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Serological Evidence of Hepatitis B and E and Dengue Coinfection in Chadian Patients and Impact on Lipidemia Profile. Int J Hepatol 2022; 2022:8373061. [PMID: 36158230 PMCID: PMC9507763 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8373061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Viral hepatitis is an endemic disease in Chad. However, few studies have documented coinfection cases and their impact on cardiovascular risk. This study is aimed at analyzing hepatitis B, E and dengue coinfection in a Chadian cohort and gauge its effect on lipidemia. Patients and Methods. From February to May 2021, 179 subjects were recruited from the Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine of the National Reference University Hospital of N'Djamena and tested for viral hepatitis markers, including HBsAg and IgM/IgG anti-HEV and dengue infection, using the NS1/IgM/IgG kit. Serum transaminases and biomarkers of lipid profiles were assayed by colorimetry, and atherogenic indexes (AI) and coronary risk (CRI) were calculated. RESULTS Of the 179 subjects surveyed, 21.22% (38/179) tested positive for hepatitis B, 20% (27/135) for hepatitis E, and 1.66% (2/120) for dengue. However, most of the patients were found to be asymptomatic. Hepatitis B/E coinfection was more frequent in the study population (5.02%; 9/179) than dengue/hepatitis E coinfection (0.83%; 1/120; IgM). The prevalence of anti-HEV IgG antibodies was higher (18.52%) than that of IgM (1.48%). Furthermore, IgG antibodies levels in HEV-monoinfected subjects (11.05 ± 1.93 IU/mL, N = 15) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in coinfected patients (5.40 ± 1.31 IU/mL, N = 9). Subjects coinfected with HEV/HBV were associated with a significantly higher risk of lipodystrophy (coronary risk: 88.89% vs. 35.3%, relative risk (RR) = 2.55; p = 0.014), than HEV-monoinfected subjects, as evidenced by higher mean levels of triglycerides levels (219.88 ± 14.67 mg/dL vs. 191.82 ± 4.66 mg/dL, p < 0.05), more reduced HDL-C levels (9.05 ± 1.62 mg/dL vs. 18.93 ± 2.35 mg/dL, p < 0.05), increased mean CRI (13.81 ± 2.39 vs. 6.89 ± 1.93, p < 0.01), and AI (1.46 ± 0.10 vs. 1.05 ± 0.05, p < 0.01) values. However, they had normal transaminase values and a lower risk of developing a liver injury, although not significant (alanine aminotransferase: 0% vs. 29.4%, RR = 1, p = 0.128; aspartate aminotransferase: 0% vs. 5.88%, p = 1) than this group. CONCLUSION HBV/HEV coinfection is frequent in the Chadian cohort and associated with an important risk of dyslipidemia. Further research is required to elucidate the mechanism of action.
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Qashqari FS. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Middle Eastern Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58070905. [PMID: 35888624 PMCID: PMC9318471 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58070905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a hepatotropic virus that is a major public health concern worldwide. Autochthonous HEV is spread through oral feces in unsanitary environments, as well as vertical and, occasionally, blood transfusion. HEV is more common in developing countries, but it has recently become more widespread in developed countries as well. The Middle East (ME) has long been an endemic location for HEV infection. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the seroprevalence of anti-HEV antibodies in ME countries. The author systematically searched five databases, namely ScienceDirect, EMBASE, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar, to identify English-language articles published on or before 25 April 2022. Comprehensive meta-analysis software was used for all statistical analyses (CMA, version 3, BioStat, Englewood, CO, USA). After quality control and exclusion of irrelevant studies, 80 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis and meta-analysis. A forest plot showed that the overall pooled seroprevalence of HEV infection in ME countries in the fixed-effect and random-effect models were 21.3% (95% CI: 0.209–0.216) and 11.8% (95% CI: 0.099–0.144), respectively. Furthermore, the findings showed a high level of heterogeneity (I2 = 98.733%) among the included studies. In both fixed-effect and random-effect models, the seroprevalence of HEV infection by country was high in Egypt as compared to other regions, at 35.0% (95% CI: 0.342–0.359), and 34.7% (95% CI: 0.153–0.611), respectively. The seroprevalence of HEV infection by country was high among pregnant women, at 47.9% (95% CI: 0.459–0.499) in the fixed-effect model, and in renal transplant recipients, at 30.8% (95% CI: 0.222–0.410) in the random-effect model. The seroprevalence of HEV infection varies by country and study population in the Middle East. More research is needed to determine the disease’s incidence, morbidity, and mortality in the region, where it is prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi S Qashqari
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
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Sharifipour S, Davoodi Rad K. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus among different age groups in Tehran, Iran. New Microbes New Infect 2020; 34:100638. [PMID: 31993207 PMCID: PMC6976942 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2019.100638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is considered to be a public health problem on a global scale, especially in developing countries. This study aims to investigate the seroprevalence of HEV in the Tehrani population. This descriptive-analytical study was carried out between the years 2017 and 2018 in Tehran, Iran. A total of 493 individuals whose blood samples and demographic data were collected via questionnaires through random cluster sampling were selected. To determine the presence of specific IgG antibody against HEV, commercial kits were used through ELISA. Chi-squared tests, logistic regression and t test were also required to conduct the statistical analysis. Of the 493 participants, with a mean age of 40.98 ± 17.10 years, included in this study, 180 were men and 313 were women. Of these, 48 (9.7%) had IgG antibodies against HEV. No significant difference was observed between the sexes (or different age groups) and positive antibody. It has been reported that the prevalence rate of this infection is high in Tehran, which is indicative of the endemic nature of this infection in society. The results of this study are similar to those obtained from the east of Golestan province, Iran but different from those obtained from Isfahan province, Iran. As a high percentage of people are susceptible to the infection in society, it is likely to have the prevalence of an epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Sharifipour
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Jahanbakhsh F, Bagheri Amiri F, Sedaghat A, Fahimfar N, Mostafavi E. Prevalence of HAV Ab, HEV (IgG), HSV2 IgG, and Syphilis Among Sheltered Homeless Adults in Tehran, 2012. Int J Health Policy Manag 2018. [PMID: 29524951 PMCID: PMC5890067 DOI: 10.15171/ijhpm.2017.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study investigated the prevalence for hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis E virus (HEV), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV2) and syphilis among homeless in the city of Tehran.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 596 homeless were recruited in Tehran. A researcher-designed questionnaire was used to study demographic data. Using enzyme-linked immunoassay, and rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test, we evaluated the seroprevalence of HAV anti-body, HEV IgG, herpes, HSV2 IgG, and syphilis among sheltered homeless in Tehran. The associations between the participant’s characteristics and infections were evaluated using logistic regression and chi-square.
Results: A total of 569 homeless, 78 women (13.7%) and 491 men (86.3%) were enrolled into the study from June to August 2012. Their age mean was 42 years and meantime of being homeless was 24 months. Seroprevalence of syphilis, HEV IgG, HSV2 IgG and HAV Ab was 0.55%, 24.37%, 16.48%, and 94.34%, respectively. History of drug abuse was reported in 77.70%; 46.01% of them were using a drug during the study and 26.87% of them had history of intravenous drug abuse. Among people who had intravenous drug abuse, 48.25% had history of syringe sharing.
Conclusion: The prevalence of HAV, HEV and HSV2 were higher than the general population while low prevalence of syphilis was seen among homeless peoples who are at high risk of sexually transmitted infection (STD). Our findings highlighted that significant healthcare needs of sheltered homeless people in Tehran are unmet and much more attention needs to be paid for the health of homeless people.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fahimeh Bagheri Amiri
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Sedaghat
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran.,Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Noushin Fahimfar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ehsan Mostafavi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Hadifar S, Sedighi M, Mostafaei S, Miri A, Amiri H, Abiri R, Babaei F, Kabir K, Moghoofei M. Prevalence of hepatitis E infection in the general population of Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Future Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Hepatitis E is a form of acute viral hepatitis, which is caused by hepatitis E virus (HEV). The study objective was to evaluate the prevalence of HEV to provide an overall relative frequency in Iran. Methods: In this study, databases such as PubMed and Scopus were searched using the following keywords according to MeSH, “Hepatitis E virus”, “Epidemiology”, “Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)” and “Iran”. Then studies which had reported prevalence of HEV were selected. Results: We selected 36 researches out of 9246 for our study. From all the samples, the pooled estimated prevalence of HEV positive was 9.7%. It should be noted that HEV infection's relative frequency varied from 1.1% in Tehran to 46.1% in Ahvaz. Conclusion: HEV is common in Iran, although comparing to some neighboring countries, its prevalence is lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Hadifar
- Department of Mycobacteriology & Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansour Sedighi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shayan Mostafaei
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Miri
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Hamed Amiri
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Teharan, Iran
| | - Ramin Abiri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farhad Babaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Kourosh Kabir
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohsen Moghoofei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Taherkhani R, Farshadpour F. Epidemiology of Hepatitis E in Pregnant Women and Children in Iran: A General Overview. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2016; 4:269-276. [PMID: 27777896 PMCID: PMC5075011 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2016.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
From an epidemiological point of view, hepatitis E is an old infection in Iran, but only recently has its importance as a public health concern been considered from research and public health standpoints. As such, there is still a long road ahead to clarify the real burden of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in Iran. According to the available epidemiological studies, the seroprevalence of HEV infection among pregnant women is between 3.6% and 7.4%, and among Iranian children is between 0.9% to 8.5%, varying by geographic regions within the country and directly dependent upon the sanitary status of each. In addition to evaluating the sanitation level of a society, community-based seroprevalence studies of HEV infection demonstrate the most prevalent risk factors, the major routes of transmission, and the epidemiological patterns of HEV among that country's population. In this review, the current knowledge about the pathogenesis and epidemiology of HEV infection in pregnant women and children in Iran, as well as the recent advances in diagnosis, prevention and treatment of HEV infection have been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Taherkhani
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Persian Gulf Biomedical Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Farshadpour
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- *Correspondence to: Fatemeh Farshadpour, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Moallem Street, P. O. Box 3631, Bushehr 7514633341, Iran. Tel: +98-9171712653, Fax: +98-7714550235, E-mail:
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Sotoodeh Jahromi A, Ahmadi-Vasmehjani A, Zabetian H, Hakimelahi H, Yusefi A, Sanie MS, Talebnia Jahromi S, Ghanei M, Sapidkar A, Erfanian S, Madani A, Kafilzadeh F, Kargar M, Hojjat-Farsangi M. Sero-Epidemiological Study of Hepatitis E Virus among Thalassemia as High Risk Patients: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Jahrom, Southern, Iran. Glob J Health Sci 2016; 8:53885. [PMID: 27157168 PMCID: PMC5064080 DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v8n9p245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) could be cause of viral hepatitis in the developing countries and cause severe epidemics. According to other studies, blood transfusion as a probable route of HEV infection has been suggested. An infection with hepatitis agents such as HEV causes active liver failure in multi-transfusion patients in particular thalassemia. The purpose of this study determines the seropositivity of anti-HEV antibodies in thalassemia individuals in Jahrom. In a cross-sectional study, sera from 110 thalassemia were collected between 2013 and 2014. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was performed to detection of anti-HEV antibodies. Individuals’ data were collected such as, demographic and clinical, for statistical analysis. Our results show that 10% and 1.8% of the enrolled patients were HEV Ig-G and Ig-M positive antibodies respectively. In addition, there was statiscally significant difference in age groups for prevalence of anti-HEV Ig-G (P = 0.01). Also the serum levels of liver enzymes such as ALT and AST in the HEV Ig-G and Ig-M positive samples were significantly higher than anti-HEV negative samples. But there were no significant difference between sex and splenectomy with anti-HEV positive samples. The results indicate more study are needed to assess HEV screening of blood products to these patients that those have a probably risk of exposure to HEV especially in higher years old.
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Taherkhani R, Farshadpour F. Epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in Iran. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:5143-5153. [PMID: 27298557 PMCID: PMC4893461 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i22.5143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Iran is known as an endemic country for hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection, while there are variations in the epidemiology of HEV infection throughout the country. The available epidemiological studies in different regions of Iran show HEV seroprevalence of 1.1%-14.2% among general population, 4.5% -14.3% among blood donors, 6.1%-22.8% among injecting drug users, 6.3%-28.3% among hemodialysis patients, 1.6%-11.3% among patients infected with other hepatitis viruses, 27.5% among patients with chronic liver disease, 30.8% among kidney transplant recipient patients, and 10%-16.4% among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. These variations reflect differences in the status of public health and hygiene, risk factors, and routes of transmission in different regions and groups. Therefore, it is necessary to review the epidemiology of HEV infection to determine the most prevalent risk factors and routes of transmission, and to evaluate the effectiveness of preventive strategies employed in the public health services of the country. Moreover, the other epidemiological aspects of HEV, including the genotypic pattern, extra hepatic manifestations, and incidence of chronic infection need to be investigated among Iranian population to expand the current knowledge on the epidemiology of HEV and to clarify the real burden of HEV infection. Therefore, this review was performed to provide a general overview regarding the epidemiology of HEV in Iran.
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Behzadifar M, Lankarani KB, Abdi S, Taheri Mirghaed M, Beyranvand G, Keshavarzi A, Ghoreishinia G, Rezapour A, Behzadifar M. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Middle East J Dig Dis 2016; 8:189-200. [PMID: 27698968 PMCID: PMC5045671 DOI: 10.15171/mejdd.2016.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of common causes of viral hepatitis worldwide with higher prevalence in tropical and subtropical regions. Although epidemics of HEV have been reported from Iran, there are variable reports of this infection out of epidemics from different parts of Iran. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of HEV in Iran. METHODS In this systematic review and meta-analysis we searched PubMed, Scopus, Science direct, Google Scholar, Scientific Information Databank (SID), IranMedex, and Magiran for all relevant studies published in either English or Persian languages, up to 2015. Pooled seroprevalence estimates with a DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model were calculated. Statistical heterogeneity among the included studies was evaluated by Cochrane Q statistic and I2. RESULTS 38 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria compromising 18461 participants. The pooled seroprevalence rate of HEV in Iran was estimated about 10% (95% CI=0.09-0.12) with maximum and minimum of 46% (95 % CI=0.42-0.50), and 0.01% (95 % CI=0.000-0.002), respectively. CONCLUSION HEV is common in Iran although the prevalence is lower than some neighbor countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Behzadifar
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Kamran B Lankarani
- Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shadi Abdi
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Masood Taheri Mirghaed
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Abouzar Keshavarzi
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Ghoreishinia
- Department of Operating Room, Faculty of Paramedicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Aziz Rezapour
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Behzadifar
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Naeimi B, Mazloom Kalimani F, Pourfatolah AA, Azimzadeh M, Mankhian A, Akbarzadeh S, Hajiani G, Kooshesh F, Khamisipour G. Hepatitis E Virus Seroprevalence Among Blood Donors in Bushehr, South of Iran. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2015; 15:e29219. [PMID: 26834784 PMCID: PMC4719130 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.29219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although so far several studies have determined the hepatitis E virus (HEV) prevalence in some parts of Iran, no data exists regarding the HEV seroprevalence in Bushehr province as the southernmost point in Iran yet. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of anti-HEV IgG among the blood donors in Bushehr. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 628 blood donor samples were collected from September to October 2013, after obtaining informed written consents, and analyzed for the presence of anti-HEV IgG using commercial HEV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. All the samples were tested by two ELISA kits and evaluated for liver function test. RESULTS Overall, 105 (16.7%) blood samples were positive for HEV-specific-IgG antibodies, while 523 (83.8%) were negative. The presence of anti-HEV IgG was not associated with gender; however, it was correlated with age. It was indicated that the anti-HEV prevalence increases by age and there was a significant difference between the age groups regarding HEV seropositivity. CONCLUSIONS High HEV seroprevalence (16.7%) was observed among the blood donors in Bushehr province. It appears that exposure to HEV increases with age; although, more people should be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrouz Naeimi
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, IR Iran
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, IR Iran
| | | | - Ali Akbar Pourfatolah
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Masoud Azimzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, IR Iran
| | | | - Samad Akbarzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, IR Iran
| | | | - Faramarz Kooshesh
- Department of Surgical Technology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, IR Iran
| | - Gholamreza Khamisipour
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, IR Iran
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Gholamreza Khamisipour, Department of Hematology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9123337806, Fax: +98-7733450161, E-mail:
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11
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Alavian SM, Ataei B, Ebrahimi A, Pirhaji O, Azad R, Olya B, Ataei AM. Anti-Hepatitis E Antibody in Hemodialysis Patients in Isfahan, Iran: Prevalence and Risk Factors. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2015; 15:e23633. [PMID: 26500681 PMCID: PMC4612687 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.23633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have been performed regarding the prevalence of hepatitis E in the general population, but there is controversial evidence for an increased risk of the infection in patients on maintenance hemodialysis (HD). OBJECTIVES The primary end point of the present study was to determine if the prevalence of anti-hepatitis E virus IgG (anti-HEV IgG) is higher in patients on maintenance HD than in the normal population in Isfahan. PATIENTS AND METHODS In a case-control study performed in Isfahan in June 2012, we compared the seroprevalence of HEV among 274 patients on maintenance HD and 275 otherwise healthy individuals. The patients were recruited from 3 HD centers in Isfahan. Anti-HEV IgG was detected using a Dia Pro Diagnostic HEV enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) kit. Demographic and clinical data (sex, age, blood transfusion history, HD duration, age at HD initiation, and evidence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C infections) were obtained from the medical records of the HD patients. RESULTS Anti-HEV IgG was detected in 27 (9.9%) controls and 78 (28.3%) patients, with the difference being statistically significant (P < 0.05). Furthermore, there was a significant association between positive anti-HEV antibody, HD duration, and blood transfusion history in the HD patients. CONCLUSIONS Considering the results, it seems necessary to conduct prospective studies in order to identify factors responsible for the high seroprevalence of HEV in Isfahan HD units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Moayed Alavian
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Behrooz Ataei
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Ali Ebrahimi
- Medical Students’ Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Omid Pirhaji
- Medical Students’ Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Roya Azad
- Medical Students’ Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Behrooz Olya
- Medical Students’ Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Amir Mohammad Ataei
- Medical Students’ Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IR Iran
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Asaei S, Ziyaeyan M, Moeini M, Jamalidoust M, Behzadi MA. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis A and E Virus Infections Among Healthy Population in Shiraz, Southern Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e19311. [PMID: 26421130 PMCID: PMC4584134 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.19311v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Enterically-transmitted acute viral hepatitis is caused predominantly by hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV). The prevalence of HEV and HAV infections varies in different geographical regions. Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of HEV and HAV infections among Iranian healthy individuals in southern Iran. Patients and Methods: Totally, 1030 samples were collected from healthy subjects in schools, those referred to tertiary outpatient clinics and health centers in Shiraz between November 2011 and May 2012. Their ages ranged between six months and 95 years. The presence of total anti-HAV and anti-HEV immunoglobulin M (IgM) in plasma was assessed by ELISA. Results: The results showed that 66.2% and 0.6% of the general population in this area were positive for total anti-HAV and IgM antibodies by ELISA, respectively. As seen, 13.4% and 0.9% were positive for total anti-HEV and IgM antibodies, respectively. The difference in total anti-HAV and anti-HEV antibodies was significant among the age groups (P < 0.001). Conclusions: This study showed that the prevalence rates of HAV and HEV antibodies were positively correlated with age. The results demonstrated that the infection with these two viruses in the region was high and some high-risk individuals including females at child-bearing age were more susceptible. HAV vaccination could be recommended for antibody-negative adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Asaei
- Department of Virology, Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Nemazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Mazyar Ziyaeyan
- Department of Virology, Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Nemazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Mazyar Ziyaeyan, Department of Virology, Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Nemazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box: 71937-11351, Shiraz, IR Iran. Tel: +98-7116474304, Fax: +98-7116474303, E-mail:
| | - Mahsa Moeini
- Department of Virology, Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Nemazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Marzieh Jamalidoust
- Department of Virology, Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Nemazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Behzadi
- Department of Virology, Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Nemazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
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Hepatitis E virus in the countries of the Middle East and North Africa region: an awareness of an infectious threat to blood safety. Infection 2015; 44:11-22. [PMID: 26112744 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-015-0807-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is mainly transmitted through contaminated water supplies which make the virus endemic in developing countries including countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Recent reports suggest potential risk of HEV transmission via blood transfusion. METHODS Related articles on HEV were collected by searching through the 25 countries of the MENA region using Pubmed and Medline within the past 14 years: January 2000-August 2014. RESULTS One hundred articles were extracted, of which 25 were not eligible. The articles discussed the seroprevalence of HEV and HEV markers in 12 countries. Eight articles provided data on HEV in blood donors. The seroprevalence of HEV in the general MENA population ranged from 2.0 to 37.5% and was higher in males than in females. Prevalence increased with age, but exposure seems to be in early life. CONCLUSIONS In the MENA region, the role of HEV as an infectious threat to blood safety is under-investigated. More data are needed to quantify the risk of transmission and to assess clinical outcomes. This requires, at least, surveillance screening of donors and recipients for HEV markers using sensitive and specific serological tests. At the present time, serious consideration should be given to selective screening for certain groups of patients (e.g., immunocompromised, pregnant women and others) who commonly require blood transfusion and are at high risk of hepatic failure or chronicity from HEV infection.
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Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus among Adults in South-West of Iran. HEPATITIS RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2015. [PMID: 26199756 PMCID: PMC4493289 DOI: 10.1155/2015/759589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background. Knowledge regarding prevalence of HEV in general population can be an indicator of the public health and hygiene. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of HEV among adults in South-West of Iran. Methods. Blood samples were taken from 510 participants, 206 (40.4%) males and 304 (59.6%) females from February to July 2014. Detection of anti-HEV IgG and IgM antibodies was carried out by ELISA test. Results. The overall anti-HEV IgG and IgM prevalence rates were 46.1% and 1.4%, respectively. Anti-HEV IgG and IgM seropositivity were not statistically associated with gender and race/ethnicity. Meanwhile, there were significant differences between the age groups regarding HEV IgG and IgM seropositivity. HEV IgG seroprevalence increased with age from 14.3% in subjects aged 18-30 years to 71.4% in persons over 71 years old, and considerably individuals aged 61 to 70 years had the highest HEV prevalence (90.9%). Also, 5.7% in the age group 18-30 years and 2.2% in the age group 31-40 years were positive for anti-HEV IgM antibodies and the highest rate was observed in subjects aged 18-30 years. Conclusion. In conclusion, high HEV IgG seroprevalence of 46.1% was observed among adults in South-West of Iran.
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Keramat F, Mamani M, Samadi M, Mohammadnezhad S, Eini P, Moradi A. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus Among Injection Drug Users and Non-Injection Drug Users in Hamadan, West of Iran. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.17795/ajcmi-22343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Yoon Y, Jeong HS, Yun H, Lee H, Hwang YS, Park B, Lee CJ, Lee S, Hyeon JY. Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) seroprevalence in the general population of the Republic of Korea in 2007-2009: a nationwide cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:517. [PMID: 25248488 PMCID: PMC4262127 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging pathogen associated with endemic and acute viral hepatitis. In this study, we investigate the HEV seroprevalence and putative risk factors by a nationwide cross-sectional study in the Republic of Korea. Methods The prevalence of anti-HEV antibody was investigated in 2,450 serum samples collected in fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. In addition, epidemiological information on possible risk factors including gender, age, education, occupation, and residence location for exposure to HEV was obtained. Results The frequency of anti-EIA reactive sample was 5.9% (144/2450). The individuals in groups with male, older age, low education level and living in rural or coastal regions had high seroprevalence estimates (P ≤ 0.001). In addition, seroprevalence was significantly higher among individuals with self-identified skilled agricultural, forestry, and fishery workers (31.3%, P < 0.001). Conclusions This study provides valuable data that could be used to investigate associations of HEV seroprevalence and putative risk factors by a nationwide cross-sectional study. The high HEV seroprevalence of skilled agricultural, forestry, and fishery workers and individuals lived in coastal and rural area indicated that zoonotic transmission is an important risk factor for HEV infection in the republic of Korea. Further studies that include detailed and continuous nationwide surveys are required to identify unrecognized risk factors and to monitor the HEV infection prevalence. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-517) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ji-Yeon Hyeon
- Division of Vaccine Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong-eup, CheongJu, Chungcheongbuk-do 363-951, Republic of Korea.
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Verghese VP, Robinson JL. A systematic review of hepatitis E virus infection in children. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59:689-97. [PMID: 24846637 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A systematic review was conducted, seeking all literature relevant to the epidemiology, clinical and laboratory features, and outcome of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in children. Transmission is thought to be primarily from fecal-oral transmission, with the role of transmission from animal reservoirs not being clear in children. Worldwide, seroprevalence is <10% up to 10 years of age, with the exception of 1 of 5 studies from India and the sole study from Egypt. Seroprevalence increases with age, but it is not clear if it is increasing over time. The clinical presentation of HEV infection has broad similarities to hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection, with most cases being subclinical. However, HEV differs from HAV in that infectivity is lower, perinatal transmission can result in neonatal morbidity and even mortality, and a chronic carrier state exists, accounting for chronic hepatitis in some pediatric solid organ transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joan L Robinson
- Stollery Children's Hospital and University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Echevarría JM. Light and Darkness: Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus Infection among the General Population. SCIENTIFICA 2014; 2014:481016. [PMID: 24672733 PMCID: PMC3941225 DOI: 10.1155/2014/481016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Human hepatitis E virus (HHEV) spreads early in life among the population in areas endemic for genotype 1 and infects mainly adults in areas endemic for genotype 3, where it would be responsible for about 10% of cases of suspected acute viral hepatitis of unknown etiology and for a number of subclinical, unrecognized infections. The overall prevalence of antibody to HHEV is high in most of the former areas and low in most of the later ones, but wide regional differences have been recorded in both cases. "Hot spots" of HHEV infection would exist for both types of strains in particular regions or among particular populations of the world. Studies on pork derivatives, shellfish bivalves, and vegetables for HHEV contamination at the sale point need to be extended for evaluating the impact of the agent on food safety, and the meaning of the finding of HHEV genotype 1 genomes in urban sewage from developed countries should be established through active surveillance. Consensus about technical issues in regard to anti-HEV testing would improve the knowledge of the HHEV epidemiology. Studies in particular regions and populations, and introduction of molecular diagnosis in the clinical setting as a routine tool, would also be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Manuel Echevarría
- Department of Virology, National Centre of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Road Majadahonda-Pozuelo, Km2, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain
- *José-Manuel Echevarría:
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Rostamzadeh Khameneh Z, Sepehrvand N, Khalkhali HR. Seroprevalence of hepatitis e among pregnant women in urmia, iran. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2013; 13:e10931. [PMID: 24348644 PMCID: PMC3858979 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.10931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While hepatitis E virus (HEV) mostly causes self-limited disease in general population, it is more severe in pregnant women. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of anti-HEV IgG among a population of pregnant women in West Azerbaijan of Iran . PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundred thirty six pregnant women referred to urban health centers of Urmia for pursuing pregnancy-related health services were enrolled in a descriptive, cross-sectional study. Anti-HEV IgG antibody was evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA; Dia.Pro; Diagnostic Bioprobes). RESULTS Only five (3.6%) of 136 cases had positive results for anti-HEV IgG. There was no significant difference between age (P=0.88), and income level (P = 0.19) of the two seropositive and seronegative groups. All seropositive cases were from urban areas. CONCLUSIONS The seroprevalence of anti-HEV IgG is low in the population of pregnant women in , similar to the rates reported from developed countries. Effective health services and provision of safe water supplies in Urmia may take role in this low prevalence rate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nariman Sepehrvand
- Students’ Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Nariman Sepehrvand, Students’ Research Committee, Deputy for Research Affairs, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Resalat Ave. Djahad Square, Urmia, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9125936372, Fax: +98-4412231930, E-mail:
| | - Hamid-Reza Khalkhali
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, IR Iran
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The Seroprevalence of Entrically Transmitted Viral Hepatitis in HCV Infected Thalassemia and Hemophilia Patients in Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2013. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.9091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Ahmadi Ghezeldasht S, Miri R, Hedayatimoghadam M, Shamsian A, Bidkhori H, Fathimoghadam F, Rezaee SA. Population Movement and Virus Spreading: HEV Spreading in a Pilgrimage City, Mashhad in Northeast Iran; an Example. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2013; 13:e10255. [PMID: 24171006 PMCID: PMC3810681 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.10255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) infection is a significant public health concern and responsible for large outbreaks of acute hepatitis in poor sanitary and living conditions. OBJECTIVES To investigate the impact of population movements on virus spreading, a large-scale population-based survey was performed in a pilgrimage- tourism area, the great Mashhad, capital city of Khorasan province. PATIENTS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out among 1582 randomly selected individuals from general population of Mashhad, north east of Iran, between May to September 2009. Serum samples were tested for total anti-HEV antibody using a specific enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) kit. RESULTS The prevalence of HEV infection was 14.2% (225/1582) with a maximum of 25.5 % (14/55) in densely populated areas. The highest prevalence was observed in visitant areas (≥ 20%) near the holly shrine with crowded hotels and inns. The differences between these areas and other districts were statistically significant (P < 0.001). The findings indicated that 13.2% (95/718) of males and 15.0% (130/864) of females were HEV positive; this difference is not significant. Seroprevalence increases with age rising , from 12.8% in subjects less than five years to 28.6% in individuals with more than 65 years old. Although, there were no meaningful differences between HEV seropositivity and socio-economic status, Illiterate individuals were significantly at higher risk for infection than educated persons (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrated that, high prevalence of HEV is related to populated district, which can reach to the highest rate in hotels and inns close to visitants. Traditional sanitation and water supplying systems are the second important factor for the virus transmission. Therefore, it can be concluded that such areas need efficient surveillance systems to prevent the spreading of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Ahmadi Ghezeldasht
- Research Center for HIV/AIDS, HTLV and Viral Hepatitis, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Rahele Miri
- Research Center for HIV/AIDS, HTLV and Viral Hepatitis, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Mohamadreza Hedayatimoghadam
- Research Center for HIV/AIDS, HTLV and Viral Hepatitis, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Aliakbar Shamsian
- Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Hamidreza Bidkhori
- Research Center for HIV/AIDS, HTLV and Viral Hepatitis, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Fahad Fathimoghadam
- Research Center for HIV/AIDS, HTLV and Viral Hepatitis, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Seyyed Abdorrahim Rezaee
- Research Center for HIV/AIDS, HTLV and Viral Hepatitis, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Mashhad, IR Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Seyyed. Abdorrahim. Rezaee, Research Center for HIV/AIDS, HTLV and Viral Hepatitis, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Mashhad, IR Iran. Tel: +98-5118821533, Fax: +98-5118810177, E-mail:
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Zekavat OR, Makarem A, Karami MY, Amanat A, Mohandes M, Habibagahi M. Serological investigation for hepatitis E virus infection in the patients with chronic maintenance hemodialysis from southwest of Iran. Asian J Transfus Sci 2013; 7:21-5. [PMID: 23559759 PMCID: PMC3613655 DOI: 10.4103/0973-6247.106724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES A global distribution has been shown for hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection. Although the fecal-oral was considered as the primary infection route, there is controversial evidence for increased risk of the infection and consequent problems in patients on maintenance hemodialysis (HD) with suppressed immunity. The aim is to find if the prevalence of anti-HEV IgG, in patients with maintenance HD is higher than normal population in southwest of Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS During November and December 2010, in a cross-sectional study we compared the seroprevalence of HEV among 80 patients with maintenance HD and 276 healthy individuals from Jahrom and Shiraz, Southwest of Iran. In addition to the clinical and laboratory records, serum samples were tested for the presence of IgG anti-HEV antibody by enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) test. The Chi-square, the Student's 't' and Fisher's exact tests were used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS ELISA tests detected anti-HEV antibody in five males of the patients (6.3%) and in eight of the healthy controls (2.9%, 6 males and 2 female) which statistically were not different. The mean levels of the aspartate aminotransferase and the alanine aminotransferase in the sera of the patients were 19.96±11.08U/L and 23.93±14.26 IU/L, respectively. However, no one of the individuals with positive anti-HEV antibody showed elevated liver enzymes. Moreover, there was not a significant association between positive anti-HEV antibody result, age and the history of the hemodialysis. CONCLUSIONS We did not observe statistically significant higher anti-HEV prevalence among patients with chronic HD; however, more safety precaution is needed to keep HD patients from the risk of possible exposure to HEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid R Zekavat
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
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Mohebbi SR, Rostami Nejad M, Tahaei SME, Pourhoseingholi MA, Habibi M, Azimzadeh P, Naghoosi H, Karayiannis P, Zali MR. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis A and E virus infections in Tehran, Iran: a population based study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2012; 106:528-31. [PMID: 22835757 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are enteric hepatotropic viruses and their prevalence is related to the sanitary conditions of the region under investigation. There are only a few studies on the seroepidemiology of these two viruses in the general Iranian population. The purpose of this investigation was to measure the prevalence of hepatitis A and E infections in the general population. Between 2006 and 2007, a cross sectional study was performed in Tehran, Iran. Blood specimens were collected and questionnaires were filled in for 551 persons. Patient sera were tested by ELISA for anti-HEV and anti-HAV IgGs. The χ(2) test and independent t-test were used for statistical analysis and p<0.05 was considered significant. The overall seroprevalence rates of anti-HEV IgG and anti-HAV IgG were 9.3% and 90%, respectively. The prevalence of antibodies to HAV and HEV was greater among men than women and increased with age. However, there was no significant relationship between age and gender with the existence of anti- HAV and HEV IgG antibodies. Our results show the seroprevalence of HAV and HEV antibodies are high and both viruses are endemic in this region. These findings are in accordance with results obtained from previous studies. We recommend that foreign travelers to Iran are vaccinated against HAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Reza Mohebbi
- The Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 7th floor, Taleghani Hospital, Yaman Ave., Velenjak, PO Box 19835-187, Tehran, Iran.
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