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Wang X, Zhao X, Song X, He J. Diazo-functionalised immunoelectrochemical sensor for the detection of ochratoxin a in foods. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:699-713. [PMID: 38598095 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2339322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxic fungal metabolite that is commonly found in cereals and animal feed. It is economically damaging and potentially hazardous to human health. Herein, we propose an electrochemical immunosensor for the rapid detection of OTA using anti-OTA antibodies and diazonium-functionalized, screen-printed electrodes. We attached 4-aminobenzoic acid to an electrode surface, activated the carboxyl groups on the surface with carbodiimide, and attached an antibody to the diazo layer. Subsequently, we used bovine serum protein as a blocker to prevent non-specific antigens from binding to the antibody. We evaluated the performance of the sensor by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and differential pulse voltammetry. The sensor is highly specific and sensitive, has good linear responses in the range 20-200 ng/mL, a limit of detection of 0.5 ng/mL, and good recoveries of 90.5%-100.9% in spiked samples. It can be stored at 4 °C for approximately 2 weeks, and is highly stable, with a current response variation of no more than 4.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Xinyi Song
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Jinxing He
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
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Hou Y, Liu X, Li Y, Hou J, Liu H, Wu Q, Liu J. Aptamers for nanobodies: A nontoxic alternative to toxic ochratoxin A in immunoassays. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 248:115995. [PMID: 38176255 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
To measure toxins using immunoassays, hazardous toxin standards need to be added for quantification. To solve this problem, we propose to use aptamers as competitors to replace toxin standards. In this work, aptamers specific for ochratoxin A (OTA) nanobodies were selected using a DNA library containing a 36 nucleotide random region. The obtained sequences were highly aligned and the best competitor was identified to be a sequence named apt2-OT based on an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The Kd of apt2-OT was measured to be 2.86 μM using local surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. The optimal apt2-OT was identified to substitute the OTA standard with a concentration needed for 50% inhibition of binding (IC50) of 3.26 μM based on a nontoxic direct competitive ELISA. The equivalence relationship between the aptamer and OTA was established in a flour sample, and a recovery experiment was performed. The detection limit for this method was 0.23 ng/mL, with a linear range from 0.25 to 10.50 ng/mL. The recovery rate was 97.5%-115.5%. This study provides a low-cost, rapid and environmentally friendly alternative to the development of immunoassays for toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyu Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei province, 435002, China
| | - Xixia Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei province, 435002, China.
| | - Yongshu Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei province, 435002, China
| | - Jianjun Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei province, 435002, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei province, 435002, China
| | - Qin Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei province, 435002, China
| | - Juewen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Rojas-Pablo M, Toledo-Hernández E, Rodríguez-Barrera MA, Toribio-Jiménez J, Torreblanca-Ramírez C, Rosas-Guerrero VM, Salgado-Souto SA, Álvarez-Fitz P, Bolaños-Dircio A, Romero-Ramírez Y. Bacillus licheniformis M2-7 Decreases Ochratoxin A Concentrations in Coffee Beans During Storage. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:62. [PMID: 38216774 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03575-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Microbial contamination of coffee beans arises from various factors such as harvesting, handling, and storage practices, during which ochratoxin A (OTA)-producing fungi develop and proliferate. The presence of elevated concentrations of OTA poses a serious health risk to coffee consumers. Therefore, the implementation of a post-harvest treatment involving the use of bacteria known to antagonize OTA-producing fungi constitutes a safe alternative for reducing or eliminating the toxin's concentration in coffee beans. In this study, coffee beans (Coffea arabica L.) were inoculated with Bacillus licheniformis M2-7, after which we monitored fungal growth, in vitro antagonism, and OTA concentration. Our findings demonstrated that coffee beans inoculated with this bacterial strain exhibited a significant decrease in fungal populations belonging to the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium, which are known to produce OTA. Moreover, strain M2-7 decreased the growth rates of these fungi from 67.8% to 95.5% (P < 0.05). Similarly, inoculation with B. licheniformis strain M2-7 effectively reduced the OTA concentration from 24.35 ± 1.61 to 5.52 ± 1.69 µg/kg (P < 0.05) in stored coffee beans. These findings suggest that B. licheniformis M2-7 holds promise as a potential post-harvest treatment for coffee beans in storage, as it effectively inhibits the proliferation of OTA-producing fungi and lowers the toxin's concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rojas-Pablo
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, C. P. 39070, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Erubiel Toledo-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, C. P. 39070, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Miguel A Rodríguez-Barrera
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, C. P. 39070, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Jeiry Toribio-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, C. P. 39070, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | | | - Víctor Manuel Rosas-Guerrero
- Facultad en Desarrollo Sustentable, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, C.P. 40900, Técpan de Galeana, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Sergio Adrián Salgado-Souto
- Escuela Superior de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, C.P. 40323, Taxco el viejo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Patricia Álvarez-Fitz
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Laboratorio de Toxicología y Salud Ambiental, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, C. P. 39070, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Bolaños-Dircio
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, C. P. 39070, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Yanet Romero-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, C. P. 39070, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico.
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Gomez JS, Shaikhet M, Loganathan AK, Darnowski MG, Boddy CN, McMullin DR, Avis TJ. Characterization of Arthropeptide B, an Antifungal Cyclic Tetrapeptide from Arthrobacter humicola. J Chem Ecol 2023; 49:528-536. [PMID: 37322383 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-023-01438-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Disease suppressive composts are known, yet little information on the potential role of specific microbial antagonist within are available. Arthrobacter humicola isolate M9-1A has been obtained from a compost prepared from marine residues and peat moss. The bacterium is a non-filamentous actinomycete with antagonistic activity against plant pathogenic fungi and oomycetes sharing its ecological niche in agri-food microecosystems. Our objective was to identify and characterize compounds with antifungal activity produced by A. humicola M9-1A. Arthrobacter humicola culture filtrates were tested for antifungal activity in vitro and in vivo and a bioassay-guided approach was used to identify potential chemical determinants of its observed activity against molds. The filtrates reduced the development of lesions of Alternaria rot on tomatoes and the ethyl acetate extract inhibited growth of Alternaria alternata. A compound, arthropeptide B [cyclo-(L-Leu, L-Phe, L-Ala, L-Tyr)], was purified from the ethyl acetate extract of the bacterium. Arthropeptide B is a new chemical structure reported for the first time and has shown antifungal activity against A. alternata spore germination and mycelial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Shaikhet
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | | | - Michael G Darnowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Christopher N Boddy
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - David R McMullin
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Tyler J Avis
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
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Sharafi H, Alizadeh N, Moradi M, Sharafi K, Khaneghah AM. The prevalence and concentration of ochratoxin A in meat and edible offal: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 178:113921. [PMID: 37390956 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of ochratoxin A (OTA) in meat, edible offal, and meat products (MOP) was assessed through systematic review and meta-analysis. Four electronic databases were used to gather data from 1975 to September 15, 2022. Seventy-five articles comprising 8585 samples were identified and analyzed. The studies included in the analysis were conducted at a global level, with a predominant focus on Europe [72% (54/75)], Asia [13.33% (10/75)], Africa [13.33% (10/75)], and North America [1.33% (1/75)]. The overall prevalence of OTA in MOP was 39%. The highest and lowest prevalence percentages were recorded in Iraq (77%) and the USA (3%), respectively. Concerning food type, OTA prevalence was highest in the poultry gizzard (66%) and lowest in the cow liver (2%). The overall concentration of OTA in the MOP was 1.789 μg/kg. Poultry kidneys had the highest concentration of OTA (0.880-22.984 μg/kg), while pork had the lowest concentration (0.127-0.824 μg/kg). Conspicuous amounts of OTA contamination have been reported in fermented sausages. The lowest OTA concentration was found in Belgium (0.220 μg/kg) and the highest in Denmark (60.527μg/kg). These results can help food authorities minimize and control OTA in the MOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houshmand Sharafi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, 1177, Urmia, Iran
| | - Negar Alizadeh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, 1177, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mehran Moradi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, 1177, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Kiomars Sharafi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Research Institute for Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology - State Research Institute, 36 Rakowiecka St., 02-532, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Technology of Chemistry, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Baku, Azerbaijan
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