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El Morabet R, Barhazi L, Bouhafa S, Dahim MA, Khan RA, Khan NA. Geospatial distribution and machine learning algorithms for assessing water quality in surface water bodies of Morocco. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20599. [PMID: 37996644 PMCID: PMC10667218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47991-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface waterbodies being primary source of water for human consumption are being investigated for its quality globally. This study evaluated water quality in three rivers (River Nfifikh, Hassar and El Maleh) of Mohammedia prefecture, Morocco in terms of heavy metals occurrence during two seasons of winter and spring. The heavy metals analyzed were cadmium, iron, copper, zinc, and lead. Heavy metal pollution index was derived to quantify water quality and pollution. Hazard quotient and carcinogenic risk were calculated to determine possible health risk. Modelling and prediction were performed using random forest, support vector machine and artificial neural network. The heavy metal concentration was lower in the winter season than in the spring season. Heavy metal pollution index (H.P.I.) was in the range of 1.5-2 during the winter season and 2-3 during the spring season. In the Nfifikh river, Cd2+ and Fe were the main polluting heavy metal. H.Q. was < 1 in all three rivers, which signified no adverse health effect from exposure to heavy metals. However, carcinogenic risk assessment revealed that 1 in every 100 people was susceptible to cancer during the life span of 70 years. Based on the control point reference, it was found that Mohammedia prefecture as river water was already contaminated before it entered the prefecture boundary. This was again validated with the water lagoon Douar El Marja which is located near the industrial zones of Mohammedia prefecture. Future studies are required to investigate pollution of rivers prior to their entry in Mohammedia prefecture to identify potential source and adopt mitigation measures accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachida El Morabet
- LADES Lab FLSH-M, Department of Geography, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Larbi Barhazi
- LADES Lab FLSH-M, Department of Geography, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - Soufiane Bouhafa
- LADES Lab FLSH-M, Department of Geography, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | | | - Roohul Abad Khan
- Department of Civil Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadeem A Khan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Membranes and Water Security (IRC-MWS), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
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Ngubane Z, Dzwairo B, Moodley B, Stenström TA, Sokolova E. Quantitative assessment of human health risks from chemical pollution in the uMsunduzi River, South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:118013-118024. [PMID: 37874515 PMCID: PMC10682212 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30534-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative chemical risk assessment was performed using published data as well as data from the official monitoring programme for the uMsunduzi River in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The chemicals assessed were organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), heavy metals, and nitrates and phosphates. The water from uMsunduzi River is used locally without treatment. Consequently, the exposure routes investigated were via ingestion during domestic drinking and incidental ingestion during recreational activities, which were swimming and non-competitive canoeing, for both adults and children. For the individual chemicals, non-carcinogenic risks using the hazard quotient (HQ) and carcinogenic risks using the cancer risk (CR) were quantified. It was found that the exposed population is likely to experience non-carcinogenic effects from pesticides and phosphates, but not from PPCPs, heavy metals and nitrates. This study also found that the carcinogenic risks for OCPs were higher than the tolerable limit of 10-5, while for lead the risk was below the tolerable limit. Some of the activities that potentially contribute to chemicals onto the uMsunduzi River are subsistence farming, small plantations, illegal dumping, industries, and broken sewers. The findings of this study may act as the technical foundation for the introduction of pollution reduction measures within the catchment, including public education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zesizwe Ngubane
- Department of Civil Engineering, Midlands, Durban University of Technology, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Bloodless Dzwairo
- Department of Civil Engineering, Midlands, Durban University of Technology, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Brenda Moodley
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thor Axel Stenström
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
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Uddin M, Alam FB. Health risk assessment of the heavy metals at wastewater discharge points of textile industries in Tongi, Shitalakkhya, and Dhaleshwari, Bangladesh. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2023; 21:586-600. [PMID: 37254907 PMCID: wh_2023_284 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pollution of industry-adjacent surface water bodies has become a major threat to the environment in Bangladesh. This study examined the health risks of concentrated heavy metals in Tongi, Shitalakkhya, and Dhaleshwari, which receive effluents from wastewater treatment plants. Samples were analyzed for heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, iron, magnesium, manganese, zinc, copper, chromium, and nickel. At all the locations, only Zn, Cu, and Ni did not exceed the Bangladesh standard for drinking water. The health risk was estimated using the hazard quotient (HQ) technique. There was a threat of health risks resulting from the exposure through ingestion, with Pb, Cd, Fe, Mg, and Cr being the main contributors. The orders of decreasing values of mean HQ were Mg > Pb > Fe > Cr > Cd, Mg > Fe > Pb > Cr > Cd, and Cr > Mg > Pb > Fe > Cd via oral intake for both adults and children at Tongi, Shitalakkhya, and Dhaleshwari, respectively. For dermal intake, the mean HQ for only chromium at Dhaleshwari exceeded the limit for both groups. The results emphasize the need for enhancement, proper operation, and maintenance of wastewater treatment facilities in order to meet the discharge quality standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Uddin
- Department of Textile Engineering, The International University of Scholars, Banani, Dhaka, Bangladesh E-mail:
| | - Faisal Bin Alam
- Department of Textile Engineering, The International University of Scholars, Banani, Dhaka, Bangladesh E-mail:
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Wang Z, Hua P, Zhang J, Krebs P. Bayesian-Based Approaches to Exploring the Long-Term Alteration in Trace Metals of Surface Water and Its Driving Forces. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:1658-1669. [PMID: 36594866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Trace metal pollution poses a serious threat to the aquatic ecosystem. Therefore, characterizing the long-term environmental behavior of trace metals and their driving forces is essential for guiding water quality management. Based on a long-term data set from 1990 to 2019, this study systematically conducted the spatiotemporal trend assessment, influential factor analysis, and source apportionment of trace elements in the rivers of the German Elbe River basin. Results show that the mean concentrations of the given elements in the last 30 years were found in the order of Fe (1179.5 ± 1221 μg·L-1) ≫ Mn (209.6 ± 181.7 μg·L-1) ≫ Zn (52.5 ± 166.2 μg·L-1) ≫ Cu (5.3 ± 5.5 μg·L-1) > Ni (4.4 ± 8.3 μg·L-1) > Pb (3.3 ± 4.4 μg·L-1) > As (2.9 ± 2.3 μg·L-1) > Cr (1.8 ± 2.4 μg·L-1) ≫ Cd (0.3 ± 1.1 μg·L-1) > Hg (0.05 ± 0.12 μg·L-1). Wavelet analyses show that river flow regimes and flooding dominated the periodic variations in metal pollution. Bayesian network suggests that the hydrochemical factors (i.e., TOC, TP, TN, pH, and EC) chemically influenced the metal mobility between water and sediments. Furthermore, the source apportionment computed by the Bayesian multivariate receptor model shows that the given element contamination was typically attributed to the geogenic sources (17.5, 95% confidence interval: 13.1-17.6%), urban and industrial sources (22.1, 18.0-27.2%), arable soil erosion (24.2, 16.4-31.5%), and historical anthropogenic activities (35.2, 32.8-43.3%). The results provided herein reveal that both the hydrochemical influence on metal mobility and the chronic disturbance from anthropogenic activities caused the long-term variation in trace metal pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Wang
- Institute of Urban and Industrial Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062Dresden, Germany
| | - Pei Hua
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, 510006Guangzhou, China
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, 510006Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, 210098Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 830011Urumqi, China
| | - Peter Krebs
- Institute of Urban and Industrial Water Management, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062Dresden, Germany
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Yang J, Sun Y, Wang Z, Gong J, Gao J, Tang S, Ma S, Duan Z. Heavy metal pollution in agricultural soils of a typical volcanic area: Risk assessment and source appointment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 304:135340. [PMID: 35709847 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals are naturally occurring elements with high natural background levels in the volcanic area. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a risk assessment and identify potential sources of heavy metals. In this study, 4488 soil samples (0-20 cm) were collected in Chengmai County, a typical volcanic area in Hainan Province, and analyzed for eight heavy metals and major oxides. Pollution level, ecological risks, and health risks were evaluated by geo-accumulation index (Igeo), pollution index (PI), potential ecological risk index (RI), hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic risks (CR). The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was further used to determine the priority source of heavy metals. The average values of heavy metal concentrations in soil were 7.06, 0.07, 156.88, 33.43, 0.05, 72.47, 19.48, and 67.51 mg kg-1 for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn, respectively. Except for Pb, the average concentrations of all heavy metals exceeded background concentration in Hainan soils, indicating different degrees of heavy metal enrichment. The Igeo and PI showed that the main pollutant element in volcanic soils was Ni, followed by Cr and Cu. The RI shows that the percentage of soil samples with considerable or worse potential ecological risk was 44.4% of the total samples, with Hg, As, Cd, and Ni causing high ecological risks. The estimated average daily doses of heavy metals were below the tolerable limits and the HI values were below one for both adults and children, indicating that the residents had an acceptable potential non-carcinogenic risk. However, the potential carcinogenic risk of exposure to Cr, Ni, and As was unacceptable for residents, with high CR values exceeding 10-4, especially for children. Based on the PMF, five major sources of heavy metals were found in the study area: Ni, Cu, and Zn mainly from parent materials, As and Pb from daily life and vehicle emissions, Cd from agricultural activities, Hg from industrial activities, and Cr from parent materials under different environmental conditions. Significant positive correlations between Al2O3, TFe2O3, Mn, soil organic carbon (SOC), and heavy metals reflect that aluminium-rich minerals, Fe-Mn oxides, and SOC are the most critical factors affecting heavy metal accumulation in volcanic agricultural soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhou Yang
- Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang, 065000, China; Key Laboratory of Geochemical Exploration Technology, Ministry of Natural Resources, Langfang, 065000, China.
| | - Yanling Sun
- School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geoscience, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhenliang Wang
- Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang, 065000, China; Key Laboratory of Geochemical Exploration Technology, Ministry of Natural Resources, Langfang, 065000, China
| | - Jingjing Gong
- Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang, 065000, China; Key Laboratory of Geochemical Exploration Technology, Ministry of Natural Resources, Langfang, 065000, China
| | - Jianweng Gao
- Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang, 065000, China; Key Laboratory of Geochemical Exploration Technology, Ministry of Natural Resources, Langfang, 065000, China
| | - Shixin Tang
- Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang, 065000, China; Key Laboratory of Geochemical Exploration Technology, Ministry of Natural Resources, Langfang, 065000, China
| | - Shengming Ma
- Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang, 065000, China; Key Laboratory of Geochemical Exploration Technology, Ministry of Natural Resources, Langfang, 065000, China
| | - Zhuang Duan
- Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang, 065000, China; Key Laboratory of Geochemical Exploration Technology, Ministry of Natural Resources, Langfang, 065000, China
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Liu Y, Li F, Li H, Tong Y, Li W, Xiong J, You J. Bioassay-based identification and removal of target and suspect toxicants in municipal wastewater: Impacts of chemical properties and transformation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 437:129426. [PMID: 35897175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Municipal wastewater contains numerous chemicals and transformation products with highly diverse physiochemical properties and intrinsic toxicity; thus, it is imperative but challenging to identify major toxicants. Herein, toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) was applied to identify major toxicants in a typical municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Impacts of chemical properties on the removal of contaminants and toxicity at individual treatment stages were also examined. The WWTP influent caused 100% death of Daphnia magna and zebrafish embryos, and toxicity characterization suggested that organics, metals, and volatiles all contributed to the toxicity. Toxicity identification based on 189 target and approximately one-thousand suspect chemicals showed that toxicity contributions of organic contaminants, metals, and ammonia to D. magna were 77%, 4%, and 19%, respectively. Galaxolide, pyrene, phenanthrene, benzo[a]anthracene, fluoranthene, octinoxate, silver, and ammonia were identified as potential toxicants. Comparatively, the detected transformation products elicited lower toxicity than their respective parent contaminants. In contrast, the analyzed contaminants showed negligible contributions to the toxicity of zebrafish embryos. Removal efficiencies of these toxicants in WWTP were highly related to their hydrophobicity. Diverse transformation and removal efficiencies of contaminants in WWTPs may influence the chemical compositions in effluent and ultimately the risk to aquatic organisms in the receiving waterways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510443, China
| | - Faxu Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510443, China
| | - Huizhen Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510443, China.
| | - Yujun Tong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510443, China
| | - Weizong Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510443, China
| | - Jingjing Xiong
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Jing You
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510443, China
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Evaluating the Potential Health Risks of Selected Heavy Metals across Four Wastewater Treatment Water Works in Durban, South Africa. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10060340. [PMID: 35736948 PMCID: PMC9228299 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10060340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Poor and inadequate sanitation systems have been considered not only a human health issue, but also an environmental threat that instigates climate change. Nine heavy metals-arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn)-were evaluated in influent and effluent water samples from four wastewater treatment plants in the Durban metropolis, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The results indicate that the mean concentrations of all the heavy metals in the influent samples ranged from 0.122 to 1.808 mg/L, while the effluent samples had a concentration ranging from 0.118 to 0.854 mg/L. Iron was found to be in the highest concentration and the concentration of Co was the lowest across the wastewater treatment plants. The levels for most of the heavy metals in this study were found to be above the recommended maximum concentrations in surface and effluent waters as stipulated by the World Health Organization, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Food and Agriculture Organization, and the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry of South Africa. According to the toxicity effect due to non-carcinogenic risks, As, Pb, Cr, and Cd are considered to be of medium risk in this study, indicating that a probable adverse health risk is very likely to occur. Additionally, the cancer risk (RI) values were lower than 10-3, which shows that cancer development is very likely in individuals who are exposed. Cancer development associated with dermal absorption is quite negligible; thereby, it does not raise any concerns.
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Aquatic Ecological Risk of Heavy-Metal Pollution Associated with Degraded Mining Landscapes of the Southern Africa River Basins: A Review. MINERALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/min12020225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Africa accounts for nearly 30% of the discovered world’s mineral reserves, with half of the world’s platinum group metals deposits, 36% of gold, and 20% of cobalt being in Southern Africa (SA). The intensification of heavy-metal production in the SA region has exacerbated negative human and environmental health impacts. In recent years, mining waste generated from industrial and artisanal mining has significantly affected the ecological integrity of SA aquatic ecosystems due to the accelerated introduction and deposition of heavy metals. However, the extent to which heavy-metal pollution associated with mining has impacted the aquatic ecosystems has not been adequately documented, particularly during bioassessments. This review explores the current aquatic ecological impacts on the heavily mined river basins of SA. It also discusses the approaches to assessing the ecological risks, inherent challenges, and potential for developing an integrated ecological risk assessment protocol for aquatic systems in the region. Progress has been made in developing rapid bioassessment schemes (RBS) for SA aquatic ecosystems. Nevertheless, method integration, which also involves heavy-metal pollution monitoring and molecular technology, is necessary to overcome the current challenges of the standardisation of RBS protocols. Citizenry science will also encourage community and stakeholder involvement in sustainable environmental management in SA.
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Mohammadi-Moghadam F, Karami Horestani M, Nourmoradi H, Heidari M, Sadeghi M, Ahmadi A, Fadaei A, Hemati S, Bagherzadeh F. Toxic and essential elements in drinking water, blood, hair and intestinal tissues of ulcerative colitis patients: probabilistic health risk assessment for drinking water consumers. TOXIN REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2021.1895840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fazel Mohammadi-Moghadam
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mohammad Karami Horestani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrkord, Iran
| | - Heshmatollah Nourmoradi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Mohsen Heidari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehraban Sadeghi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Ali Ahmadi
- Department of Epidemiology, Modeling in Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Abdolmajid Fadaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Sara Hemati
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Farideh Bagherzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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Moufid M, Hofmann M, El Bari N, Tiebe C, Bartholmai M, Bouchikhi B. Wastewater monitoring by means of e-nose, VE-tongue, TD-GC-MS, and SPME-GC-MS. Talanta 2020; 221:121450. [PMID: 33076073 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The presence of wastewater and air pollution has become an important risk factor for citizens, not only in terms of problems related to health risks, but also because of its negative impact on the country's image. For this reason, malodorous emission monitoring and control techniques are in high demand in urban areas and industries. The aim of this work is first to build an electronic nose (e-nose) and a Voltammetric Electronic tongue (VE-tongue) in order to study their ability to discriminate between polluted and clean environmental samples. Secondly, Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (TD-GC-MS), and Solid Phase Micro Extraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) are utilized to explain this discrimination by identifying specific compounds from these samples. Indeed, the e-nose, consisted of metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors, is used for the assessment of the studied odorous air and headspace samples from water and wastewater sites. Moreover, the VE-tongue, based on metal electrodes, is utilized to determine the patterns of the sensor array responses, which serve as fingerprints profiles of the analyzed liquid samples. Chemometric tools, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), and Support Vector Machines (SVMs) are operated for the processing of data from the e-nose and the VE-tongue. By using the both systems, the analyses of headspace and liquid samples from the seven sites allow better discrimination. To explain the cause of the obtained discrimination, TD-GC-MS and SPME-GC-MS analyses are well performed to identify compounds related sites. According to these outcomes, the proposed e-nose and VE-tongue are proved to be rapid and valuable tools for analysis of environmental polluted matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Moufid
- Sensor Electronic & Instrumentation Group, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University of Meknes, B.P., 11201, Zitoune, Meknes, Morocco; Biotechnology Agroalimentary and Biomedical Analysis Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University of Meknes, B.P. 11201, Zitoune, 50003 Meknes, Morocco
| | - Michael Hofmann
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), 8.1 Sensors, Measurement and Testing Methods, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nezha El Bari
- Biotechnology Agroalimentary and Biomedical Analysis Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University of Meknes, B.P. 11201, Zitoune, 50003 Meknes, Morocco
| | - Carlo Tiebe
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), 8.1 Sensors, Measurement and Testing Methods, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Bartholmai
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), 8.1 Sensors, Measurement and Testing Methods, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benachir Bouchikhi
- Sensor Electronic & Instrumentation Group, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University of Meknes, B.P., 11201, Zitoune, Meknes, Morocco.
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