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Chandra Deb L, Hove H, Miller TK, Pinks K, Njau G, Hagan JJ, Jansen RJ. Epidemiology of Hepatitis C virus infection among incarcerated populations in North Dakota. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266047. [PMID: 35349606 PMCID: PMC8963564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This retrospective cohort study was conducted to determine the prevalence of HCV infections among individuals incarcerated in a state prison system and identify potential contributing factors to HCV infection. North Dakota Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (NDDOCR) data from 2009 to 2018 was used and period prevalence was calculated for this 10-year time period. The period prevalence of HCV infection was (15.13% (95% CI 14.39–15.90) with a marginally significant (p-value: 0.0542) increasing linear trend in annual prevalence over this period. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors associated with HCV infection. The main significant independent risk factors for HCV infection in this incarcerated population were age >40 years [OR: 1.78 (1.37–2.32)]; sex [OR: 1.21 (1.03–1.43)]; race/ethnicity [OR: 1.97 (1.69–2.29)]; history of intravenous drug use (IVDU) [OR: 7.36 (6.41–8.44)]; history of needle or syringe sharing [OR: 7.57 (6.62–8.67)]; and alcohol use [OR: 0.87 (0.77–0.99)]. Study limitations include uncollected information on sexual history, frequency or duration of injection drug use and blood transfusion history of the incarcerated population. Considering the high prevalence of HCV infection and its associated risk factors, it is important to implement prevention programs such as syringe/needle exchanges and counsel with imprisoned IVD users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liton Chandra Deb
- Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States of America
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Hannah Hove
- Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States of America
- University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Tracy K. Miller
- North Dakota Department of Health, Bismarck, ND, United States of America
| | - Kodi Pinks
- North Dakota Department of Health, Bismarck, ND, United States of America
| | - Grace Njau
- North Dakota Department of Health, Bismarck, ND, United States of America
| | - John J. Hagan
- North Dakota Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Bismarck, ND, United States of America
| | - Rick J. Jansen
- Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States of America
- Genomics, Phenomics, and Bioinformatics Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States of America
- Center for Immunization Research and Education (CIRE), North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States of America
- Center for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies in Pancreatic Cancer, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Global prevalence of hepatitis C in prisoners: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1025-1039. [PMID: 35165781 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05382-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV), one of the most significant causes of liver inflammation, has a high annual mortality rate. The unfavorable hygiene conditions and inadequate health monitoring in many prisons increase the risk of blood-borne infections such as hepatitis C. The growing incidence of this disease among prisoners results in overspill transmission to the general population from undiagnosed prisoners that have been released. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of hepatitis C among the world's prison population. A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on the prevalence of hepatitis C was carried out using the keywords "Prevalence", "Hepatitis C", and "Prisoner" in the Iranian and international databases SID, MagIran, Iran Doc, Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science (WoS) from January 1990 to September 2020. After transferring the articles to the information management software EndNote and eliminating duplicate studies, the remaining studies were reviewed based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, three stages of primary and secondary evaluation, and qualitative evaluation. Comprehensive meta-analysis software and Begg and Mazumdar and I2 tests were used for data analysis and assessment of dissemination bias, and heterogeneity, respectively. Out of 93 studies (22 from Asia, 26 from Europe, seven from Africa, 29 from America, and nine from Australia) with a total sample size of 145,823 subjects, the prevalence of hepatitis C in prisoners worldwide was estimated to be 17.7% (95% confidence interval, 15-20.7%). The highest prevalence of hepatitis C on the continents included in this study was reported in prisoners incarcerated in Australia and Oceania, with 28.4% (95% CI: 21.6-36.4) in nine studies, and Europe, with 25.1% (95% CI: 19.4-31.8) in 26 studies. All studies used an ELISA test for the detection of HCV antibodies. The results showed a prevalence of HCV of 17.7% in prisoners worldwide, ranging between 10 and 30% over five continents (Asia, Europe, America, Africa, and Australia and Oceania). The highest prevalence was reported in Australia and Oceania (28.4%), indicating the need to pay more attention to this issue on the continent. It is necessary to reduce the incidence of the disease in prisons by appropriate policy-making and the development of accurate and practical programs, including the distribution of free syringes and examination, testing, and screening of prisoners.
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Sullivan RP, Baird R, Freeman K, Heggie H, Davis JS, Marshall CS, Davies J. Viral hepatitis in correctional facilities in the Northern Territory of Australia 2003-2017. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:584. [PMID: 34134657 PMCID: PMC8210364 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06286-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The demographic of Northern Territory prison population differs than elsewhere in Australia and the prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C may therefore be somewhat different from other jurisdictions. There has been no study which has specifically described the serological results of a large proportion of prisoners in Northern Territory correctional facilities over an extended period of time. Methods This retrospective longitudinal study reviewed serological results and testing rates for hepatitis B, and hepatitis C performed in correctional facilities in the Northern Territory of Australia between July 1st, 2003 and June 30th, 2017. Results The proportion of positive records over 14 years for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was 641/12,066 (5.3, 95% CI 4.9–5.7), for hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) 4937/12,138 (40.1, 95%CI 39.8–41.6), for hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) 6966/13,303 (52.4, 95% CI 51.5–53.2), and for hepatitis C antibody 569/12,153 (4.7, 95% CI 4.3–5.1). The proportion of prisoners tested for hepatitis B and hepatitis C has decreased since 2015, while a high proportion of prisoners remain non-immune to hepatitis B. Conclusion There is a relatively high proportion of positive serological markers of hepatitis B, and a lower proportion of positive hepatitis C serology in the Northern Territory’s correctional facilities compared to overall Australian rates. As the proportion of prisoners tested for hepatitis B and C has decreased recently, and a high proportion of prisoners remain non-immune to hepatitis B, there are opportunities to increase testing and vaccination rates in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Sullivan
- Charles Darwin University, Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Darwin Hospital, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia. .,Territory Pathology, Royal Darwin Hospital, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia. .,St George & Sutherland Clinical School, UNSW, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.
| | - Rob Baird
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Darwin Hospital, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia.,Territory Pathology, Royal Darwin Hospital, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Kevin Freeman
- Territory Pathology, Royal Darwin Hospital, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Hugh Heggie
- Northern Territory Department of Health, Northern Territory, Casuarina, Australia
| | - Joshua S Davis
- Charles Darwin University, Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia.,John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catherine S Marshall
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Darwin Hospital, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Jane Davies
- Charles Darwin University, Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Darwin Hospital, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
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Pouri AA, Ghojazadeh M, Pourasghari B, Baiaz B, Soghra Hamzavi F, Somi MH. Seroepidemiology and risk factors of hepatitis C virus infection in East Azerbaijan, Iran: a population-based Azar Cohort study. CASPIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2019; 10:326-331. [PMID: 31558996 PMCID: PMC6729152 DOI: 10.22088/cjim.10.3.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a blood-borne virus. It is a major global public health problem and can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis. The aim of this study was to report the epidemiological features of HCV infection and risk factors based on the data from Azar Cohort, East Azerbaijan province, Iran. Methods: The population of this study comprised the people in the age range of 35-70 years from Azar Cohort, East Azerbaijan province, Iran. The study was conducted between 2015 and 2016. Based on cluster sampling, 4, 949 people were selected and invited to complete the questionnaire and perform the tests. Blood samples collected in this study were analyzed to detect the presence of antibodies against HCV using enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) Kit. The positive samples were re-tested by qualitative HCV-RNA polymerase chain reaction. All data were analyzed using SPSS version 19.0 software. Results: The mean age of the participants was 49.15±9.02 years. Of these participants, 54.3% (n=2686) were females. Seven people (0.14%) were detected as HCV positive and the highest frequency was seen in the age range of 40-50 (0.16%). There was a statistical significant relationship between history of hospitalization (P=0.02) and history of abnormal urine (P=0.01) with the frequency of HCV infection. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicated that the frequency of hepatitis C virus infection is 0.14% in the general population of Azar Cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Asghar Pouri
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Ghojazadeh
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behrouz Pourasghari
- Laboratory Department Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Babak Baiaz
- Laboratory Department Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Soghra Hamzavi
- Laboratory Department Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Somi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Edmunds BL, Miller ER, Tsourtos G. The distribution and socioeconomic burden of Hepatitis C virus in South Australia: a cross-sectional study 2010-2016. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:527. [PMID: 31068170 PMCID: PMC6505114 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6847-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) is a communicable disease of increasing global importance with 1.75 million new infections and 400,000 related deaths annually. Until recently, treatment options have had low uptake and most infected people remain untreated. New Direct Acting Antiviral medications can clear the virus in around 95% of cases, with few side-effects. These medications are restricted in most countries but freely accessible in Australia, yet most people still remain untreated. This study applies a cross-sectional research design to investigate the socio-spatial distribution of HCV in South Australia, to identify vulnerable populations, and examine epidemiological factors to potentially inform future targeted strategies for improved treatment uptake. METHOD HCV surveillance data were sourced from South Australia's Communicable Diseases Control Branch and socio-economic population data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics from January 2010 to December 2016 inclusive. HCV cases were spatially mapped at postcode level. Multivariate logistic regression identified independent predictors of demographic risks for HCV notification and notification source. RESULTS HCV notifications (n = 3356) were seven times more likely to be from people residing in the poorest areas with high rates of non-employment (75%; n = 1876) and injecting drug use (74%; n = 1862) reported. Notifications among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people were around six times that of non-Indigenous people. HCV notifications negatively correlated (Spearman's rho - 0.426; p < 0.001) with socio-economic status (residential postcode socio-economic resources Index). History of imprisonment independently predicted HCV diagnoses in lesser economically-resourced areas (RR1.5; p < 0.001). Independent predictors of diagnosis elsewhere than in general practices were non-employment (RR 4.6; p = 0.028), being male (RR 2.5; p < 0.001), and younger than mean age at diagnosis (RR 2.1; p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS Most people diagnosed with HCV were from marginalised sub-populations. Given general practitioners are pivotal to providing effective HCV treatment for many people in Australia a most concerning finding was that non-employed people were statistically less likely to be diagnosed by general practitioners. These findings highlight a need for further action aimed at improving healthcare access and treatment uptake to help reduce the burden of HCV for marginalised people, and progress the vision of eliminating HCV as a major public health threat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Ruth Miller
- Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, 5001 South Australia
| | - George Tsourtos
- Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, 5001 South Australia
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Kivimets K, Uusküla A, Lazarus JV, Ott K. Hepatitis C seropositivity among newly incarcerated prisoners in Estonia: data analysis of electronic health records from 2014 to 2015. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:339. [PMID: 30031373 PMCID: PMC6054745 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a widespread problem in prisons. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of HCV seropositivity, HCV genotypes, factors associated with HCV seropositivity in newly incarcerated prisoners and to report experiences of treatment with pegylated interferon/ribavirin for HCV-positive inmates. Methods Patient data were extracted from the Estonian prison medical information system (Vanglate meditsiiniline infosüsteem) databases. Results Among 1845 prisoners newly incarcerated from January 2014 to January 2015, the overall prevalence of HCV was 56.3% (95% CI: 54 to 59), and 25.5% (95% CI: 23.5 to 27.6%) had HIV (39.0% had neither). The all-inclusive HCV testing strategy identified 37.7% more HCV infected prisoners than the risk-based (drug use history, HIV status) case finding. Factors associated with HCV seropositivity included history of drug use (aOR 6.51 95%CI 5.12–8.28), HIV co-infection (aOR 2.56 95%CI 1.92–3.43), previous incarceration (aOR 3.61 95%CI 2.48–4.04), and increasing age. The main HCV genotypes were 3a (n = 172, 44.4%) and 1b (n = 135, 35.2%). Twenty-five prisoners received HCV treatment: 60% (n = 15) were cured, 16% (n = 4) relapsed (3 with genotype 3a, one with 1b), and 12% (n = 3) were unresponsive (all with genotype 3a). Conclusions HCV seropositivity rate is high and HCV tretment rate is very low in Estonian prisons. Optimizing case finding and scaling up treatment is critical to addressing the health needs of prisoners and meeting public health goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristel Kivimets
- National Institute for Health Development, 42, 11619, Tallinn, Hiiu, Estonia.
| | - Anneli Uusküla
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jeffrey V Lazarus
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Carrer de Casanova, 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,CHIP, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristi Ott
- West Tallinn Central Hospital, Infectious Diseases Clinic, Paldiski maantee 68, 10617, Tallinn, Estonia
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Poulin C, Courtemanche Y, Serhir B, Alary M. Tattooing in prison: a risk factor for HCV infection among inmates in the Quebec's provincial correctional system. Ann Epidemiol 2018; 28:231-235. [PMID: 29576049 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and identify related risk factors among inmates in Quebec provincial prisons. METHODS Anonymous cross-sectional data were collected between May 2014 and March 2015 for 1315 men and 250 women who completed a questionnaire and provided oral fluid samples. RESULTS The global prevalence of HCV infection was 11.9% in male participants and 19.2% in female participants (P = .003). Among people who inject drugs (PWID), the prevalence was much higher compared to that in persons who does not: 51.0% versus 2.4% in men (P < .001) and 61.4% versus 2.8% in women (P < .001). In the multivariable analysis, lifetime history of injection drug use was the most important risk factor for HCV infection (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 14.2; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 9.5-21.4), with needle sharing significantly associated with HCV among PWID (AOR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.1-1.7). Tattooing in prison was frequent, especially among men (37.2%), and independently associated with HCV infection among non-PWID (AOR: 2.8; 95% CI: 1.4-5.6). CONCLUSION Inmates are at high risk for HCV infection especially because of a high proportion of active or past PWID among them. In addition, tattooing while in prison seems to contribute to HCV infection among non-PWID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Poulin
- Axe santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Yohann Courtemanche
- Axe santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Bouchra Serhir
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Institut national de Santé publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne de Bellevue, Canada
| | - Michel Alary
- Axe santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Québec, Canada.
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Age-Specific Global Prevalence of Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, HIV, and Tuberculosis Among Incarcerated People: A Systematic Review. J Adolesc Health 2018; 62:S18-S26. [PMID: 29455713 PMCID: PMC7413042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to compare the global prevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV, and tuberculosis in incarcerated adolescents and young adults (AYAs) and older prisoners. METHODS This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting the age-specific prevalence of each infection in prisoners. We grouped age-specific prevalence estimates into three overlapping age categories: AYA prisoners (<25 years), older prisoners (≥25 years), and mixed category (spanning age 25 years). We used random effects meta-analysis to estimate the relative risk (RR) of each infection in AYAs versus older prisoners. RESULTS Among 72 studies, there was marked heterogeneity in prevalence estimates among AYA prisoners for all infections: hepatitis B (.4%-25.2%), hepatitis C (.0%-70.6%), HIV (.0%-15.8%), and active tuberculosis (.0%-3.7%). The pooled prevalence of HIV (RR = .39, 95% confidence interval .29-.53, I2 = 79.2%) and hepatitis C (RR = .51, 95% confidence interval .33-.78, I2 = 97.8%) was lower in AYAs than in older prisoners. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of HIV and hepatitis C is lower in AYA prisoners than in older prisoners. Despite lower prevalence, acquisition begins early among incarcerated populations. There is an urgent need for targeted, age-appropriate prevention, treatment, and harm reduction measures in and beyond custodial settings to reduce the incidence of infection in these extremely vulnerable young people.
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Arain A, Robaeys G, Stöver H. Hepatitis C in European prisons: a call for an evidence-informed response. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14 Suppl 6:S17. [PMID: 25252822 PMCID: PMC4178549 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-s6-s17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, over 10 million people are held in prisons and other places of detention at any given time. People who inject drugs (PWID) comprise 10-48% of male and 30-60% of female prisoners. The spread of hepatitis C in prisons is clearly driven by injection drug use, with many infected prisoners unaware of their infection status. Risk behaviour for acquisition of hepatitis C via common use of injecting equipment is widespread in many prison settings. In custodial settings, effective and efficient prevention models applied in the community are very rarely implemented. Only approximately 60 out of more than 10,000 prisons worldwide provide needle exchange. Thus, HCV prevention is almost exclusively limited to verbal advice, leaflets and other measures directed to cognitive behavioural change. Although the outcome of HCV antiviral treatment is comparable to non-substance users and substance users out of prison, the uptake for antiviral treatment is extremely low. Based on a literature review to assess the spread of hepatitis C among prisoners and to learn more about the impact for the prison system, recommendations regarding hepatitis C prevention, screening and treatment in prisons have been formulated in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Arain
- Limburg Clinical Research Programme, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Geert Robaeys
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Genk, Belgium
- Limburg Clinical Research Programme, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Heino Stöver
- Faculty of Health and Social Work, University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany
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van Dooren K, Kinner SA, Hellard M. A comparison of risk factors for hepatitis C among young and older adult prisoners. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2014; 20:280-91. [PMID: 25134604 DOI: 10.1177/1078345814541536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Internationally, the prevalence of hepatitis C infection is higher among prisoners when compared to the general population, particularly among people who inject drugs. This study estimates the prevalence of, and compares the risk factors for, hepatitis C in young (< 25 years) and older (≥ 25 years) prisoners with a history of injection drug use. Participants were 677 sentenced prisoners in Queensland, Australia, with a lifetime history of injection drug use, recruited in the 6 weeks prior to release from custody. The prevalence of hepatitis C exposure was significantly lower in young prisoners than in older prisoners (20.7% vs. 29.4%, p = .03). Risk factors for hepatitis C varied between young and older prisoners. Young people who inject drugs and who have had shorter time at risk of hepatitis C exposure are an important target group for hepatitis C prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate van Dooren
- Queensland Centre for Intellectual and Developmental Disability, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Margaret Hellard
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia Centre for Population Health, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia The Nossal Institute for Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Snow KJ, Young JT, Preen DB, Lennox NG, Kinner SA. Incidence and correlates of hepatitis C virus infection in a large cohort of prisoners who have injected drugs. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:830. [PMID: 25113132 PMCID: PMC4137068 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is common among prisoners, particularly those with a history of injecting drug use (IDU). Incarcerated people who inject drugs frequently report high-risk injecting practices both in prison and in the community. In spite of rising morbidity and mortality, utilisation of HCV-related services in Australia has been persistently low. This study aimed to describe the incidence, prevalence and correlates of HCV seropositivity in a large cohort of prisoners who have injected drugs, and to identify correlates of receiving confirmation of active infection. METHODS Data-linkage to a State-wide statutory notifiable diseases surveillance system was used to investigate the incidence of notified HCV seropositivity, seroconversion and confirmed HCV infection in a cohort of 735 prisoners with a history of IDU, over 14 years of follow up. Hepatitis C test results from prison medical records were used to identify correlates of testing positive in prison. RESULTS The crude incidence of HCV notification was 5.1 cases per 100 person-years. By the end of follow up, 55.1% of the cohort had been the subject of a HCV-related notification, and 47.4% of those tested in prison were HCV seropositive. In multivariable analyses, injecting in prison was strongly associated with HCV seropositivity, as was opioid use compared to injection of other drugs. The rate of reported diagnostic confirmation among those with notified infections was very low, at 6.6 confirmations per 100 seropositive participants per year. CONCLUSIONS Injecting drugs in prison was strongly associated with HCV seropositivity, highlighting the need for increased provision of services to mitigate the risk of transmission within prisons. Once identified as seropositive through screening, people with a history of IDU and incarceration may not be promptly receiving diagnostic services, which are necessary if they are to access treatment. Improving access to HCV-related services will be of particular importance in the coming years, as HCV-related morbidity and mortality is increasing, and next generation therapies are becoming more widely available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Snow
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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Alanko Blomé M, Björkman P, Molnegren V, Höglund P, Widell A. Hepatitis C viremia patterns in incident hepatitis C infection and one year later in 150 prospectively tested persons who inject drugs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97022. [PMID: 24830647 PMCID: PMC4022632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To assess HCV viremia levels just before, during and one year after anti-HCV seroconversion in people who inject drugs (PWID). Methods PWID enrolling into a needle exchange program in Malmö, Sweden, 1997–2005 constituted the source population. Sera were obtained at enrolment and at approximately 3–4 monthly intervals afterwards, and were initially tested for anti-HIV, HBsAg/anti-HBc and anti-HCV and thereafter for markers previously negative. Seroconversion to anti-HCV had occurred during the study period in 186 out of 332 seronegative subjects. In these anti-HCV seroconverters, quantitative HCV RNA PCR was retrospectively performed on frozen sera to determine viremia levels in the last anti-HCV negative, the first anti-HCV positive and in one year follow-up samples. Results Among 150 subjects seroconverting to anti-HCV with samples available from all three defined time-points, eight different patterns of viremia were observed. Spontaneous clearance at one year was noted in 48 cases (32%) and was associated with female gender (p = 0.03, CI 0.17–1.00). In 13 cases HCV-RNA was not detected in any study sample. Among 61 subjects with pre-seroconversion viremia, viral load was significantly higher in the pre-seroconversion samples compared to subsequent samples. For the whole group, viral load declined to undetectable levels at seroconversion in 28% of cases (but with recurrent viremia in 15%). Conclusions Different patterns of HCV RNA kinetics were observed among PWID with documented seroconversion to anti-HCV. The frequently observed absence of detectable HCV RNA in the first anti-HCV positive sample (irrespective of subsequent viremia) demonstrates the importance of repeated sampling and RNA testing for determination of the outcome of acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Alanko Blomé
- Infectious Disease Unit, Division of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Per Björkman
- Infectious Disease Unit, Division of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Vilma Molnegren
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Peter Höglund
- Medical Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Research and Development Centre Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Widell
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Marco A, Gallego C, Caylà JA. Incidence of hepatitis C infection among prisoners by routine laboratory values during a 20-year period. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90560. [PMID: 24587394 PMCID: PMC3938777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To estimate the incidence of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the predictive factors through repeated routine laboratory analyses. METHODS An observational cohort study was carried out in Quatre Camins Prison, Barcelona. The study included subjects with an initial negative HCV result and routine laboratory analyses containing HCV serology from 1992 to 2011. The incidence of infection was calculated for the study population and for sub-groups by 100 person-years of follow-up (100 py). The predictive factors were determined through Kaplan-Meier curves and a Cox regression. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. RESULTS A total of 2,377 prisoners were included with a median follow-up time of 1,540.9 days per patient. Among the total population, 117 HCV seroconversions were detected (incidence of 1.17/100 py). The incidence was higher between 1992 and 1995 (2.57/100 py), among cases with HIV co-infection (8.34/100 py) and among intravenous drug users (IDU) without methadone treatment (MT) during follow-up (6.66/100 py). The incidence rate of HCV seroconversion among cases with a history of IDU and current MT was 1.35/100 py, which is close to that of the total study population. The following variables had a positive predictive value for HCV infection: IDU (p<0.001; HR = 7,30; CI: 4.83-11.04), Spanish ethnicity (p = 0.009; HR = 2,03; CI: 1.93-3.44) and HIV infection (p = 0.015; HR = 1.97; CI: 1.14-3.39). CONCLUSION The incidence of HCV infection among prisoners was higher during the first part of the study and among IDU during the entire study period. Preventative programs should be directed toward this sub-group of the prison population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Marco
- Health Services of Barcelona Men’s Penitentiary Centre, Barcelona, Department of Justice, Government of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Gallego
- Health Services of Quatre Camins Penitentiary Centre, La Roca del Vallés, Barcelona, Department of Justice, Government of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan A. Caylà
- Epidemiology Service of the Public Health Agency of Barcelona, CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
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Martin NK, Hickman M, Miners A, Hutchinson SJ, Taylor A, Vickerman P. Cost-effectiveness of HCV case-finding for people who inject drugs via dried blood spot testing in specialist addiction services and prisons. BMJ Open 2013; 3:e003153. [PMID: 23943776 PMCID: PMC3752052 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES People who inject drugs (PWID) are at high risk for acquiring hepatitis C virus (HCV), but many are unaware of their infection. HCV dried blood spot (DBS) testing increases case-finding in addiction services and prisons. We determine the cost-effectiveness of increasing HCV case-finding among PWID by offering DBS testing in specialist addiction services or prisons as compared to using venepuncture. DESIGN Cost-utility analysis using a dynamic HCV transmission model among PWID, including: disease progression, diagnosis, treatment, injecting status, incarceration and addition services contact. SETTING UK INTERVENTION DBS testing in specialist addiction services or prisons. Intervention impact was determined by a meta-analysis of primary data. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Costs (in UK £, £1=US$1.60) and utilities (quality-adjusted life years, QALYs) were attached to each state and the incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) determined. Multivariate uncertainty and one-way sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS For a £20 000 per QALY gained willingness-to-pay threshold, DBS testing in addiction services is cost-effective (ICER of £14 600 per QALY gained). Under the base-case assumption of no continuity of treatment/care when exiting/entering prison, DBS testing in prisons is not cost-effective (ICER of £59 400 per QALY gained). Results are robust to changes in HCV prevalence; increasing PWID treatment rates to those for ex-PWID considerably reduces ICER (£4500 and £30 000 per QALY gained for addiction services and prison, respectively). If continuity of care is >40%, the prison DBS ICER falls below £20 000 per QALY gained. CONCLUSIONS Despite low PWID treatment rates, increasing case-finding can be cost-effective in specialist addiction services, and in prisons if continuity of treatment/care is ensured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha K Martin
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Matthew Hickman
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alec Miners
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sharon J Hutchinson
- Health Protection Scotland, UK
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Peter Vickerman
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Kinner SA, Jenkinson R, Gouillou M, Milloy MJ. High-risk drug-use practices among a large sample of Australian prisoners. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 126:156-60. [PMID: 22658284 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug injection in prison is associated with a high risk of transmission of blood-borne pathogens including hepatitis C (HCV). The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and identify independent correlates of recent in-prison injecting drug use (P-IDU) among a large sample of adult prisoners in Queensland, Australia. METHODS Confidential, structured interviews with 1,322 adult prisoners in Queensland, Australia. Prevalence estimates were corrected for sampling bias using inverse probability weighting. Independent correlates of recent P-IDU were identified using multivariable Poisson regression with backwards elimination. RESULTS We estimated that among all adult prisoners in Queensland, Australia, the prevalence of lifetime IDU was 55.1%, of lifetime P-IDU 23.0%, and of recent (during current sentence) P-IDU 13.2%. Significant, independent correlates of recent P-IDU included male gender (ARR=3.07, 95% CI 1.83-5.12), being unemployed prior to incarceration (ARR=1.34, 95% CI 1.01-1.76), use of three or more drug types prior to incarceration (ARR=1.80, 95% CI 1.40-2.31), a history of needle/syringe sharing (ARR=5.00, 95% CI 3.06-8.16), receiving a tattoo during the current prison sentence (ARR=2.19, 95% CI 1.67-2.86) and HCV exposure (ARR=1.47, 95% CI 1.08-2.02). Older age was protective (ARR=0.90 per 5 years older, 95% CI 0.83-0.99). CONCLUSION Drug injection in prison is common and, given the associations between in-prison drug injection and syringe sharing, unsafe tattooing and HCV exposure, poses a risk to both prisoner health and public health. There remains an urgent need to implement evidence-based infection control measures, including needle and syringe programs, within prison settings.
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Miller ER, McNally S, Wallace J, Schlichthorst M. The ongoing impacts of hepatitis c--a systematic narrative review of the literature. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:672. [PMID: 22900973 PMCID: PMC3505729 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many countries have developed, or are developing, national strategies aimed at reducing the harms associated with hepatitis C infection. Making these strategies relevant to the vast majority of those affected by hepatitis C requires a more complete understanding of the short and longer term impacts of infection. We used a systematic approach to scope the literature to determine what is currently known about the health and psychosocial impacts of hepatitis C along the trajectory from exposure to ongoing chronic infection, and to identify what knowledge gaps remain. METHODS PubMed, Current Contents and PsychINFO databases were searched for primary studies published in the ten years from 2000-2009 inclusive. Two searches were conducted for studies on hepatitis C in adult persons focusing on: outcomes over time (primarily cohort and other prospective designs); and the personal and psychosocial impacts of chronic infection. All retrieved studies were assessed for eligibility according to specific inclusion/exclusion criteria, data completeness and methodological coherence. Outcomes reported in 264 included studies were summarized, tabulated and synthesized. RESULTS Injecting drug use (IDU) was a major risk for transmission with seroconversion occurring relatively early in injecting careers. Persistent hepatitis C viraemia, increasing age and excessive alcohol consumption independently predicted disease progression. While interferon based therapies reduced quality of life during treatment, improvements on baseline quality of life was achieved post treatment--particularly when sustained viral response was achieved. Much of the negative social impact of chronic infection was due to the association of infection with IDU and inflated assessments of transmission risks. Perceived discrimination was commonly reported in health care settings, potentially impeding health care access. Perceptions of stigma and experiences of discrimination also had direct negative impacts on wellbeing and social functioning. CONCLUSIONS Hepatitis C and its management continue to have profound and ongoing impacts on health and social well being. Biomedical studies provided prospective information on clinical aspects of infection, while the broader social and psychological studies presented comprehensive information on seminal experiences (such as diagnosis and disclosure). Increasing the focus on combined methodological approaches could enhance understanding about the health and social impacts of hepatitis C along the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Miller
- Discipline of General Practice, School of Population Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, South Australia
| | - Stephen McNally
- Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health & Society, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jack Wallace
- Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health & Society, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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Demetriou VL, Kostrikis LG. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C infection in Cyprus within the general population and high-risk cohorts. BMC Res Notes 2011; 4:468. [PMID: 22040780 PMCID: PMC3221592 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Initial data on the molecular epidemiology of HCV infection in Cyprus showed a highly polyphyletic infection and multiple points of introduction into the general population. The continuation and expansion of this investigation is presented here including high risk groups. Findings The samples include additional subjects from the general population, a group of inmates and HIV/HCV coinfected individuals, whose strains were amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced in partial Core-E1 and NS5B regions. The results confirm the broad genotype distribution and polyphyletic infection on the island, and no new subtypes were found. Monophyletic clusters between strains of the prisoners and the injecting drug users imply sharing of infected equipment, and highlight the risk of widespread transmission in these cohorts, although no spill-over to the general population was observed. Conclusions The results of this study underline the impact of population movements and high-risk population groups on the changing molecular epidemiology of HCV, with strains moving to Europe from Asia, Africa and Eastern Europe by means of immigration and modern transmission routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Demetriou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 75 Kallipoleos Avenue, P, O, Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Kirwan P, Evans B, Brant L. Hepatitis C and B testing in English prisons is low but increasing. J Public Health (Oxf) 2011; 33:197-204. [PMID: 21345883 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdr011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prisons are important settings for blood-borne virus control because of the high prevalence of hepatitis C and B viral infections (HCV and HBV), and behaviours associated with transmission among prisoners. METHODS Data from sentinel laboratories in England were used to identify testing for hepatitis C (anti-HCV) and hepatitis B [hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-hepatitis B core antigen (HBc)] among male and female prisoners between 2005 and 2008. RESULTS Between 2005 and 2008, 10 723 prisoners from 39 prisons in England were tested for anti-HCV, anti-HBc and/or HBsAg. Overall, 24.2% prisoners tested positive for anti-HCV. Anti-HCV testing increased 47% over 4 years (P < 0.001), whilst the proportion testing positive decreased significantly from 26% in 2005 to 23% in 2008 (χ(2)= 10.0, df = 3, P = 0.030). In total, 13.9% people tested positive for anti-HBc. Of 5151 people tested for anti-HBc, 4433 were also tested for HBsAg; of these 2.4% were HBsAg positive. HBsAg testing increased 35% between 2005 and 2008, with no significant change in the proportion testing positive. Between 2005 and 2008, 2.4% (CI: 2.32-2.43%) of the prison population (24 prisons) were estimated to have been tested for anti-HCV. CONCLUSIONS Although hepatitis testing has increased, only a small proportion of the prison population were tested. More testing is required to identify infected prisoners and refer them for appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Kirwan
- Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections, London, UK
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Teutsch S, Luciani F, Scheuer N, McCredie L, Hosseiny P, Rawlinson W, Kaldor J, Dore GJ, Dolan K, Ffrench R, Lloyd A, Haber P, Levy M. Incidence of primary hepatitis C infection and risk factors for transmission in an Australian prisoner cohort. BMC Public Health 2010; 10:633. [PMID: 20964864 PMCID: PMC2975656 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is common in prisoner populations, particularly those with a history of injecting drug use (IDU). Previous studies of HCV incidence have been based on small case numbers and have not distinguished risk events in prison from those in the community. METHODS HCV incidence was examined in a longitudinal cohort of 488 Australian prisoners with a history of IDU and documented to be seronegative within 12 months prior to enrollment. Inmates were tested for anti-HCV antibodies and viremia, and interviewed about demographic and behavioral risk factors for transmission. RESULTS The cohort was predominantly male (65%) with high rates of prior imprisonment (72%) and tattooing (73%), as well as longstanding IDU (mean 8.5 years). Ninety-four incident HCV cases were identified (incidence 31.6 per 100 person years). Independent associations were observed between incident infection and prior imprisonment (p = 0.02) and tattooing (p = 0.03), and surprisingly also with methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS High rates of new HCV infection were found in this prisoner cohort reflecting their substantive risk behavior profile, despite having remained uninfected for many years. The association with MMT is challenging and highlights the need for better understanding of prison-specific HCV transmission risks, as well as the uptake and effectiveness of prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzy Teutsch
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Awofeso N. Prisons as social determinants of hepatitis C virus and tuberculosis infections. Public Health Rep 2010; 125 Suppl 4:25-33. [PMID: 20626190 DOI: 10.1177/00333549101250s406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of place or neighborhood--locations where individuals reside, shop, recreate, and work--have been widely studied as sources of environmental influences on individual behaviors, exposures, and physiology, as well as reference points for public health interventions. However, despite modern prisons' strong influence on the transmission and clinical outcomes of infectious diseases, custodial authorities and public health officials in many countries have yet to implement credible interventions to minimize the adverse impacts prison settings exert on the epidemiology of communicable diseases--particularly with respect to inmates. Among many vulnerable populations, prisons are evolving as one of the social institutions that determine their health status and health outcomes. This article highlights the effects of prisons in mediating the risk of hepatitis C virus and tuberculosis infections, as well as feasible interventions and policy approaches for limiting the deleterious consequences prisons exert on the transmission and clinical courses of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyi Awofeso
- School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, c/o M431, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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Bate JP, Colman AJ, Frost PJ, Shaw DR, Harley HAJ. High prevalence of late relapse and reinfection in prisoners treated for chronic hepatitis C. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 25:1276-80. [PMID: 20594255 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Prisoners have a high prevalence of injection drug use (IDU) and chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection. Treatment of CHC in these patients is effective; however, their long-term outcomes following treatment are unknown. We determined the durability of a sustained virological response (SVR) in prisoners treated for CHC. METHODS Patients were treated as part of routine clinical practice with interferon (IFN) and ribavirin. A retrospective review of medical records and a computerized pathology system was performed for clinical and laboratory information. RESULTS Seventy-four prisoners (70 males, mean age 34 years, IDU in 55%) were evaluable for a SVR over a 12-year period to December 2008; the mean follow-up period was 1243 days. Genotype 1, 2, 3, and 6 infection was present in 18, three, 38 and three patients, respectively; the genotype was unknown in 12. Three out of 52 biopsied had cirrhosis. Standard IFN was administered to 25 (34%; 11 with ribavirin), and 49 received pegylated IFN and ribavirin; one did not complete treatment, and two had breakthrough relapses. The end-of-treatment response was achieved in 57 and SVR in 53; 14 were non-responders. Five male patients, four with unknown genotypes and treated with standard IFN alone, relapsed late (following SVR, 9%). Five patients, all treated with pegylated IFN and ribavirin, were reinfected (one prior to and four following SVR). CONCLUSIONS Prisoners are often successfully treated for CHC. However, this retrospective study indicates that there is a high (17%) prevalence of late recurrence of viremia that is likely a reflection of reinfection due to ongoing risk-taking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Bate
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Miller ER, Hellard ME, Bowden S, Bharadwaj M, Aitken CK. Markers and risk factors for HCV, HBV and HIV in a network of injecting drug users in Melbourne, Australia. J Infect 2009; 58:375-82. [PMID: 19328555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2009.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Current injecting drug users (IDU) in major street drug markets within greater Melbourne were recruited to a longitudinal study on blood borne viruses. Here we investigated risk factors for hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV infection in these IDU at the time of their recruitment. METHODS Three hundred and eighty-two IDU completed detailed questionnaires on their drug use and risk behaviours, and provided blood samples for serology testing. These data were analysed using univariate and multivariate techniques. RESULTS The overall prevalence of exposure to HCV, HBV and HIV was estimated at 70%, 34% and <1%, respectively. Independent predictors of HCV exposure were history of imprisonment (RR 1.34, 95% CI 1.19-1.52), use of someone else's needle or syringe (RR 1.23, 95% CI 1.07-1.42), >7.6years length of time injecting (RR 1.21, 95% CI 1.07-1.37), and originating from Vietnam (RR 1.12, 95% CI 1.07-1.18). Independent predictors of HBV exposure were HCV exposure (RR 2.15, 95% CI 1.35-3.43), >7.6years length of time injecting (RR 1.57, 95% CI 1.17-2.13) and originating from outside Australia (RR 1.60, 95% CI 1.22-2.10). Neither prison- nor community-applied tattoos predicted HCV or HBV exposure. Up to 31% of IDU who injected for 1year or less were HCV antibody positive, as were 53% of those who injected for 2years or less. CONCLUSIONS Ongoing engagement with young IDU, through the provision of harm reduction education and resources, is critical if we are to address blood borne viral infections and other health and social harms associated with injecting drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Miller
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Locked Bag 815, Carlton South, Victoria 3053, Australia.
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