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Xiao X, Zhang W, Chen W, Chabi K, Fu J, Feng M, Yu X. Bacterial accumulation dynamics in runoff from extreme precipitation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 953:175731. [PMID: 39233076 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Extreme precipitation can significantly influence the water quality of surface waters. However, the total amount of bacteria carried by rainfall runoff is poorly understood. Here, thirty rainfall scenarios were simulated by artificial rainfall simulators, with designed rainfall intensity ranging from 19.3 to 250 mm/h. The instantaneous concentration ranges of R2A, nutrient agar (NA) culturable bacteria, and viable bacteria in runoff depended on the types of underlying surfaces. The instantaneous bacterial concentrations in runoff generated by forest lands, grasslands and bare soil were: R2A culturable bacteria = 104.5-6.3, 104.5-6.1, 104.0-5.3 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL, NA culturable bacteria = 104.0-6.0, 103.9-5.8, 103.2-4.9 CFU/mL, and viable bacteria = 106.4-8.0, 107.0-8.9, 106.4-7.6 cells/mL. Based on the measured bacterial instantaneous concentration in runoff, cumulative dynamic models were established, and the maximum amount of culturable bacteria and viable bacteria entering water sources were estimated to be 109.38-11.31 CFU/m2 and 1011.84-13.25 cells/m2, respectively. The model fitting and the bacterial accumulation dynamics were influenced by the rainfall types (p < 0.01). Surface runoff from the underlying surface of forest lands and grasslands had a high microbial risk that persisted even during the "Drought-to-Deluge Transition". Bacterial accumulation models provide valuable insight for predicting microbial risks in catchments during precipitation and can serve as theoretical support for further ensuring the safety of drinking water under the challenge of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Xiao
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Wenling Chen
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kassim Chabi
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jinjin Fu
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mingbao Feng
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xin Yu
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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Bufa-Dőrr Z, Sebestyén Á, Izsák B, Schmoll O, Pándics T, Vargha M. Dual system of water safety plan auditing in Hungary: benefits and lessons learnt. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2023; 21:1663-1675. [PMID: 38017597 PMCID: wh_2023_130 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
A risk-based approach is recognised worldwide as the most reliable means for the provision of safe drinking water. Efficient implementation of the water safety plan (WSP) approach, recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), is facilitated by an auditing framework. In Hungary, development of WSPs is a legal obligation for water suppliers. WSPs are subject to a two-stage regulatory audit, a consultative central technical audit and a formal local audit. In 2019, a survey was conducted in cooperation with WHO to evaluate audit experiences of over 1,200 WSPs. Recommendations from the central audit significantly improved coherence and compliance of WSPs, confirming the efficiency of the dual approach. The use of a WSP template provided by the national authority further increased consistency and reduced time and work demand of the audit. Both water suppliers and public health authorities indicated a need for further capacity building on WSP development and auditing. The main challenge for water suppliers is the identification and risk assessment of hazards associated with the water source and distribution within premises. The recast European Union drinking water regulation is expected to accelerate the uptake of WSP and strengthen linkages to water catchment management and water safety in buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Bufa-Dőrr
- Department of Public Health Laboratories and Methodology, National Center for Public Health and Pharmacy, Albert Flórián út 2-6, Budapest 1097, Hungary E-mail:
| | - Ágnes Sebestyén
- Department of Public Health Laboratories and Methodology, National Center for Public Health and Pharmacy, Albert Flórián út 2-6, Budapest 1097, Hungary
| | - Bálint Izsák
- Department of Public Health Laboratories and Methodology, National Center for Public Health and Pharmacy, Albert Flórián út 2-6, Budapest 1097, Hungary
| | - Oliver Schmoll
- World Health Organisation Regional Office for Europe, European Centre for Environment and Health, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 1, Bonn 53113, Germany
| | - Tamás Pándics
- Department of Public Health Laboratories and Methodology, National Center for Public Health and Pharmacy, Albert Flórián út 2-6, Budapest 1097, Hungary; Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Vas utca 17, Budapest 1088, Hungary
| | - Márta Vargha
- Department of Public Health Laboratories and Methodology, National Center for Public Health and Pharmacy, Albert Flórián út 2-6, Budapest 1097, Hungary
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Li H, Smith CD, Cohen A, Wang L, Li Z, Zhang X, Zhong G, Zhang R. Implementation of water safety plans in China: 2004–2018. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 223:106-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Setty K, Bartram J, De Roos AJ, Beaudeau P. Water safety plans and risk assessment: A novel procedure applied to treated water turbidity and gastrointestinal diseases. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 229:113435. [PMID: 31882293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.113435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Setty
- ORISE at U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, United States(1).
| | - Jamie Bartram
- The Water Institute at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States; University of Leeds, United Kingdom
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Water safety plans and risk assessment: A novel procedure applied to treated water turbidity and gastrointestinal diseases. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 223:281-288. [PMID: 31523016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Water Safety Plans (WSPs), as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), can help drinking water suppliers to identify potential hazards related to drinking water and enable improvements in public health outcomes. In this study we propose a procedure to evaluate the health risk related to turbidity in finished water by determining the cases of drinking water-related gastrointestinal diseases. The results of several epidemiological studies and three-year time series turbidity data, coming from three different drinking water treatment plants (WTPs) located in Tuscany (Italy), have been used to determine the relationship between drinking water turbidity and gastroenteritis incidence and to assess the health risk attributable to the turbidity of tap water. The turbidity variation occurring in the treated water during the monitored period showed an incremental risk compared to the baseline value from 9% to 27% in the three WTPs. Risk reduction due to each treatment step was also evaluated and it was found that a complete treatment train (clari-flocculation, sand filtration, activated carbon filtration and multi-step disinfection) reduces risk by over 600 times. Our approach is a useful tool for water suppliers to quantify health risks by considering time series data on turbidity at WTPs and to make decisions regarding risk management measures.
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Including aspects of climate change into water safety planning: Literature review of global experience and case studies from Ethiopian urban supplies. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 222:744-755. [PMID: 31129137 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the water safety plan approach has been extended towards climate-resilient water safety planning. This happened in response to increasing insight into impacts of climate on drinking-water and required adaptation to anticipated climate change. Literature was reviewed for published guidance and case examples, documenting how to consider climate in water safety planning to support future uptake. Climate-resilient water safety plans were piloted within a project in the water supplies of Addis Ababa and Adama, Ethiopia. Case examples have been published in four of six WHO regions with a focus on urban supplies. Integration of climate aspects focused mostly on the steps of establishing the team, system description, hazard analysis and risk assessment, improvement planning and development of management procedures. While the traditional framework focuses on drinking-water quality, considering climate change augments aspects of water quantity. Therefore, other factors affecting water quantity such as population development and demand of other sectors need to be considered as well. Local climate information and tools should be employed as a significant success factor for future uptake. Such information should be incorporated as it becomes available, and may - depending on the setting - be incrementally integrated into existing water safety plans or used to develop new ones.
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Setty K, Loret JF, Courtois S, Hammer CC, Hartemann P, Lafforgue M, Litrico X, Manasfi T, Medema G, Shaheen M, Tesson V, Bartram J. Faster and safer: Research priorities in water and health. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 222:593-606. [PMID: 30910612 PMCID: PMC6545151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals initiated in 2016 reiterated the need for safe water and healthy lives across the globe. The tenth anniversary meeting of the International Water and Health Seminar in 2018 brought together experts, students, and practitioners, setting the stage for development of an inclusive and evidence-based research agenda on water and health. Data collection relied on a nominal group technique gathering perceived research priorities as well as underlying drivers and adaptation needs. Under a common driver of public health protection, primary research priorities included the socioeconomy of water, risk assessment and management, and improved monitoring methods and intelligence. Adaptations stemming from these drivers included translating existing knowledge to providing safe and timely services to support the diversity of human water needs. Our findings present a comprehensive agenda of topics at the forefront of water and health research. This information can frame and inform collective efforts of water and health researchers over the coming decades, contributing to improved water services, public health, and socioeconomic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Setty
- The Water Institute at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, 166 Rosenau Hall, CB #7431, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7431, USA.
| | - Jean-Francois Loret
- Suez, Centre International de Recherche sur l'Eau et l'Environnement (CIRSEE), 38 rue du President Wilson, 78230, Le Pecq, France.
| | - Sophie Courtois
- Suez, Centre International de Recherche sur l'Eau et l'Environnement (CIRSEE), 38 rue du President Wilson, 78230, Le Pecq, France.
| | - Charlotte Christiane Hammer
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Philippe Hartemann
- Université de Lorraine, Faculté de Médecine, EA 7298, ERAMBO, DESP, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Michel Lafforgue
- Suez Consulting, Le Bruyère 2000 - Bâtiment 1, Zone du Millénaire, 650 Rue Henri Becquerel, CS79542, 34961, Montpellier Cedex 2, France.
| | - Xavier Litrico
- Suez, Tour CB21, 16 Place de l'Iris, 92040, Paris La Defense Cedex, France.
| | - Tarek Manasfi
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Gertjan Medema
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433, PE, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN, Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Mohamed Shaheen
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 3-300 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 - 87 Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada.
| | - Vincent Tesson
- French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), UMR 1114 EMMAH, 228 route de l'Aérodrome, CS 40 509, 84914, Avignon Cedex 9, France.
| | - Jamie Bartram
- The Water Institute at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, 166 Rosenau Hall, CB #7431, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7431, USA.
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Hales S. Climate change, extreme rainfall events, drinking water and enteric disease. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2019; 34:1-3. [PMID: 30796848 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2019-2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hales
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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Setty K, O'Flaherty G, Enault J, Lapouge S, Loret JF, Bartram J. Assessing operational performance benefits of a Water Safety Plan implemented in Southwestern France. Perspect Public Health 2018; 138:270-278. [PMID: 29993345 PMCID: PMC6167744 DOI: 10.1177/1757913918787846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended Water Safety Plans (WSPs) since 2004 as a means to reduce drinking water contamination and risks to human health. These risk management programs have shown promise across several potential areas of evaluation, such as economic benefits and regulatory compliance. Since WSPs are largely carried out by people who interact with water treatment equipment and processes, operational performance indicators may be key to understanding the mechanisms behind desirable WSP impacts such as water quality and public health improvement. METHOD This study reports performance measures collected at a WSP implementation location in southwestern France over several years. RESULTS Quantitative assessment of performance measures supported qualitative reports from utility managers. Results indicate significantly reduced duration of low-chlorine events at one production facility and a significant decrease in customer complaints related to water quality, manifesting reported improvements in operational performance and the customer service culture. CONCLUSION The findings demonstrate some success stories and potential areas of future performance tracking. Cyclical iteration of the WSP can help to achieve continuous quality improvement. Successfully applied evaluation criteria such as the number of water quality complaints or alarm resolution time might be useful across other locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Setty
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, 166 Rosenau Hall, CB #7431Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431
| | - G O'Flaherty
- The Water Institute at University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J Enault
- Suez, Centre International de Recherche sur l'Eau et l'Environnement (CIRSEE), Paris, France
| | | | - J F Loret
- Suez, Centre International de Recherche sur l'Eau et l'Environnement (CIRSEE), Paris, France
| | - J Bartram
- The Water Institute at University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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