low-moisture foods: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:4950-4992. [PMID: 34323364 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The outbreaks linked to foodborne illnesses in low-moisture foods are frequently reported due to the occurrence of pathogenic microorganisms such as Salmonella Spp. Bacillus cereus, Clostridium spp., Cronobacter sakazakii, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. The ability of the pathogens to withstand the dry conditions and to develop resistance to heat is regarded as the major concern for the food industry dealing with low-moisture foods. In this regard, the present review is aimed to discuss the importance and the use of novel thermal and nonthermal technologies such as radiofrequency, steam pasteurization, plasma, and gaseous technologies for decontamination of foodborne pathogens in low-moisture foods and their microbial inactivation mechanisms. The review also summarizes the various sources of contamination and the factors influencing the survival and thermal resistance of pathogenic microorganisms in low-moisture foods. The literature survey indicated that the nonthermal techniques such as CO2 , high-pressure processing, and so on, may not offer effective microbial inactivation in low-moisture foods due to their insufficient moisture content. On the other hand, gases can penetrate deep inside the commodities and pores due to their higher diffusion properties and are regarded to have an advantage over thermal and other nonthermal processes. Further research is required to evaluate newer intervention strategies and combination treatments to enhance the microbial inactivation in low-moisture foods without significantly altering their organoleptic and nutritional quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Wason
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Tushar Verma
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jeyamkondan Subbiah
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA.,Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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28
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Park HW, Xu J, Balasubramaniam V, Snyder AB. The effect of water activity and temperature on the inactivation of Enterococcus faecium in peanut butter during superheated steam sanitation treatment. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Ballom K, Dhowlaghar N, Tsai HC, Yang R, Tang J, Zhu MJ. Radiofrequency pasteurization against Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes in cocoa powder. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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30
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Ceylan E, Amezquita A, Anderson N, Betts R, Blayo L, Garces-Vega F, Gkogka E, Harris LJ, McClure P, Winkler A, den Besten HMW. Guidance on validation of lethal control measures for foodborne pathogens in foods. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:2825-2881. [PMID: 33960599 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Food manufacturers are required to obtain scientific and technical evidence that a control measure or combination of control measures is capable of reducing a significant hazard to an acceptable level that does not pose a public health risk under normal conditions of distribution and storage. A validation study provides evidence that a control measure is capable of controlling the identified hazard under a worst-case scenario for process and product parameters tested. It also defines the critical parameters that must be controlled, monitored, and verified during processing. This review document is intended as guidance for the food industry to support appropriate validation studies, and aims to limit methodological discrepancies in validation studies that can occur among food safety professionals, consultants, and third-party laboratories. The document describes product and process factors that are essential when designing a validation study, and gives selection criteria for identifying an appropriate target pathogen or surrogate organism for a food product and process validation. Guidance is provided for approaches to evaluate available microbiological data for the target pathogen or surrogate organism in the product type of interest that can serve as part of the weight of evidence to support a validation study. The document intends to help food manufacturers, processors, and food safety professionals to better understand, plan, and perform validation studies by offering an overview of the choices and key technical elements of a validation plan, the necessary preparations including assembling the validation team and establishing prerequisite programs, and the elements of a validation report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdogan Ceylan
- Silliker Food Science Center, Merieux NutriSciences, Crete, Illinois, USA
| | - Alejandro Amezquita
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever R&D Colworth, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - Nathan Anderson
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bedford Park, Illinois, USA
| | - Roy Betts
- Campden BRI, Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire, UK
| | - Laurence Blayo
- Société des Produits Nestlé S.A, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Elissavet Gkogka
- Arla R&D, Arla Innovation Centre, Aarhus N, Central Jutland Region, Denmark
| | - Linda J Harris
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Peter McClure
- Mondelēz International, Mondelēz R&D UK, Birmingham, UK
| | - Anett Winkler
- Microbiology and Food Safety CoE, Cargill Deutschland GmbH, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Heidy M W den Besten
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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31
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Baert L, Gimonet J, Barretto C, Fournier C, Jagadeesan B. Genetic changes are introduced by repeated exposure of Salmonella spiked in low water activity and high fat matrix to heat. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8144. [PMID: 33854082 PMCID: PMC8046991 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87330-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
WGS is used to define if isolates are "in" or "out" of an outbreak and/or microbial root cause investigation. No threshold of genetic differences is fixed and the conclusions on similarity between isolates are mainly based on the knowledge generated from previous outbreak investigations and reported mutation rates. Mutation rates in Salmonella when exposed to food processing conditions are lacking. Thus, in this study, the ability of heat and dry stress to cause genetic changes in two Salmonella serotypes frequently isolated from low moisture foods was investigated. S. enterica serovars S. Agona ATCC 51,957 and S. Mbandaka NCTC 7892 (ATCC 51,958) were repeatedly exposed to heat (90 °C for 5 min) in a low water activity and high fat matrix. No increased fitness of the strains was observed after 10 repeated heat treatments. However, genetic changes were introduced and the number of genetic differences increased with every heat treatment cycle. The genetic changes appeared randomly in the genome and were responsible for a population of diverse isolates with 0 to 28 allelic differences (0 to 38 SNPs) between them. This knowledge is key to interpret WGS results for source tracking investigations as part of a root cause analysis in a contamination event as isolates are exposed to stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Baert
- Nestlé Research, Vers-Chez-les-Blanc 26, 1000, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Johan Gimonet
- Nestlé Research, Vers-Chez-les-Blanc 26, 1000, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Barretto
- Nestlé Research, Vers-Chez-les-Blanc 26, 1000, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Coralie Fournier
- Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Dhowlaghar N, Zhu MJ. Control of Salmonella in low-moisture foods: Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 as a surrogate for thermal and non-thermal validation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5886-5902. [PMID: 33798006 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1895055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella has been implicated in multiple foodborne outbreaks and recalls associated with low water activity foods (LawF). To verify the effectiveness of a process against Salmonella in LawF, validation using a nonpathogenic surrogate strain is essential. Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 strain has been used as a potential surrogate of Salmonella in different processing of LawF. However, the survival of Salmonella and E. faecium in LawF during food processing is a dynamic function of aw, food composition and structure, processing techniques, and other factors. This review assessed pertinent literature on the thermal and non-thermal inactivation of Salmonella and its presumable surrogate E. faecium in various LawF and provided an overview of its suitibility in different LawF. Overall, based on the D-values, survival/reduction, temperature/time to obtain 4 or 5-log reductions, most studies concluded that E. faecium is a suitable surrogate of Salmonella during LawF processing as its magnitude of resistance was slightly greater or equal (i.e., statistical similar) as compared to Salmonella. Studies also showed its unsuitability which either does not provide a proper margin of safety or being overly resistant and may compromise the quality and organoleptic properties of food. This review provides useful information and guidance for future validation studies of LawF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Dhowlaghar
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Mei-Jun Zhu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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33
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Igo MJ, Schaffner DW. Models for factors influencing pathogen survival in low water activity foods from literature data are highly significant but show large unexplained variance. Food Microbiol 2021; 98:103783. [PMID: 33875211 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Factors that control pathogen survival in low water activity foods are not well understood and vary greatly from food to food. A literature search was performed to locate data on the survival of foodborne pathogens in low-water activity (<0.70) foods held at temperatures <37 °C. Data were extracted from 67 publications and simple linear regression models were fit to each data set to estimate log linear rates of change. Multiple linear stepwise regression models for factors influencing survival rate were developed. Subset regression modeling gave relatively low adjusted R2 values of 0.33, 0.37, and 0.48 for Salmonella, E. coli and L. monocytogenes respectively, but all subset models were highly significant (p < 1.0e-9). Subset regression models showed that Salmonella survival was significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by temperature, serovar and strain type, water activity, inoculum preparation method, and inoculation method. E. coli survival was significantly influenced by temperature, water activity, and inoculum preparation. L. monocytogenes survival was significantly influenced by temperature, serovar and strain type, and inoculum preparation method. While many factors were highly significant (p < 0.001), the high degrees of variability show that there is still much to learn about the factors which govern pathogen survival in low water activity foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Igo
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Donald W Schaffner
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
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Rachon G, Raleigh CP, Pawlowsky K. Heat resistance of yeast ascospores and their utilisation for the validation of pasteurisation processes for beers. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Rachon
- Campden BRI, Centenary Hall Coopers Hill Road, Nutfield Surrey RH1 4HY UK
| | | | - Karin Pawlowsky
- Campden BRI, Centenary Hall Coopers Hill Road, Nutfield Surrey RH1 4HY UK
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35
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Steghöfer S, Limburn R, Margas E. Microbiological assessment of heat treatment of broiler mash at laboratory scale to evaluate Salmonella reduction during feed conditioning. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2020.100122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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36
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Isothermal inactivation of Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 in peanut butter, powder infant formula, and wheat flour. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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Wei X, Agarwal S, Subbiah J. Evaluation of Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 as a surrogate for Salmonella enterica in milk powders at different storage times and temperatures. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:198-210. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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38
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Subedi S, Roopesh M. Simultaneous drying of pet food pellets and Salmonella inactivation by 395 nm light pulses in an LED reactor. J FOOD ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2020.110110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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39
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Acuff JC, Wu J, Marik C, Waterman K, Gallagher D, Huang H, Williams RC, Ponder MA. Thermal inactivation of Salmonella, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and a surrogate (Pediococcus acidilactici) on raisins, apricot halves, and macadamia nuts using vacuum-steam pasteurization. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 333:108814. [PMID: 32805576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), and Listeria monocytogenes have been isolated from low water activity foods (LWAF), where they may survive for extended periods. The ready-to-eat nature of many LWAF, such as dried fruits and nuts, warrants effective post-harvest thermal treatment for the reduction of pathogens such as low-temperature, saturated steam, also known as vacuum-assisted steam pasteurization. The objective of this study was to determine reductions of Salmonella, STEC, L. monocytogenes, and a possible surrogate (Pediococcus acidilactici) on dried apricot halves, whole macadamia nuts, and raisins after treatment with vacuum-assisted steam at three temperatures (62 °C, 72 °C, or 82 °C) and multiple time intervals. Bacterial inactivation was variable between commodities, with higher temperatures and longer times necessary to achieve comparable reductions of pathogens on apricot halves and macadamia nuts compared to raisins. Reductions of the tested pathogens were comparable; therefore, one species was not more resistant than the others. Pathogens were reduced by 5-log CFU/g on apricot halves after 20 min at 72 °C and after 5 min at 82 °C. Longer treatment times were necessary to achieve reductions of each pathogen on macadamia nuts. Pathogens were reduced by nearly 5 log CFU/g on macadamia nuts after 38 min at 72 °C (4.6-6.5 log CFU/g) and after 12 min at 82 °C (4.9-5.7 log CFU/g). Reductions of pathogens on raisins were achieved at lower temperatures than necessary for the other foods. A 5-log reduction for each of the pathogens (CFU/g) on raisins occurred after 20 min at 62 °C and after 5 min at 72 °C. Overall, the reductions of the pathogens exceeded those of P. acidilactici on both the dried fruits and macadamia nuts. Statistically significant differences, indicating greater confidence as a conservative surrogate, were observed at lower treatment temperatures. Inactivation kinetics were modeled for each pathogen on each food type and temperature. Bacterial survival was best described by the Weibull model for raisins and macadamia nuts, while the Gompertz model best described reductions on apricot halves according to Akaike information criterion (AIC) and root-mean-square error (RMSE) evaluations. Water activity and moisture content were increased due to the treatments, which could be addressed through implementation of drying steps. Thermal inactivation kinetic models and 5-log reduction parameters can help food processors design and evaluate similar vacuum-assisted steam interventions to comply with FSMA regulations and preventive control plans. However, results or model predictions should not be extrapolated to assume the safety of other types of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Acuff
- Virginia Tech, Food Science and Technology, 1230 Washington St., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Jian Wu
- Virginia Tech, Food Science and Technology, 1230 Washington St., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Claire Marik
- Virginia Tech, Food Science and Technology, 1230 Washington St., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Kim Waterman
- Virginia Tech, Food Science and Technology, 1230 Washington St., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Daniel Gallagher
- Virginia Tech, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 409 Durham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Haibo Huang
- Virginia Tech, Food Science and Technology, 1230 Washington St., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Robert C Williams
- Virginia Tech, Food Science and Technology, 1230 Washington St., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Monica A Ponder
- Virginia Tech, Food Science and Technology, 1230 Washington St., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Zhu M, Song X, Shen X, Tang J. Listeria monocytogenes in Almond Meal: Desiccation Stability and Isothermal Inactivation. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1689. [PMID: 32849354 PMCID: PMC7427469 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Almond are among the most consumed tree nuts and used in a variety of food products. Recent almond butter recalls due to potential contamination of Listeria monocytogenes highlight the need to control L. monocytogenes in almond products. The objectives of this study were to examine the stability of L. monocytogenes in almond meal during extended storage and analyze thermal resistance of L. monocytogenes in almond meal of controlled moisture contents or water activity (aw) using thermal death time (TDT) cells and thermal water activity (TWA) cells, respectively. L. monocytogenes maintained a stable population in almond meal for 44–48 weeks at 4°C regardless of aw; however, we observed about 1.69 and 2.14 log10 colony-forming units (CFU)/g reduction of L. monocytogenes in aw 0.25 and 0.45 almond meal over 44 to 48 weeks of storage at 22°C. Under all test conditions using either TDT or TWA cells, the inactivation kinetics of L. monocytogenes in almond meal fitted the log-linear model well; thermal resistance of L. monocytogenes in almond meal was inversely related to the aw of samples. D75-/D80-values of L. monocytogenes in aw 0.25 and 0.45 almond meal obtained using TDT cells were 47.6/22.0 versus 17.2/11.0 min, respectively. D80-, D85-, and D90-values of L. monocytogenes in aw 0.25 almond meal obtained using TWA cells were 59.5 ± 2.1, 27.7 ± 0.7, and 13.2 ± 1.1 min, respectively, in contrast to 22.0 ± 1.1, 10.6 ± 0.2, and 4.6 ± 0.4 min obtained using TDT cells. The z-value of L. monocytogenes in aw 0.25 almond meal was not affected by TWA and TDT cell type (15.4–15.5°C), whereas z-value of L. monocytogenes in aw 0.45 almond meal was 10°C higher than that in aw 0.25 almond meal. This study contributes to our understanding of L. monocytogenes in nuts and impacts of aw on the development of thermal resistance in low-moisture foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijun Zhu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Xia Song
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Xiaoye Shen
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Juming Tang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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41
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Gautam B, Govindan BN, Gӓnzle M, Roopesh MS. Influence of water activity on the heat resistance of Salmonella enterica in selected low-moisture foods. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 334:108813. [PMID: 32841809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Low-moisture foods (LMF with water activity, aw < 0.85) including pet foods and black pepper powder have consistently been associated with foodborne disease caused by Salmonella enterica. Increased heat resistance and prolonged survival at low-moisture conditions, however, remain major challenges to achieve effective inactivation of Salmonella in low-moisture foods. At low water activity (aw) conditions, heat resistance of Salmonella is greatly enhanced when compared to high aw conditions. This study aimed to quantify the effect of aw on the heat resistance of Salmonella enterica in pet food pellets and black pepper powder. Pet food pellets were inoculated with two strains of heat resistant S. enterica and black pepper powder was inoculated with a 5-strain cocktail of Salmonella. Both inoculated food samples were equilibrated at 0.33, 0.54, and 0.75 aw in controlled humidity chambers. Inoculated pet food pellets and black pepper powder in closed aluminum cells were heat treated at specific temperatures for selected times. The results showed that the Weibull model fitted well the inactivation data. At a specific temperature, the rate of inactivation increased with the increase in the aw from 0.33 to 0.75, and the 3-log reduction times decreased for Salmonella in both food samples with the increase in aw. Water adsorption isotherms of pet food pellets and black pepper powder at initial and treatment temperatures were developed to understand the change in aw during heat treatments. The change in aw during heat treatment was dependent on the type of food matrix, which possibly influenced the thermal inactivation of Salmonella in pet food pellets and black pepper powder. The quantitative analysis of heat reduction of Salmonella with respect to aw aids in selection of the appropriate initial aw to develop effective heat treatment protocols for adequate reduction of Salmonella in pet foods and black pepper powder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bina Gautam
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Byju N Govindan
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Avenue, 219 Hodson Hall, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Michael Gӓnzle
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - M S Roopesh
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada.
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Pérez-Reyes ME, Jie X, Zhu MJ, Tang J, Barbosa-Cánovas GV. Influence of low water activity on the thermal resistance of Salmonella Enteritidis PT30 and Enterococcus faecium as its surrogate in egg powders. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2020; 27:184-193. [DOI: 10.1177/1082013220937872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Egg powders are increasingly popular ingredients, due to their functionality and compactness, in industrial food production and preparation at homes. However, there is a lack of studies that evaluate the thermal resistance of Salmonella Enteritidis PT30 and its potential surrogate Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 in egg powders. This study examined the log-linear relationship between the thermal resistance of Salmonella Enteritidis (D-value) and the water activity (aw) of egg powders. The changes of aw in the egg powders with temperature were measured using a Vapor Sorption Analyzer and a high-temperature cell. The D80 ℃-value of S. Enteritidis PT30 and E. faecium inoculated in the egg powders preconditioned to three aw levels (0.3, 0.45, and 0.6) at 20 ℃ were determined using aluminum thermal death test cells. The aw values increased (P < 0.05) in all three egg powders when the temperature of the samples was raised from room temperature to 80 ℃. The D80 ℃-values ranged from 5.3 ± 0.1 to 25.9 ± 0.2 min for S. Enteritidis while 10.4 ± 0.4 to 43.8 ± 0.4 for E. faecium in samples of the three different aw levels. S. Enteritidis PT30 showed a log-linear relationship between D80 ℃-values and aw80 ℃ for the egg powders. This study contributes to our understanding of the impact of aw on the development of thermal treatments for low-moisture foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco E Pérez-Reyes
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Xu Jie
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Mei-Jun Zhu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Juming Tang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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43
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Shen X, Su Y, Hua Z, Cong J, Dhowlaghar N, Sun Q, Lin S, Green T, Perrault M, Galeni M, Hanrahan I, Suslow TV, Zhu MJ. Verification of peroxyacetic acid treatment against L. monocytogenes on fresh apples using E. faecium NRRL B-2354 as a surrogate in commercial spray-bar operations. Food Microbiol 2020; 92:103590. [PMID: 32950134 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Peroxyacetic acid (PAA) is a commonly used antimicrobial in apple spray bar interventions during post-harvest packing. However, limited information is available about its efficacy against foodborne pathogens on fresh apples under commercial packing conditions. In this study, the practical efficacies of PAA against Listeria monocytogenes on fresh apples during spray bar operation at ambient and elevated temperature were validated in three commercial packing facilities using Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 as a surrogate strain. Apples were inoculated with E. faecium at ~6.5 Log10 CFU/apple and subjected to PAA spray bar interventions per commercial packing line practice. At each temperature and contact time intervention combination, 20-24 inoculated apples were processed together with 72-80 non-inoculated apples. Applying 80 ppm PAA at ambient temperature (17-21 °C) achieved a similar log reduction (P > 0.05) of E. faecium on Granny Smith apples (GSA) in three apple packing facilities, which caused 1.12-1.23 and 1.18-1.32 Log10 CFU/apple reductions of E. faecium on GSA for 30-sec and 60-sec intervention, respectively. Increasing the temperature of the PAA solution to 43-45 °C enhanced its bactericidal effect against E. faecium, causing 1.45, 1.86 and 2.19 Log10 CFU/apple reductions in three packing facilities for a 30-sec contact, and 1.50, 2.24, and 2.29 Log10 CFU/apple reductions for a 60-sec contact, respectively. Similar efficacies (P > 0.05) of PAA at both ambient and elevated temperature were also observed on Fuji apples. Spraying PAA on apples at ambient or elevated temperature reduced the level of E. faecium cross-contamination from inoculated apples to non-inoculated apples but could not eliminate cross-contamination. Data from this study provides valuable technical information and a reference point for the apple industry in controlling L. monocytogenes and verifying the effectiveness of their practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoye Shen
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Yuan Su
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Zi Hua
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Jian Cong
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA; School of Public Administration, Shanghai Open University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Nitin Dhowlaghar
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Qi Sun
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Shengnan Lin
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Tonia Green
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | | | - Marcella Galeni
- Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission, Wenatchee, WA, 98801, USA
| | - Ines Hanrahan
- Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission, Wenatchee, WA, 98801, USA
| | - Trevor V Suslow
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Mei-Jun Zhu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
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44
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Dag D, Singh RK, Kong F. Developments in Radio Frequency Pasteurization of Food Powders. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2020.1775641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damla Dag
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Rakesh K. Singh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Fanbin Kong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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45
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Stability of Listeria monocytogenes in non-fat dry milk powder during isothermal treatment and storage. Food Microbiol 2020; 87:103376. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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46
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Zhou Z, Zuber S, Campagnoli M, Moser M, Devlieghere F, Uyttendaele M. Decontamination effect of hot-air drying against bacterial pathogen and surrogate strains on basil leaves, from laboratory to pilot scale settings. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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47
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Wei X, Lau SK, Reddy BS, Subbiah J. A microbial challenge study for validating continuous radio-frequency assisted thermal processing pasteurization of egg white powder. Food Microbiol 2020; 85:103306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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48
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Bahrami A, Moaddabdoost Baboli Z, Schimmel K, Jafari SM, Williams L. Efficiency of novel processing technologies for the control of Listeria monocytogenes in food products. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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49
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Daryaei H, Sui Q, Liu H, Rehkopf A, Peñaloza W, Rytz A, Luo Y, Wan J. Heat resistance of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and potential surrogates in wheat flour at two moisture levels. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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50
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Evaluation of Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 as a potential surrogate of Salmonella in packaged paprika, white pepper and cumin powder during radio frequency heating. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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