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Kayser G, Loret J, Setty K, De Thé CB, Martin J, Puigdomenech C, Bartram J. Water safety plans for water supply utilities in China, Cuba, France, Morocco and Spain: costs, benefits, and enabling environment elements. Urban Water J 2019; 16:277-288. [PMID: 31768148 PMCID: PMC6876626 DOI: 10.1080/1573062x.2019.1669191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Water Safety Plans (WSPs) are a management tool to identify and prioritize risks and implement appropriate control measures throughout the water supply chain, from catchment to consumer. WSPs have been implemented in over 90 countries; yet, costs, benefits and the enabling environment elements necessary for WSP implementation are under-studied. To better understand these factors, we conducted interviews with WSP implementation management teams from 20 private urban water utilities in China, Cuba, France, Morocco and Spain in 2014. Collectively, these utilities serve 10.6 million consumers and supply over 2.2 million m3/day of water to consumers. Time for WSP implementation to achieve certification averaged 13 months. The main startup cost was staff time, averaging 16.2 full-time equivalent person-months. Additional costs, averaging €16,777, were for training staff, hiring consultants, purchasing equipment, and certifying WSPs. Benefits commonly reported included improved hazard control, treatment practices, record keeping, and client and health agency confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Kayser
- The Gillings School of Global Public Health, Water
Institute, Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and
Public Health, Division of Global Health, The University of California, San Diego,
La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J.F. Loret
- SUEZ, Centre International de Recherche sur l’Eau et
l’Environnement (CIRSEE), Le Pecq, France
| | - K. Setty
- The Gillings School of Global Public Health, Water
Institute, Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - J. Martin
- Aigües de Barcelona, Empresa Metropolitana de
Gestió del Cicle Integral de l’Aigua, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C. Puigdomenech
- Cetaqua, Water Technology Center (CETAQUA), Cornellà
de Llobregat, Spain
| | - J. Bartram
- The Gillings School of Global Public Health, Water
Institute, Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Setty K, O'Flaherty G, Enault J, Lapouge S, Loret JF, Bartram J. Assessing operational performance benefits of a Water Safety Plan implemented in Southwestern France. Perspect Public Health 2018; 138:270-278. [PMID: 29993345 PMCID: PMC6167744 DOI: 10.1177/1757913918787846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended Water Safety Plans (WSPs) since 2004 as a means to reduce drinking water contamination and risks to human health. These risk management programs have shown promise across several potential areas of evaluation, such as economic benefits and regulatory compliance. Since WSPs are largely carried out by people who interact with water treatment equipment and processes, operational performance indicators may be key to understanding the mechanisms behind desirable WSP impacts such as water quality and public health improvement. METHOD This study reports performance measures collected at a WSP implementation location in southwestern France over several years. RESULTS Quantitative assessment of performance measures supported qualitative reports from utility managers. Results indicate significantly reduced duration of low-chlorine events at one production facility and a significant decrease in customer complaints related to water quality, manifesting reported improvements in operational performance and the customer service culture. CONCLUSION The findings demonstrate some success stories and potential areas of future performance tracking. Cyclical iteration of the WSP can help to achieve continuous quality improvement. Successfully applied evaluation criteria such as the number of water quality complaints or alarm resolution time might be useful across other locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Setty
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, 166 Rosenau Hall, CB #7431Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431
| | - G O'Flaherty
- The Water Institute at University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J Enault
- Suez, Centre International de Recherche sur l'Eau et l'Environnement (CIRSEE), Paris, France
| | | | - J F Loret
- Suez, Centre International de Recherche sur l'Eau et l'Environnement (CIRSEE), Paris, France
| | - J Bartram
- The Water Institute at University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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