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Omar OS, Sengeruan LP, Kanje LE, van Zwetselaar M, Kuchaka DJ, Shayo MJ, Kumburu H, Sonda T, Mshana J, Chugulu S. Whole genome-based antimicrobial resistance and virulence profiling of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from chronic leg ulcer patients in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 123:105631. [PMID: 38945421 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic leg ulcers are hard to treat and can be a burden, particularly in resource-limited settings where diagnosis is a challenge. Staphylococcus aureus is among the common bacteria isolated from chronic wounds with a great impact on wound healing, particularly in patients with co-morbidities. Antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence factors in Staphylococcus aureus isolates were assessed to support healthcare professionals to make better therapeutic choices, and importantly to curb the development and spread of antibiotic resistance. METHODS A cross-sectional study involved both inpatients and outpatients with chronic leg ulcers was conducted from August 2022 to April 2023 in 2 health facilities in Kilimanjaro region in Tanzania. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done using the disk diffusion method. Further, whole genome sequencing was performed to study the genotypic characteristics of the isolates. RESULTS A total of 92 participants were recruited in which 9 participants were only positive for 10 Staphylococcus aureus isolates upon culture. Five STs among 9 isolates were identified. Most of them belonged to ST8 (44%), with 1 isolate does not belong to any ST. Additionally, 50% of the isolates were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). All S. aureus isolates had almost similar virulence factors such as hemolysin, proteases and evasions that promote toxin production, protease production and host immune evasion respectively. Moreover, all mecA positive S. aureus isolates were phenotypically susceptible to cefoxitin. CONCLUSION Presence of mecA positive S. aureus isolates which are also phenotypically susceptible to cefoxitin implies the possibility of classifying MRSA as MSSA. This may result in the possible emergence of highly cefoxitin - resistant strains in health care and community settings when subsequently exposed to beta-lactam agents. Therefore, combination of whole genome sequencing and conventional methods is important in assessing bacterial resistance and virulence to improve management of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Said Omar
- General Surgery Department, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, P.O Box 3010, Moshi, Tanzania.
| | - Lameck Pashet Sengeruan
- Kishapu District Council, P.O. Box 1288, Shinyanga, Tanzania; Bioinformatics Unit, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, P.O. Box 2236, Moshi, Tanzania.
| | - Livin E Kanje
- Genomics Unit, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, P.O. Box 2236, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Marco van Zwetselaar
- Bioinformatics Unit, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, P.O. Box 2236, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Davis John Kuchaka
- Bioinformatics Unit, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, P.O. Box 2236, Moshi, Tanzania; Department of Global Health and Biomedical Sciences, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Mariana J Shayo
- Genomics Unit, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, P.O. Box 2236, Moshi, Tanzania; Department of Biological and Pre-clinical Studies, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Happiness Kumburu
- Genomics Unit, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, P.O. Box 2236, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Tolbert Sonda
- Bioinformatics Unit, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, P.O. Box 2236, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Jere Mshana
- General Surgery Department, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, P.O Box 3010, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Samwel Chugulu
- General Surgery Department, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, P.O Box 3010, Moshi, Tanzania
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Guillén R, Salinas C, Mendoza-Álvarez A, Rubio Rodríguez LA, Díaz-de Usera A, Lorenzo-Salazar JM, González-Montelongo R, Flores C, Rodríguez F. Genomic epidemiology of the primary methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones causing invasive infections in Paraguayan children. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0301223. [PMID: 38415665 PMCID: PMC10986618 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03012-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the major human pathogens. It could carry numerous resistance genes and virulence factors in its genome, some of which are related to the severity of the infection. An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was designed to molecularly analyze MRSA isolates that cause invasive infections in Paraguayan children from 2009 to 2013. Ten representative MRSA isolates of the main clonal complex identified were analyzed with short-read paired-end sequencing and assessed for the virulome, resistome, and phylogenetic relationships. All the genetically linked MRSA isolates were recovered from diverse clinical sources, patients, and hospitals at broad gap periods. The pan-genomic analysis of these clones revealed three major and different clonal complexes (CC30, CC5, and CC8), each composed of clones closely related to each other. The CC30 genomes prove to be a successful clone, strongly installed and disseminated throughout our country, and closely related to other CC30 public genomes from the region and the world. The CC5 shows the highest genetic variability, and the CC8 carried the complete arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME), closely related to the USA300-NAE-ACME+, identified as the major cause of CA-MRSA infections in North America. Multiple virulence and resistance genes were identified for the first time in this study, highlighting the complex virulence profiles of MRSA circulating in the country. This study opens a wide range of new possibilities for future projects and trials to improve the existing knowledge on the epidemiology of MRSA circulating in Paraguay. IMPORTANCE The increasing prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a public health problem worldwide. The most frequent MRSA clones identified in Paraguay in previous studies (including community and hospital acquired) were the Pediatric (CC5-ST5-IV), the Cordobes-Chilean (CC5-ST5-I), the SouthWest Pacific (CC30-ST30-IV), and the Brazilian (CC8-ST239-III) clones. In this study, the pan-genomic analysis of the most representative MRSA clones circulating in invasive infection in Paraguayan children over the years 2009-2013, such as the CC30-ST30-IV, CC5-ST5-IV, and CC8-ST8-IV, was carried out to evaluate their genetic diversity, their repertoire of virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance determinants. This revealed multiple virulence and resistance genes, highlighting the complex virulence profiles of MRSA circulating in Paraguay. Our work is the first genomic study of MRSA in Paraguay and will contribute to the development of genomic surveillance in the region and our understanding of the global epidemiology of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Guillén
- Microbiology Department, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción (IICS-UNA), San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Claudia Salinas
- Microbiology Department, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción (IICS-UNA), San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | | | - Luis A. Rubio Rodríguez
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ana Díaz-de Usera
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - José M. Lorenzo-Salazar
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Flores
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fátima Rodríguez
- Microbiology Department, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción (IICS-UNA), San Lorenzo, Paraguay
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Andrade-Figueiredo M, Luz ACDO, da Mota Silveira V, Leal-Balbino TC. Comparison of genotyping methods and toxin gene profiles of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from clinical specimens. Genet Mol Biol 2023; 46:e20220321. [PMID: 38224487 PMCID: PMC10789239 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2022-0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a frequent cause of infections worldwide. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is one of the main causes of Gram-positive infections, and methicillin-susceptible strains (MSSA) primarily colonize and infect community hosts. Multiple virulence factors are involved, with toxins playing a significant role in several diseases. In this study, we assess the prevalence of toxin genes in 89 S. aureus clinical isolates (31 MRSA and 58 MSSA). We evaluated the discriminatory power of the association of internal transcribed spacer-PCR (ITS-PCR) and 3'- end coa gene ( coa-PCR) when compared with other more commonly used and costly techniques. The isolates showed a high level of genetic diversity, and toxins were found in all the isolates. While most toxin classes displayed no statistically significant correlations and were equally distributed in isolates regardless of their resistance status, classic enterotoxins ( sea-see) showed a positive correlation with MSSA isolates. The combination of coa-PCR with ITS-PCR showed a discriminatory index of 0.84, discriminating 22 genotypes that agree with previously determined data by PFGE and MLST. This association between the two PCR-based methods suggests that they can be useful for an initial molecular epidemiological investigation of S. aureus in hospitals, providing significant information while requiring fewer resources.
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Martínez JRW, Planet PJ, Spencer-Sandino M, Rivas L, Díaz L, Moustafa AM, Quesille-Villalobos A, Riquelme-Neira R, Alcalde-Rico M, Hanson B, Carvajal LP, Rincón S, Reyes J, Lam M, Calderon JF, Araos R, García P, Arias CA, Munita JM. Dynamics of the MRSA Population in a Chilean Hospital: a Phylogenomic Analysis (2000-2016). Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0535122. [PMID: 37338398 PMCID: PMC10433796 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05351-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The global dissemination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is associated with the emergence and establishment of clones in specific geographic areas. The Chilean-Cordobes clone (ChC) (ST5-SCCmecI) has been the predominant MRSA clone in Chile since its first description in 1998, despite the report of other emerging MRSA clones in recent years. Here, we characterize the evolutionary history of MRSA from 2000 to 2016 in a Chilean tertiary health care center using phylogenomic analyses. We sequenced 469 MRSA isolates collected between 2000 and 2016. We evaluated the temporal trends of the circulating clones and performed a phylogenomic reconstruction to characterize the clonal dynamics. We found a significant increase in the diversity and richness of sequence types (STs; Spearman r = 0.8748, P < 0.0001) with a Shannon diversity index increasing from 0.221 in the year 2000 to 1.33 in 2016, and an effective diversity (Hill number; q = 2) increasing from 1.12 to 2.71. The temporal trend analysis revealed that in the period 2000 to 2003 most of the isolates (94.2%; n = 98) belonged to the ChC clone. However, since then, the frequency of the ChC clone has decreased over time, accounting for 52% of the collection in the 2013 to 2016 period. This decline was accompanied by the rise of two emerging MRSA lineages, ST105-SCCmecII and ST72-SCCmecVI. In conclusion, the ChC clone remains the most frequent MRSA lineage, but this lineage is gradually being replaced by several emerging clones, the most important of which is clone ST105-SCCmecII. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest study of MRSA clonal dynamics performed in South America. IMPORTANCE Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major public health pathogen that disseminates through the emergence of successful dominant clones in specific geographic regions. Knowledge of the dissemination and molecular epidemiology of MRSA in Latin America is scarce and is largely based on small studies or more limited typing techniques that lack the resolution to represent an accurate description of the genomic landscape. We used whole-genome sequencing to study 469 MRSA isolates collected between 2000 and 2016 in Chile providing the largest and most detailed study of clonal dynamics of MRSA in South America to date. We found a significant increase in the diversity of MRSA clones circulating over the 17-year study period. Additionally, we describe the emergence of two novel clones (ST105-SCCmecII and ST72-SCCmecVI), which have been gradually increasing in frequency over time. Our results drastically improve our understanding of the dissemination and update our knowledge about MRSA in Latin America.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R. W. Martínez
- Genomics & Resistant Microbes (GeRM), ICIM, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Multidisciplinary Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
| | - Paul J. Planet
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maria Spencer-Sandino
- Genomics & Resistant Microbes (GeRM), ICIM, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Multidisciplinary Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
| | - Lina Rivas
- Genomics & Resistant Microbes (GeRM), ICIM, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Multidisciplinary Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Díaz
- Genomics & Resistant Microbes (GeRM), ICIM, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Multidisciplinary Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ahmed M. Moustafa
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ana Quesille-Villalobos
- Genomics & Resistant Microbes (GeRM), ICIM, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Multidisciplinary Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Riquelme-Neira
- Genomics & Resistant Microbes (GeRM), ICIM, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Multidisciplinary Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Alcalde-Rico
- Genomics & Resistant Microbes (GeRM), ICIM, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Multidisciplinary Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
- Grupo de Resistencia a los Antibióticos en Bacterias Patógenas y Ambientales (GRABPA), Pontificia Univ. Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Blake Hanson
- Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics, Univ. of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lina P. Carvajal
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sandra Rincón
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jinnethe Reyes
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marusella Lam
- Departamento de Laboratorios Clínicos, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan F. Calderon
- Centro de Genética y Genómica Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana Universidad Del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Research Center for the Development of Novel Therapeutic Alternatives for Alcohol Use Disorders, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rafael Araos
- Genomics & Resistant Microbes (GeRM), ICIM, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Multidisciplinary Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia García
- Multidisciplinary Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Laboratorios Clínicos, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - César A. Arias
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Houston Methodist Research Institution, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - José M. Munita
- Genomics & Resistant Microbes (GeRM), ICIM, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Multidisciplinary Initiative for Collaborative Research On Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
- Hospital Padre Hurtado, Santiago, Chile
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Martínez JRW, Planet PJ, Maria SS, Lina R, Lorena D, Ana QV, Roberto RN, Manuel AR, Blake H, Carvajal LP, Sandra R, Jinnethe R, Marusella L, Rafael A, Patricia G, Arias CA, Munita JM. Dynamics of the MRSA Population in A Chilean Hospital: A Phylogenomic Analysis (2000-2016). BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.06.526811. [PMID: 36798318 PMCID: PMC9934535 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.06.526811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The global dissemination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is associated with the emergence and establishment of clones in specific geographic areas. The Chilean-Cordobes clone (ChC) (ST5-SCC mec I) has been the predominant MRSA clone in Chile since its first description in 1998, despite the report of other emerging MRSA clones in the last years. Here, we characterize the evolutionary history of MRSA from 2000 to 2016 in a Chilean tertiary healthcare center using phylogenomic analyses. We sequenced 469 MRSA isolates collected between 2000-2016 in a tertiary healthcare center in Chile. We evaluated the temporal trends of the circulating clones and performed a phylogenomic reconstruction to characterize the clonal dynamics. We found a significant increase in the diversity and richness of sequence types (STs; Spearman r=0.8748, p<0.0001) with a Shannon diversity index increasing from 0.221 in the year 2000 to 1.33 in 2016. The temporal trend analysis revealed that in the period 2000-2003 most of the isolates (94.2%; n=98) belonged to the ChC clone. However, since then, the frequency of the ChC clone has decreased over time, accounting for 52% of the collection in the 2013-2016 period. This decline was accompanied by the rise of two emerging MRSA lineages, ST105-SCC mec II and ST72-SCC mec VI. In conclusion, the ChC clone remains the most frequent MRSA lineage in Chile. However, this lineage is gradually being replaced by several emerging clones, the most important of which is clone ST105-SCC mec II. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest study of MRSA clonal dynamics performed in South America. Importance Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major public health pathogen that disseminates through the emergence of successful dominant clones in specific geographic regions. Knowledge of the dissemination and molecular epidemiology of MRSA in Latin America is scarce and is largely based on small studies or classical typing techniques with several limitations to depict an accurate description of their genomic landscape. We used whole-genome sequencing to study 469 MRSA isolates collected between 2000-2016 in Chile to provide the largest and most detailed study of clonal dynamics of MRSA carried out in South America to date. We found a significant increase in the diversity of MRSA clones circulating over the 17-year study period. Additionally, we describe the emergence of two novel clones (ST105-SCCmecII and ST72-SCCmecVI), which have been gradually increasing their frequency over time. Our results drastically improve our understanding of the dissemination and update our knowledge about MRSA in Latin America.
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Zhu H, Luo H, Zhong Q, Cao X, Gu S, Peng S, Xiao Y, Chen Y, Hang Y, Fang X, Zou S, Yu F, Hu L. Comparison of Molecular Characteristics Between Methicillin-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates by Whole-Genome Sequencing. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:2949-2958. [PMID: 35706925 PMCID: PMC9190744 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s359654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) are great public health concern worldwide. To better understand S. aureus evolution and dissemination, we compared the molecular features of MSSA and MRSA isolates. Methods In this study, 74 MSSA and 102 MRSA non-duplicate isolates were recovered from clinical samples between 2016 and 2020. Molecular epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance determinants, and virulence gene profiles were carried out by whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Results Twenty distinct sequence types were identified in MRSA isolates, with the most common being ST59, ST630, and ST338. The major genotypes of MSSA were ST188 and ST7. The toxin genes clfA, sek, and seq were significantly associated with MRSA, while splA/B, clfB, map, sdrC/D, and sem-sen-seo-seu were detected more frequently in MSSA isolates than MRSA (P < 0.05). The tst positive isolates were more commonly identified in CC1 and CC72, whereas lukE/D was mainly found in the CC7, CC15, CC88, and completely absent in CC59 clones. Conclusion Our results compared the genetic diversity between MRSA and MSSA strains, suggesting efforts to fight infections caused by MSSA need to be intensified due to MSSA isolates carrying wide range of virulence factors. Comparative epidemiological studies of large populations of MSSA and MRSA will be necessary in the future to understand how MSSA and MRSA populations may co-evolve and interact in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoshi Zhong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingwei Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shumin Gu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Suqin Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanping Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhui Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaping Hang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyao Fang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Zou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangyou Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji UniversitySchool of Medicine, Shanghai, 200082, People's Republic of China
| | - Longhua Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
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Insights into the epidemiology of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in special populations and at the community-healthcare interface. Braz J Infect Dis 2021; 25:101636. [PMID: 34672988 PMCID: PMC9392173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2021.101636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The current epidemic proportions of infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus strains and especially by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) are one of today's many threats to global public health, particularly in underdeveloped countries where significant gaps on the subject exist. The rapid spread and diversification of pandemic clones that exhibit remarkably increasing virulence and antimicrobial resistance pose a risk to the effective prevention and treatment of a wide range of infections. Undoubtedly, the remarkable versatility involving the pathogenesis and resistance of these bacteria is perpetuated through geographic and temporal factors inherent to clonal evolution and is reflected in the dramatic epidemiological changes of MRSA which, after decades prevailing in healthcare settings, have emerged in the community. Denominated community-associated [CA]-MRSA, these strains are particularly prevalent in some population groups, facilitating the spread of successful clones that are potentially capable of triggering severe community-acquired infections. Therefore, a broad approach to local epidemiological aspects in less studied regions, but nonetheless at latent risk of endemic spread that may reach global proportions, is necessary. In Brazil, despite limited molecular epidemiology data, CA-MRSA strains predominantly characterized as SCCmec IV, often classified as CC30-ST30, CC5-ST5 and CC8-ST8, seem to be spreading across different population groups in different regions of the country. Another important fact addressed in this review is the identification of the ST398-MRSA-IV/V clone and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) in healthy individuals from the community. Although susceptible to methicillin, the ST398 clone is associated with severe infections in humans and animals, denominated livestock-associated MRSA. It is therefore important to encourage assertive actions by all government sectors and by society, with a reassessment of current public health measures in light of the new perspectives arising from the scientific and epidemiological data on MRSA.
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Zuo H, Uehara Y, Lu Y, Sasaki T, Hiramatsu K. Genetic and phenotypic diversity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among Japanese inpatients in the early 1980s. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5447. [PMID: 33686133 PMCID: PMC7940613 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84481-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To trace the linkage between Japanese healthcare-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) strains in the early 1980s and the 2000s onward, we performed molecular characterizations using mainly whole-genome sequencing. Among the 194 S. aureus strains isolated, 20 mecA-positive MRSA (10.3%), 8 mecA-negative MRSA (4.1%) and 3 mecA-positive methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) (1.5%) strains were identified. The most frequent sequence type (ST) was ST30 (n = 11), followed by ST5 (n = 8), ST81 (n = 4), and ST247 (n = 3). Rates of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types I, II, and IV composed 65.2%, 13.0%, and 17.4% of isolates, respectively. Notably, 73.3% of SCCmec type I strains were susceptible to imipenem unlike SCCmec type II strains (0%). ST30-SCCmec I (n = 7) and ST5-SCCmec I (n = 5) predominated, whereas only two strains exhibited imipenem-resistance and were tst-positive ST5-SCCmec II, which is the current Japanese HA-MRSA genotype. All ST30 strains shared the common ancestor strain 55/2053, which caused the global pandemic of Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive MSSA in Europe and the United States in the 1950s. Conspicuously more heterogeneous, the population of HA-MRSA clones observed in the 1980s, including the ST30-SCCmec I clone, has shifted to the current homogeneous population of imipenem-resistant ST5-SCCmec II clones, probably due to the introduction of new antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zuo
- Department of Microbiology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yuki Uehara
- Department of Microbiology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
- Center for Infection Control Science Research, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yujie Lu
- Center for Infection Control Science Research, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Sasaki
- Center for Infection Control Science Research, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Animal Research Center, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Hiramatsu
- Department of Microbiology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Center for Infection Control Science Research, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Occurence and Antimicrobial Resistant Patterns of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) Among Practicing Veterinarians in Kebbi State, Nigeria. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2020-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen incriminated in causing multiple disease conditions in humans and livestock. Studies have shown relationships between livestock rearing and increased MRSA colonization risk among farm workers, and also suggest that livestock may serves as reservoirs of the bacteria and could also infect humans via close contact and consumption of contaminated animal products. The aim of this study was to investigate if practicing veterinarians with significant livestock contacts are at risk for MRSA colonization. Therefore, a non-randomized survey was conducted to establish the presence of MRSA among veterinarians practicing in Kebbi State Nigeria, using both cultural characteristics and molecular detection of the resistant gene (mecA). Forty-one (41) nasal swabs were aseptically collected. The detection rate of MRSA in the veterinarians was 14.6 %. The study revealed a high occurrence rate of MRSA among veterinarians in the study area. The relatively high prevalence recorded among veterinarians in this study could be attributed to the poor understanding of MRSA as a disease, its mode of transmission and its status in the country which have contributed immensely to the little/no awareness of MRSA among veterinarians and hence making it favourable for the bacteria (MRSA) to spread.
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10
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Ochoa SA, Cruz-Córdova A, Mancilla-Rojano J, Escalona-Venegas G, Esteban-Kenel V, Franco-Hernández I, Parra-Ortega I, Arellano-Galindo J, Hernández-Castro R, Perez-López CF, De la Rosa-Zamboni D, Xicohtencatl-Cortes J. Control of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Associated With a Hospital Outbreak Involving Contamination From Anesthesia Equipment Using UV-C. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:600093. [PMID: 33381094 PMCID: PMC7767929 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.600093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is considered an opportunistic pathogen in humans and is mainly associated with healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs). This bacterium colonizes the skin and mucous membranes of healthy people and causes frequent hospital outbreaks. The aim of this study was to perform molecular typing of the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) and agr loci as wells as to establish the pulsotypes and clonal complexes (CCs) for MRSA and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) outbreaks associated with the operating room (OR) at a pediatric hospital. Twenty-five clinical strains of S. aureus (19 MRSA and 6 MSSA strains) were recovered from the outbreak (patients, anesthesia equipment, and nasopharyngeal exudates from external service anesthesia technicians). These clinical S. aureus strains were mainly resistant to benzylpenicillin (100%) and erythromycin (84%) and were susceptible to vancomycin and nitrofurantoin. The SCCmec type II was amplified in 84% of the S. aureus strains, and the most frequent type of the agr locus was agrII, which was amplified in 72% of the strains; however, the agrI and agrIII genes were mainly detected in MSSA strains. A pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis grouped the 25 strains into 16 pulsotypes (P), the most frequent of which was P1, including 10 MRSA strains related to the anesthesia equipment, external service anesthesia technicians, and hospitalized patients. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) identified 15 sequence types (STs) distributed in nine CCs. The most prevalent ST was ST1011, belonging to CC5, which was associated with the SCCmec type II and agrII type. We postulate that the external service anesthesia technicians were MRSA carriers and that these strains were indirectly transmitted from the contaminated anesthesia equipment that was inappropriately disinfected. Finally, the MRSA outbreak was controlled when the anesthesia equipment disinfection was improved and hand hygiene was reinforced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Ochoa
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Intestinal, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ariadnna Cruz-Córdova
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Intestinal, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jetsi Mancilla-Rojano
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Intestinal, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Facultad de Medicina, Posgrado de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Escalona-Venegas
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Intestinal, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Veronica Esteban-Kenel
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Intestinal, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Isabel Franco-Hernández
- Laboratorio Central de Bacteriología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Israel Parra-Ortega
- Laboratorio Central de Bacteriología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José Arellano-Galindo
- Departamento de Infectología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rigoberto Hernández-Castro
- Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Citlalli F Perez-López
- Departamento de Epidemiología Hospitalaria, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Daniela De la Rosa-Zamboni
- Departamento de Epidemiología Hospitalaria, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Juan Xicohtencatl-Cortes
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Intestinal, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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11
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Singh-Moodley A, Lowe M, Mogokotleng R, Perovic O. Diversity of SCCmec elements and spa types in South African Staphylococcus aureus mecA-positive blood culture isolates. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:816. [PMID: 33167886 PMCID: PMC7654578 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05547-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus varies depending on the healthcare facility, region and country. To understand its genetic diversity, transmission, dissemination, epidemiology and evolution in a particular geographical location, it is important to understand the similarities and variations in the population being studied. This can be achieved by using various molecular characterisation techniques. This study aimed to provide detailed molecular characterisation of South African mecA-positive S. aureus blood culture isolates by describing the SCCmec types, spa types and to lesser extent, the sequence types obtained from two consecutive national surveillance studies. METHODS S. aureus blood culture isolates from a national laboratory-based and enhanced surveillance programme were identified and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using automated systems. A real-time PCR assay confirmed the presence of the methicillin-resistance determinant, mecA. Conventional PCR assays were used to identify the SCCmec type and spa type, which was subsequently analysed using the Ridom StaphType™ software. Multilocus sequence typing was performed on selected isolates using conventional methods. MRSA clones were defined by their sequence type (ST), SCCmec type and spa type. RESULTS A detailed description of findings is reported in this manuscript. SCCmec type III predominated overall followed by type IV. A total of 71 different spa types and 24 novel spa types were observed. Spa type t037 was the most common and predominated throughout followed by t1257. Isolates were multidrug resistant; isolates belonging to all SCCmec types were resistant to most of the antibiotics with the exception of type I; isolates with spa type t045 showed resistance to all antibiotics except vancomycin. The most diverse SCCmec-spa type complex was composed of the SCCmec type IV element and 53 different spa types. CONCLUSION Although ST data was limited, thereby limiting the number of clones that could be identified, the circulating clones were relatively diverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashika Singh-Moodley
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance and Mycoses, 1 Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, Johannesburg, 2131, South Africa. .,Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pathology, Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa.
| | - Michelle Lowe
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance and Mycoses, 1 Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, Johannesburg, 2131, South Africa
| | - Ruth Mogokotleng
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance and Mycoses, 1 Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, Johannesburg, 2131, South Africa
| | - Olga Perovic
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance and Mycoses, 1 Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, Johannesburg, 2131, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pathology, Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
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12
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The History of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 2020:1721936. [PMID: 33082892 PMCID: PMC7563066 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1721936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the emergence of MRSA in the 1960s, a gradual increase in infections by resistant bacteria has been observed. Clinical manifestations may vary from brand to critical condition due to host risk factors, as well as pathogen virulence and resistance. The high adaptability and pathogenic profile of MRSA clones contributed to its spread in hospital and community settings. In Brazil, the first MRSA isolates were reported in the late 1980s, and since then different genetic profiles, such as the Brazilian epidemic clone (BEC) and other clones considered a pandemic, became endemic in the Brazilian population. Additionally, Brazil's MRSA clones were shown to be able to transfer genes involved in multidrug resistance and enhanced pathogenic properties. These events contributed to the rise of highly resistant and pathogenic MRSA. In this review, we present the main events which compose the history of MRSA in Brazil, including numbers and locations of isolation, as well as types of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) found in the Brazilian territory.
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13
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Meneguin S, Torres EA, Pollo CF. Fatores associados à infecção por Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina em unidade de terapia intensiva. Rev Bras Enferm 2020; 73:e20190483. [PMID: 32901736 DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2019-0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify factors associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in adult patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), and to compare them with a control group. METHODS Retrospective case-control study carried out in an adult ICU, from January 2015 to June 2017, with 61 patients who developed methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection and the same number of control patients. RESULTS Most participants were male 65 (60.6%), with a neurological diagnosis 43 (35.2%) and hypertensive 61 (50.0%). In the comparison of the groups, there was a statistically significant difference in relation to mechanical ventilation (p=0.0107), tracheostomy (p=0.0083), death (p=0.0401), urinary catheter (p=0.0420), length of stay (p<0.0001) and severity (p=0.0003). The main factors associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection were: severity (OR= 65.69; CI=3.726-4.808; p=0.0018), use of antimicrobials (OR= 0.047;CI=0.028-0.122;p=0.0024), length of stay (OR=1.19; CI=0.952-1.031; p=0.0285). CONCLUSION methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection is multifactorial and has been associated with length of stay and severity. Use of antimicrobials was a protective factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silmara Meneguin
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho. Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Muzy Dias AP, Guimarães LC, V Petrucci LBD, Z Pinheiro JA, Pinheiro MG, Silva FRE, Póvoa HCC, Aguiar-Alves F. Prevalence of oxacillin-susceptible methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and their clonal diversity among patients attending public health-care facilities. Indian J Med Microbiol 2020; 38:192-199. [PMID: 32883933 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_20_157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Context Nosocomial infections arise from many microorganisms, including Staphylococcus aureus. Aims The aim of this study is to determine the molecular epidemiology of circulating methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) clones among patients attending community and health-care facilities in Nova Friburgo, RJ, Brazil. Methods A total of 1002 nasal swab samples were collected from May 2010 to September 2015. S. aureus isolates were identified through phenotypic tests, submitted to antimicrobial susceptibility tests and genotypic analysis to detect mecA, panton-valentine leucocidin (PVL) genes, SCCmec, SPA and multilocus sequencing typing (MLST) typing. Results We identified 294 (29.3%) isolates as S. aureus and 91 (9.1%) as MRSA. A total of 17 isolates did not present a correlation between phenotypic and genotypic resistance profiles. Among MRSA isolates, 17 (18.7%) carried PVL genes. A total of 20 different SPA types were determined, being grouped by MLST into eight different sequence types. ST5/t002 was the most prevalent genotype found among these isolates. Conclusions There is a gradual colonisation shift happening in the infection pattern by S. aureus in Brazil. The Brazilian Epidemic Clone (ST239-SCCmec IIIa-PVL-) seems to be substituted by isolates from different clonal complexes, such as ST5, ST8 and ST30. The non-correlation between phenotypic/genotypic resistance profile observed in some isolates suggests the presence of other methicillin resistance mechanisms different from mecA presence or a difference in the nucleotide sequence, which prevents the primers to identify the specific region during polymerase chain reaction reactions. MRSA identification should be based on phenotypic and genotypic testing to ensure the various types of resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Pecanha Muzy Dias
- Department of Basic Science, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo; Department of Pharmacy, University Laboratory Rodolpho Albino, Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory; Program of Pathology and Program of Microbiology and Parasitology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ-, Brazil
| | - Lorrayne Cardoso Guimarães
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Nosocomial Laboratory, Paulo de Goés Microbiology Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Livia B D V Petrucci
- Department of Basic Science, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo, RJ-, Brazil
| | - Jéssica A Z Pinheiro
- Department of Basic Science, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo, RJ-, Brazil
| | - Marcos Gabriel Pinheiro
- Department of Pharmacy, University Laboratory Rodolpho Albino, Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Fluminense Federal University; Program of Pathology and Program of Microbiology and Parasitology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ-, Brazil
| | | | - Helvécio C C Póvoa
- Department of Basic Science, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo, RJ-, Brazil
| | - Fábio Aguiar-Alves
- Department of Basic Science, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo; Department of Pharmacy, University Laboratory Rodolpho Albino, Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory; Program of Pathology and Program of Microbiology and Parasitology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ-, Brazil
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15
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Phylogenetic and Molecular Profile of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Bloodstream Infections in Northeast Brazil. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7070210. [PMID: 31336623 PMCID: PMC6680844 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7070210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a notorious human pathogen associated with serious nosocomial and community-acquired infections, such as pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome, and sepsis, among others. The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular profile, antimicrobial resistance, and clonal diversity of S. aureus isolated from the bloodstream. The determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the antimicrobial was performed by an automated method. The presence of several virulence and resistance genes was evaluated by PCR. In addition, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was used to analyze the clonal diversity of S. aureus. A high resistance to oxacillin (78%), clindamycin (78%), erythromycin (70%), ciprofloxacin (61%), and gentamicin (52%) was observed among the isolates. In most of them, the following virulence genes were detected: hlb (83%), ebpS (61%), icaA (57%), fnbpA (17%), and clfA (13%). Only one isolate carried the pvl gene. MLST analysis identified five new sequence types (STs): 5429, 5430, 5431, 5432, and 5433, as well as another seven-ST5, ST97, ST398, ST101, ST30, ST461, and ST2779-among the remaining strains. These seven STs and the four new STs are clustered in four clonal complexes: CC1, CC2, CC7, and CC17. Phylogenetic analysis showed the genetic relationship of the five new ST strains with another 18 strains. Altogether, these analyses indicate the horizontal transfer acquisition of virulence factor genes and multidrug resistance.
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16
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Okwu MU, Olley M, Akpoka AO, Izevbuwa OE. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and anti-MRSA activities of extracts of some medicinal plants: A brief review. AIMS Microbiol 2019; 5:117-137. [PMID: 31384707 PMCID: PMC6642907 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2019.2.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant infection causing microorganisms has become a significant burden globally. Despite the efforts of pharmaceuticals in producing relatively new antimicrobial drugs, they have resulted in a high rate of mortality, disability and diseases across the world especially in developing countries. Supporting this claim was the report of the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) who estimated that over 2 million illnesses and 23,000 deaths per year are attributable to antibiotic resistant pathogens in the United States. They include Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA), Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA), Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), Extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) producing gram-negative bacilli, Multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (MDRSP), Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) and Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. For MRSA, resistance is as a result of Methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) strains that have acquired Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) which carries mecA gene. The gene encodes the penicillin-binding protein (PBP2a) which confers resistance to all β-lactam antibiotics. Vancomycin was previously the widely preferred drug for the treatment of MRSA infections. It is no longer the case with the emergence of S. aureus strains with reduced vancomycin sensitivity limiting the conventional treatment options for MRSA infections to very scanty expensive drugs. Presently, many researchers have reported the antibacterial activity of many plant extracts on MRSA. Hence, these medicinal plants might be promising candidates for treatment of MRSA infections. This work is a brief review on Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and the anti-MRSA activities of extracts of selected medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen U. Okwu
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Igbinedion University Okada, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Mitsan Olley
- Department of Pathology, Igbinedion University Teaching Hospital, Okada, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Augustine O. Akpoka
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Igbinedion University Okada, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Osazee E. Izevbuwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Igbinedion University Okada, Edo State, Nigeria
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17
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Bhola J, Bhadekar R. Invitro synergistic activity of lactic acid bacteria against multi-drug resistant staphylococci. Altern Ther Health Med 2019; 19:70. [PMID: 30890126 PMCID: PMC6425562 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2470-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Multi-drug resistance in microorganisms is a serious problem at national as well as at a global level. Many researches have suggested alternatives to antibiotics with minimal or no major side effects. LAB is one of the most human-friendly probiotic strains known to mankind from times immemorial. With the objective to deal with progressing antibiotic resistance among microorganisms, the present work demonstrates the inhibitory activity of LAB consortium against MDR clinical isolates. Methods Total of nine hospital isolates of staphylococci were obtained and distinguished as S.aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) based on their ability to ferment mannitol and form clumping with citrated plasma. All the test organisms were tested for antibiotic sensitivity with HiMedia (India) Octadisc Combi 92. Sets of L .plantarum, L .acidophilus and L.casei var. rhamnosus were prepared and tested against a standard culture of S.aureus NCIM 2129 by agar well diffusion method. To identify the primary source of substances responsible for inhibitory action, whole broth, cell-free supernatant, and cell lysate was prepared from the above-mentioned set. These were tested for their inhibitory action initially against standard S.aureus NCIM 2127, followed by clinical isolates. Results The antibiotic sensitivity profile revealed that all clinical isolates were multi-drug resistant. The maximum inhibitory potential was seen in a combination of the three LAB in the ratio 1:1:1. Highest antagonistic activity was observed with whole broth and cell lysate of LAB consortium. In liquid broth assay, the cell lysate of LAB consortium astoundingly exhibited up to 85% inhibition of multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus isolates. Conclusions Our results suggest antagonistic role of LAB metabolites against methicillin resistant staphylococci.
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18
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Rimpiläinen T, Andrade J, Nunes A, Ntungwe E, Fernandes AS, Vale JR, Rodrigues J, Gomes JP, Rijo P, Candeias NR. Aminobenzylated 4-Nitrophenols as Antibacterial Agents Obtained from 5-Nitrosalicylaldehyde through a Petasis Borono-Mannich Reaction. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:16191-16202. [PMID: 31458255 PMCID: PMC6643621 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant bacteria are one of the current biggest threats to public health and are responsible for most nosocomial infections. Herein, we report the efficient and facile synthesis of antibacterial agents aminoalkylphenols, derived from 5-nitrosalicyladehyde and prepared through a Petasis borono-Mannich multicomponent reaction. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) as low as 1.23 μM for a chlorine derivative were determined for multidrug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria, namely, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis, two of the main pathogens responsible for infections in a hospital environment. The most promising antibacterial agents were further tested against eight strains of four Gram-positive species in order to elucidate their antibacterial broadness. In vitro cytotoxicity assays of the most active aminoalkylphenol revealed considerably lower toxicity against mammalian cells, as concentrations one order of magnitude higher than the determined MICs were required to induce human keratinocyte cell death. The phenol moiety was verified to be important in deeming the antibacterial properties of the analyzed compounds, although no correlation between such properties and their antioxidant activity was observed. A density functional theory computational study substantiated the ability of aminoalkylphenols to serve as precursors of ortho-quinone methides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatu Rimpiläinen
- Laboratory
of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere
University of Technology, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Joana Andrade
- CBIOS-Universidade
Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Nunes
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, National Institute
of Health, Avenida Padre
Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Epole Ntungwe
- CBIOS-Universidade
Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana S. Fernandes
- CBIOS-Universidade
Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João R. Vale
- Laboratory
of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere
University of Technology, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, 33101 Tampere, Finland
- Instituto
de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade
de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Rodrigues
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, National Institute
of Health, Avenida Padre
Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Gomes
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, National Institute
of Health, Avenida Padre
Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patricia Rijo
- CBIOS-Universidade
Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto
de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade
de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno R. Candeias
- Laboratory
of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Tampere
University of Technology, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, 33101 Tampere, Finland
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Lakhundi S, Zhang K. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Molecular Characterization, Evolution, and Epidemiology. Clin Microbiol Rev 2018; 31:e00020-18. [PMID: 30209034 PMCID: PMC6148192 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00020-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 769] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, a major human pathogen, has a collection of virulence factors and the ability to acquire resistance to most antibiotics. This ability is further augmented by constant emergence of new clones, making S. aureus a "superbug." Clinical use of methicillin has led to the appearance of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The past few decades have witnessed the existence of new MRSA clones. Unlike traditional MRSA residing in hospitals, the new clones can invade community settings and infect people without predisposing risk factors. This evolution continues with the buildup of the MRSA reservoir in companion and food animals. This review focuses on imparting a better understanding of MRSA evolution and its molecular characterization and epidemiology. We first describe the origin of MRSA, with emphasis on the diverse nature of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). mecA and its new homologues (mecB, mecC, and mecD), SCCmec types (13 SCCmec types have been discovered to date), and their classification criteria are discussed. The review then describes various typing methods applied to study the molecular epidemiology and evolutionary nature of MRSA. Starting with the historical methods and continuing to the advanced whole-genome approaches, typing of collections of MRSA has shed light on the origin, spread, and evolutionary pathways of MRSA clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahreena Lakhundi
- Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance, Alberta Health Services/Calgary Laboratory Services/University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kunyan Zhang
- Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance, Alberta Health Services/Calgary Laboratory Services/University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- The Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Moura G, Gebreyes W, Marques M, Stipp D, Souza F, Da Costa L, Oliveira C. Short communication: Occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci in dairy goat herds in Ohio, United States. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:7804-7807. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Challagundla L, Reyes J, Rafiqullah I, Sordelli DO, Echaniz-Aviles G, Velazquez-Meza ME, Castillo-Ramírez S, Fittipaldi N, Feldgarden M, Chapman SB, Calderwood MS, Carvajal LP, Rincon S, Hanson B, Planet PJ, Arias CA, Diaz L, Robinson DA. Phylogenomic Classification and the Evolution of Clonal Complex 5 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the Western Hemisphere. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1901. [PMID: 30186248 PMCID: PMC6113392 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonal complex 5 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CC5-MRSA) includes multiple prevalent clones that cause hospital-associated infections in the Western Hemisphere. Here, we present a phylogenomic study of these MRSA to reveal their phylogeny, spatial and temporal population structure, and the evolution of selected traits. We studied 598 genome sequences, including 409 newly generated sequences, from 11 countries in Central, North, and South America, and references from Asia and Europe. An early-branching CC5-Basal clade is well-dispersed geographically, is methicillin-susceptible and MRSA predominantly of ST5-IV such as the USA800 clone, and includes separate subclades for avian and porcine strains. In the early 1970s and early 1960s, respectively, two clades appeared that subsequently underwent major expansions in the Western Hemisphere: a CC5-I clade in South America and a CC5-II clade largely in Central and North America. The CC5-I clade includes the ST5-I Chilean/Cordobes clone, and the ST228-I South German clone as an early offshoot, but is distinct from other ST5-I clones from Europe that nest within CC5-Basal. The CC5-II clade includes divergent strains of the ST5-II USA100 clone, various other clones, and most known vancomycin-resistant strains of S. aureus, but is distinct from ST5-II strain N315 from Japan that nests within CC5-Basal. The recombination rate of CC5 was much lower than has been reported for other S. aureus genetic backgrounds, which indicates that recurrence of vancomycin resistance in CC5 is not likely due to an enhanced promiscuity. An increased number of antibiotic resistances and decreased number of toxins with distance from the CC5 tree root were observed. Of note, the expansions of the CC5-I and CC5-II clades in the Western Hemisphere were preceded by convergent gains of resistance to fluoroquinolone, macrolide, and lincosamide antibiotics, and convergent losses of the staphylococcal enterotoxin p (sep) gene from the immune evasion gene cluster of phage ϕSa3. Unique losses of surface proteins were also noted for these two clades. In summary, our study has determined the relationships of different clades and clones of CC5 and has revealed genomic changes for increased antibiotic resistance and decreased virulence associated with the expansions of these MRSA in the Western Hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Challagundla
- Department of Data Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Jinnethe Reyes
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, International Center for Microbial Genomics, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Iftekhar Rafiqullah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Daniel O. Sordelli
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Ciencias y Tecnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Santiago Castillo-Ramírez
- Programa de Genómica Evolutiva, Centro de Ciencias Génomicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Nahuel Fittipaldi
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Feldgarden
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Michael S. Calderwood
- Section of Infectious Disease and International Health, Dartmouth–Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Lina P. Carvajal
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, International Center for Microbial Genomics, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Sandra Rincon
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, International Center for Microbial Genomics, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Blake Hanson
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics, University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Paul J. Planet
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Cesar A. Arias
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, International Center for Microbial Genomics, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics, University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lorena Diaz
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, International Center for Microbial Genomics, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
| | - D. Ashley Robinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
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Rojas I, Barquero-Calvo E, van Balen JC, Rojas N, Muñoz-Vargas L, Hoet AE. High Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus at the Largest Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Costa Rica. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2017; 17:645-653. [PMID: 28816638 PMCID: PMC5576192 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a pathogen associated with severe infections in companion animals present in the community, and it is diagnosed in animals admitted to veterinary hospitals. However, reports that describe the circulation of MRSA in animal populations and veterinary settings in Latin America are scarce. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and investigate the molecular epidemiology of MRSA in the environment of the largest veterinary teaching hospital in Costa Rica. Preselected contact surfaces were sampled twice within a 6-week period. Antimicrobial resistance, SCCmec type, Panton-Valentine leukocidin screening, USA type, and clonality were assessed in all recovered isolates. Overall, MRSA was isolated from 26.5% (27/102) of the surfaces sampled, with doors, desks, and examination tables most frequently contaminated. Molecular analysis demonstrated a variety of surfaces from different sections of the hospital contaminated by three highly related clones/pulsotypes. All, but one of the isolates were characterized as multidrug-resistant SCCmec type IV-USA700, a strain sporadically described in other countries and often classified as community acquired. The detection and frequency of this unique strain in this veterinary setting suggest Costa Rica has a distinctive MRSA ecology when compared with other countries/regions. The high level of environmental contamination highlights the necessity to establish and enforce standard cleaning and disinfection protocols to minimize further spread of this pathogen and reduce the risk of nosocomial and/or occupational transmission of MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Rojas
- 1 Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional , Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Elías Barquero-Calvo
- 1 Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional , Heredia, Costa Rica .,2 Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica , San José, Costa Rica
| | - Joany C van Balen
- 3 Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Norman Rojas
- 2 Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica , San José, Costa Rica
| | - Lohendy Muñoz-Vargas
- 3 Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
| | - Armando E Hoet
- 3 Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio.,4 Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
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Velázquez-Meza ME, Mendoza-Olazarán S, Echániz-Aviles G, Camacho-Ortiz A, Martínez-Reséndez MF, Valero-Moreno V, Garza-González E. Chlorhexidine whole-body washing of patients reduces methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and has a direct effect on the distribution of the ST5-MRSA-II (New York/Japan) clone. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:721-728. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Soraya Mendoza-Olazarán
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario Dr José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Echániz-Aviles
- Departamento de Evaluación de Vacunas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Adrián Camacho-Ortiz
- Servicio de Infectología, Hospital Universitario Dr José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Michel Fernando Martínez-Reséndez
- Servicio de Infectología, Hospital Universitario Dr José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Vanessa Valero-Moreno
- Servicio de Infectología, Hospital Universitario Dr José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Elvira Garza-González
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario Dr José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
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Hussein NR, Assafi MS, Ijaz T. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonisation amongst healthcare workers in Kurdistan Region, Iraq. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2017; 9:78-81. [PMID: 28419870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among healthcare workers (HCWs) compared with non-HCWs at Duhok city, Kurdistan Region, northern Iraq. METHODS A total of 182 HCWs with different occupations and working in different hospital units as well as 198 non-HCWs were recruited. Nasal swab samples were collected and were inoculated on mannitol salt agar and incubated at 35°C for 48h. Isolates identified as S. aureus underwent antimicrobial sensitivity testing to oxacillin. MRSA isolates were selected and investigated for presence of the mecA gene. RESULTS Among the HCWs, 41/182 (22.5%) were carriers of S. aureus compared with 37/198 (18.7%) non-HCWs (P=0.4). Amongst the S. aureus carriers, 25/41 strains (61.0%) isolated from HCWs were MRSA compared with 8/37 strains (21.6%) isolated from non-HCWs (P=0.039). The mean age of MRSA carriers was 35.6±6.7years compared with 30±5.8years for MRSA non-carriers (P=0.0177). The mean working years of MRSA carriers was significantly higher than that of MRSA non-carriers (7.8±5.5years vs. 3.9±5.3years; P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of MRSA was very high amongst HCWs. Regular screening of carriers is required for prevention of nosocomial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawfal R Hussein
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Mahde S Assafi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zakho, Zakho, Iraq.
| | - Tayyaba Ijaz
- Mayo Hospital, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
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Current methodologies on genotyping for nosocomial pathogen methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Microb Pathog 2017; 107:17-28. [PMID: 28284852 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common pathogen in hospitals and the community. As the rapid spread and wide distribution of antimicrobial resistance (such as MRSA), treatment for infectious diseases caused by microorganisms has become a vital threat. Thus, early identification and genotyping are essential for further therapeutic treatment and the control of rapid expansion of MRSA. In combination with applications and data feedbacks, this review focused on the currently available molecular-based assays on their utility and performance for rapid typing of MRSA, especially on effective molecular-based methods. Besides, a common mobile element SCCmec and prevalence of HA-MRSA, LA-MRSA and CA-MRSA were introduced in this review in order to provide a more complete profile of MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Nogueira Angerami
- Epidemiological Surveillance Section, Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Clinics; University of Campinas and Department of Public Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas; Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Luiz Jacintho da Silva
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences; University of Campinas; Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences; Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira; Pereira Risaralda Colombia
- Infectious Diseases Research Group; Hospital Universitario de Sincelejo; Sucre Colombia
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Coelho C, de Lencastre H, Aires-de-Sousa M. Frequent occurrence of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole hetero-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in different African countries. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 36:1243-1252. [PMID: 28160148 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-017-2915-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
High rates of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT) resistance, a combination of two antifolate antibiotics trimethoprim (TMP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), have been reported among Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Portuguese-speaking African countries. Our study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of TMP resistance markers in major SXTR methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) clones from these countries. We accessed also different fitness traits that could explain the success of these isolates over the Brazilian MRSA (the most successful SXTR MRSA clone worldwide but never identified in these countries). Minimum inhibitory concentrations for SXT, TMP and SMZ were determined, and genes encoding TMP resistance (dfrG, dfrA, dfrK and dfrB) were searched. Representatives of the Brazilian clone and of the major MRSA African clones were evaluated for their fitness by individual growth curves, competition assays, survival under desiccation, autolytic activity, resistance to oxidative stress, and also growth at high osmolarity and in acid and alkaline environments. Although all African isolates showed high-level resistance to TMP, the majority presented hetero-resistance to SXT. TMP resistance was linked to the presence of dfrG (78%), dfrA (19%) or both (3%) genes. Compared to the Brazilian clone, the African isolates showed higher growth rates and autolytic activity, and better survival to desiccation and alkaline conditions. Since isolates exhibiting SXT hetero-resistance are frequent in Africa, the implementation of standardized guidelines to detect this phenomenon is of major interest. The predominant MRSA clones in Portuguese-speaking African countries likely possess significant advantages over other clones, such as the Brazilian MRSA, that may explain their epidemiological success.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Coelho
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - H de Lencastre
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Aires-de-Sousa
- Escola Superior de Saúde da Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa, Avenida de Ceuta, n°1, Edifício UrbiCeuta, 1300-125, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Togneri AM, Podestá LB, Pérez MP, Santiso GM. Estudio de las infecciones por Staphylococcus aureus en un hospital general de agudos (2002-2013). Rev Argent Microbiol 2017; 49:24-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Barreto-Santamaría A, Curtidor H, Arévalo-Pinzón G, Herrera C, Suárez D, Pérez WH, Patarroyo ME. A New Synthetic Peptide Having Two Target of Antibacterial Action in E. coli ML35. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:2006. [PMID: 28066341 PMCID: PMC5167725 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased resistance of microorganisms to the different antimicrobials available to today has highlighted the need to find new therapeutic agents, including natural and/or synthetic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). This study has evaluated the antimicrobial activity of synthetic peptide 35409 (RYRRKKKMKKALQYIKLLKE) against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442 and Escherichia coli ML 35 (ATCC 43827). The results have shown that peptide 35409 inhibited the growth of these three bacterial strains, having 16-fold greater activity against E. coli and P. aeruginosa, but requiring less concentration regarding E. coli (22 μM). When analyzing this activity against E. coli compared to time taken, it was found that this peptide inhibited bacterial growth during the first 60 min and reduced CFU/mL 1 log after 120 min had elapsed. This AMP permeabilized the E. coli membrane by interaction with membrane phospholipids, mainly phosphatidylethanolamine, inhibited cell division and induced filamentation, suggesting two different targets of action within a bacterial cell. Cytotoxicity studies revealed that peptide 35409 had low hemolytic activity and was not cytotoxic for two human cell lines. We would thus propose, in the light of these findings, that the peptide 35409 sequence should provide a promising template for designing broad-spectrum AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Barreto-Santamaría
- Receptor-Ligand Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de ColombiaBogotá, Colombia; Faculty of Sciences and Education, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de CaldasBogotá, Colombia; School of Medicine and Health sciences, Universidad del RosarioBogotá, Colombia
| | - Hernando Curtidor
- Receptor-Ligand Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de ColombiaBogotá, Colombia; School of Medicine and Health sciences, Universidad del RosarioBogotá, Colombia
| | - Gabriela Arévalo-Pinzón
- Receptor-Ligand Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de ColombiaBogotá, Colombia; School of Medicine and Health sciences, Universidad del RosarioBogotá, Colombia
| | - Chonny Herrera
- Receptor-Ligand Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de ColombiaBogotá, Colombia; School of Medicine and Health sciences, Universidad del RosarioBogotá, Colombia
| | - Diana Suárez
- Receptor-Ligand Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de ColombiaBogotá, Colombia; School of Medicine and Health sciences, Universidad del RosarioBogotá, Colombia
| | - Walter H Pérez
- Escuela Colombiana de Carreras Industriales Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel E Patarroyo
- Receptor-Ligand Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de ColombiaBogotá, Colombia; Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotá, Colombia
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Aires-de-Sousa M. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among animals: current overview. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 23:373-380. [PMID: 27851997 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a universal threat. After being well established in the healthcare setting, it has emerged in the community among people with no risk factors for MRSA acquisition, therefore imposing a new threat. The subsequent detection of MRSA colonizing or infecting animals as well as in food of animal origin was of major concern, revealing new reservoirs for MRSA. The major MRSA clonal lineages circulating in the different settings, i.e. in hospitals, in the community and among animals, are described here, differentiating between clones colonizing companion and food-chain animals. Particular attention is given to the widely spread livestock-associated MRSA clonal complex (CC) 398, which is mainly associated with professional exposure but may be of high pathogenicity. The recent detection of a mecA homologue, designated mecC, with a wide geographical distribution in Europe, and including a large diversity of hosts (food-chain, companion and wildlife animals and also detected in water samples) adds to the threat. Domestication as well as globalization of the livestock industry have intensified exchanges between human and animal bacteria. We report here several cases of transmission of MRSA between companion or food-chain animals and humans, as well as some MRSA clones of human origin that have adapted to new animal hosts eventually by losing useless virulence factors or acquiring new mobile genetic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aires-de-Sousa
- Escola Superior de Saúde da Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Zurita J, Barba P, Ortega-Paredes D, Mora M, Rivadeneira S. Local circulating clones of Staphylococcus aureus in Ecuador. Braz J Infect Dis 2016; 20:525-533. [PMID: 27638417 PMCID: PMC9427608 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The spread of pandemic Staphylococcus aureus clones, mainly methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), must be kept under surveillance to assemble an accurate, local epidemiological analysis. In Ecuador, the prevalence of the USA300 Latin American variant clone (USA300-LV) is well known; however, there is little information about other circulating clones. The aim of this work was to identify the sequence types (ST) using a Multiple-Locus Variable number tandem repeat Analysis 14-locus genotyping approach. We analyzed 132 S. aureus strains that were recovered from 2005 to 2013 and isolated in several clinical settings in Quito, Ecuador. MRSA isolates composed 46.97% (62/132) of the study population. Within MRSA, 37 isolates were related to the USA300-LV clone (ST8-MRSA-IV, Panton-Valentine Leukocidin [PVL] +) and 10 were related to the Brazilian clone (ST239-MRSA-III, PVL−). Additionally, two isolates (ST5-MRSA-II, PVL−) were related to the New York/Japan clone. One isolate was related to the Pediatric clone (ST5-MRSA-IV, PVL−), one isolate (ST45-MRSA-II, PVL−) was related to the USA600 clone, and one (ST22-MRSA-IV, PVL−) was related to the epidemic UK-EMRSA-15 clone. Moreover, the most prevalent MSSA sequence types were ST8 (11 isolates), ST45 (8 isolates), ST30 (8 isolates), ST5 (7 isolates) and ST22 (6 isolates). Additionally, we found one isolate that was related to the livestock associated S. aureus clone ST398. We conclude that in addition to the high prevalence of clone LV-ST8-MRSA-IV, other epidemic clones are circulating in Quito, such as the Brazilian, Pediatric and New York/Japan clones. The USA600 and UK-EMRSA-15 clones, which were not previously described in Ecuador, were also found. Moreover, we found evidence of the presence of the livestock associated clone ST398 in a hospital environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannete Zurita
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Facultad de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador; Unidad de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Zurita & Zurita Laboratorios, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Pedro Barba
- Unidad de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Zurita & Zurita Laboratorios, Quito, Ecuador
| | - David Ortega-Paredes
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Facultad de Medicina, Quito, Ecuador; Unidad de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Zurita & Zurita Laboratorios, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Marcelo Mora
- Unidad de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Zurita & Zurita Laboratorios, Quito, Ecuador
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William da Fonseca Batistão D, Amaral de Campos P, Caroline Camilo N, Royer S, Fuga Araújo B, Spirandelli Carvalho Naves K, Martins M, Olívia Pereira M, Henriques M, Pinto Gontijo-Filho P, Botelho C, Oliveira R, Marques Ribas R. Biofilm formation of Brazilian meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains: prevalence of biofilm determinants and clonal profiles. J Med Microbiol 2016; 65:286-297. [PMID: 26862039 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms plays an important role in medical-device-related infections. This study aimed to determine the factors that influence adherence and biofilm production, as well as the relationship between strong biofilm production and genetic determinants in clinical isolates of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Fifteen strains carrying different chromosomal cassettes recovered from hospitalized patients were selected; five SCCmecII, five SCCmecIII and five SCCmecIV. The SCCmec type, agr group and the presence of the virulence genes (bbp, clfA, icaA, icaD, fnbB, bap, sasC and IS256) were assessed by PCR. PFGE and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) techniques were also performed. The initial adhesion and biofilm formation were examined by quantitative assays. The surface tension and hydrophobicity of the strains were measured by the contact angle technique to evaluate the association between these parameters and adhesion ability. SCCmecIII and IV strains were less hydrophilic, with a high value for the electron acceptor parameter and higher adhesion in comparison with SCCmecII strains. Only SCCmecIII strains could be characterized as strong biofilm producers. The PFGE showed five major pulsotypes (A-E); however, biofilm production was related to the dissemination of one specific PFGE clone (C) belonging to MLST ST239 (Brazilian epidemic clonal complex). The genes agrI, fnbB and IS256 in SCCmecIII strains were considered as genetic determinants associated with strong biofilm-formation by an ica-independent biofilm pathway. This study contributes to the understanding of biofilm production as an aggravating factor potentially involved in the persistence and severity of infections caused by multidrug-resistant MRSA belonging to this genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola Amaral de Campos
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Nayara Caroline Camilo
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Royer
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Bruna Fuga Araújo
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Karinne Spirandelli Carvalho Naves
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Margarida Martins
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria Olívia Pereira
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Mariana Henriques
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Paulo Pinto Gontijo-Filho
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Botelho
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Rosário Oliveira
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Rosineide Marques Ribas
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Biomedical Science Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, Brazil
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Al Yousef SA, Taha EM. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus in Saudi Arabia: Genotypes Distribution Review. SAUDI JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 4:2-8. [PMID: 30787687 PMCID: PMC6298269 DOI: 10.4103/1658-631x.170880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) infections in hospital have obviously imposed a significant burden of morbidity and mortality, and strain on healthcare resources. Here, we review the genotype distribution of these pathogens in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). A PubMed literature search (until May 2014) specified 12 articles that characterized MRSA clones in KSA. Only two regions (Riyadh and Damamm) were represented in ten articles. Data from these articles showed that the pandemic Vienna/Hungarian/Brazilian clone (CC8/ST239-III) is the most frequent in Saudi regions (Riyadh and Damamm). Several other clones such as Barnim/UK-EMRSA-15 (CC22-IV), Southwest Pacific clone (ST30-IV) and European community-associated-MRSA clone (CC80-IV) have been detected in the Riyadh region. A variety of MRSA clones is beginning to circulate in Saudi hospitals. Continued collection and molecular characterization of MRSA is crucial for the effective prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman A Al Yousef
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Dammam, Hafr Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eihab M Taha
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Dammam, Hafr Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
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Sama Fonkeng L, Mouokeu RS, Tume C, Njateng GSS, Kamcthueng MO, Ndonkou NJ, Kuiate JR. Anti-Staphylococcus aureus activity of methanol extracts of 12 plants used in Cameroonian folk medicine. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:710. [PMID: 26601806 PMCID: PMC4657219 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1663-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of bacterial infections including those associated with Staphylococcus aureus causes a benefit of interest to medicinal plants as an effective means of control. The present study was designed to investigate the activities of 12 selected Cameroonian medicinal plants against S. aureus isolates. METHODS The plant extracts were prepared by maceration in methanol at laboratory temperature. Qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed by chemical reaction methods. The broth microdilution method was used to evaluate the activities of plant extracts against 11 S. aureus clinical isolates. RESULTS Dacryodes edulis was found to have significant antibacterial activity on all the S. aureus isolates (MIC = 64-256 µg/ml). Occimum gratissimum revealed significant inhibitory activity on 9 of the 11 isolates while Commelina erecta and Spilanthes filicaulis revealed similar results on 6 of the 11 clinical isolates. CONCLUSION The present findings showed that D. eduli, O. gratissimum, C. erecta and S. filicaulis possess interesting inhibitory properties against S. aureus species. These plants could therefore be good candidates to overcome infectious diseases associated with these microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Sama Fonkeng
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Substances, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.
| | - Raymond Simplice Mouokeu
- Institute of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 7236, Douala, Cameroon.
| | - Christopher Tume
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Substances, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.
| | - Guy Sedar Singor Njateng
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Substances, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.
| | - Monique Odette Kamcthueng
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Substances, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.
| | - Nfozon Jinette Ndonkou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Substances, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.
| | - Jules-Roger Kuiate
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Substances, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon.
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Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 Latin American Variant in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis and HIV Infected in a Hospital in Bogotá, Colombia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140748. [PMID: 26474075 PMCID: PMC4608721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to determine the prevalence of MRSA colonization and examine the molecular characteristics of colonizing isolates in patients receiving hemodialysis and HIV-infected in a Colombian hospital. Patients on hemodialysis and HIV-infected were prospectively followed between July 2011 and June 2012 in Bogota, Colombia. Nasal and axillary swabs were obtained and cultured. Colonizing S. aureus isolates were identified by standard and molecular techniques. Molecular typing was performed by using pulse-field gel electrophoresis and evaluating the presence of lukF-PV/lukS-PV by PCR. A total of 29% (n = 82) of HIV-infected and 45.5% (n = 15) of patients on hemodialysis exhibited S. aureus colonization. MSSA/MRSA colonization was observed in 28% and 3.6% of the HIV patients, respectively and in 42.4% and 13.3% of the hemodialysis patients, respectively. Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec typing showed that four MRSA isolates harbored the type IV cassette, and one type I. In the hemodialysis group, two MRSA isolates were classified as belonging to the USA300-LV genetic lineage. Conversely, in the HIV infected group, no colonizing isolates belonging to the USA300-Latin American Variant (UDA300-LV) lineage were identified. Colonizing isolates recovered from the HIV-infected group belonged to the prevalent hospital-associated clones circulating in Latin America (Chilean [n = 1] and Pediatric [n = 2]). The prevalence of MRSA colonization in the study groups was 3.6% (HIV) and 13.3% (hemodialysis). Surveillance programs should be implemented in this group of patients in order to understand the dynamics of colonization and infection in high-risk patients.
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Draft Genome Sequence of a Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-Positive Staphylococcus aureus Sequence Type 30 Isolate from a Pediatric Patient with a Lung Infection in Brazil. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/4/e00907-15. [PMID: 26294626 PMCID: PMC4543504 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00907-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The sequence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain B6 (sequence type 30 [ST30], spa type t433, staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec element [SCCmec] type IVc, Panton-Valentine leukocidin [PVL] positive), isolated from a pediatric patient with a lung infection in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is described here. The draft genome sequence includes a 2.8-Mb chromosome, accompanied by a 20-kb plasmid containing blaZ and two small cryptic plasmids.
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Correlación entre la detección de superantígenos y resistencia a oxacilina en aislamientos hospitalarios de Staphylococcus aureus. INFECTIO 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.infect.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Activity of Debio1452, a FabI inhibitor with potent activity against Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp., including multidrug-resistant strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:2583-7. [PMID: 25691627 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05119-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are responsible for a wide variety of human infections. The investigational antibacterial Debio1450 (previously AFN-1720), a prodrug of Debio1452 (previously AFN-1252), specifically targets staphylococci without significant activity against other Gram-positive or Gram-negative species. Debio1452 inhibits FabI, an enzyme critical to fatty acid biosynthesis in staphylococci. The activity of Debio1452 against CoNS, methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), including significant clones, was determined. A globally diverse collection of 574 patient isolates from 35 countries was tested that included CoNS (6 species, 103 strains), MSSA (154 strains), MRSA (163 strains), and molecularly characterized strains (including spa-typed MRSA clones; 154 strains). The isolates were tested for susceptibility by CLSI broth microdilution methods against Debio1452 and 10 comparators. The susceptibility rates for the comparators were determined using CLSI and EUCAST breakpoint criteria. All S. aureus and CoNS strains were inhibited by Debio1452 concentrations of ≤ 0.12 and ≤ 0.5 μg/ml, respectively. The MIC50s for MSSA, MRSA, and molecularly characterized MRSA strains were 0.004 μg/ml, and the MIC90s ranged from 0.008 to 0.03 μg/ml. The MICs were higher for the CoNS isolates (MIC50/90, 0.015/0.12 μg/ml). Among S. aureus strains, resistance was common for erythromycin (61.6%), levofloxacin (49.0%), clindamycin (27.6%), tetracycline (15.7%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (7.0%). Debio1452 demonstrated potent activity against MSSA, MRSA, and CoNS. Debio1452 showed significantly greater activity overall (MIC50, 0.004 μg/ml) than the other agents tested against these staphylococcal species, which included dominant MRSA clones and strains resistant to currently utilized antimicrobial agents.
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Bartoloni A, Riccobono E, Magnelli D, Villagran AL, Di Maggio T, Mantella A, Sennati S, Revollo C, Strohmeyer M, Giani T, Pallecchi L, Rossolini GM. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospitalized patients from the Bolivian Chaco. Int J Infect Dis 2015; 30:156-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Leiva Peláez O, Stojanov M, Zayas Tamayo AM, Barreras García G, González Aleman M, Martínez Ceballos L, Muñoz del Campo JL, Bello Rodríguez O, Gonzalez Mesa L, Blanc DS. Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from 4 Cuban hospitals. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 81:1-3. [PMID: 25467174 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
During a 1-year period, 87 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates were collected from 4 major Cuban hospitals for epidemiological analysis. The majority (86%) were related to the community-associated USA300 clone, whereas the remaining belonged to a new clone ST72-V. Interestingly, no hospital-associated clone was found in these Cuban hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osney Leiva Peláez
- Service of Hospital Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Microbiology Department, National Center for Scientific Investigation (CNIC), Havana, Cuba
| | - Miloš Stojanov
- Service of Hospital Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Olga Bello Rodríguez
- Microbiology Department, Center for Medical Surgical Investigations (CIMEQ), Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Dominique S Blanc
- Service of Hospital Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland.
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Singh S, Prasad P, Subramani R, Aalbersberg W. Production and purification of a bioactive substance against multi-drug resistant human pathogens from the marine-sponge-derived Salinispora sp. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014. [DOI: 10.12980/apjtb.4.2014c1154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Witzel CDL, Fortaleza CMCB, de Souza CSM, Riboli DFM, da Cunha MDLRDS. Nasopharyngeal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among imprisoned males from Brazil without exposure to healthcare: risk factors and molecular characterization. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2014; 13:25. [PMID: 24990470 PMCID: PMC4099405 DOI: 10.1186/1476-0711-13-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies report high prevalence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization among imprisoned populations. However, there are no data on that prevalence in Brazilian correctional institutions. Findings We tested 302 male prisoners for nasopharyngeal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus from February 2009 through April 2010. The overall isolation rate of S. aureus was 16.5% (50/302). Men who had sex with men, users of inhalatory drugs and those with previous lung or skin diseases were more likely to be colonized with S. aureus. MRSA was isolated from 0.7% of subjects (2/302). The two Community-associated (CA)-MRSA belonged to ST5 but were unrelated based on the PFGE results. Both harbored SCCmec IV, and did not possess the Panton-Valentine Leukocidin gene. Conclusion We found low prevalence of S. aureus and CA-MRSA among prisoners. MRSA isolates ST5 from two subjects harboured SCCmec IV and presented different PFGE patterns.
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Abstract
We collected all Staphylococcus aureus isolates from the National Children's Hospital in Costa Rica to evaluate the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Of 299 S. aureus isolates, 61% were MRSA. Most MRSA isolates (94.5%) carried SCCmec IV, and 45.6% carried Panton-Valentine leukocidin-encoding genes. The high prevalence of MRSA in this population highlights the need for improvement of antibiotic prescription and infection control measures.
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Figueiredo AMS, Ferreira FA. The multifaceted resources and microevolution of the successful human and animal pathogen methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 109:265-78. [PMID: 24789555 PMCID: PMC4131778 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276140016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most important bacterial pathogens based on its incidence and the severity of its associated infections. In addition, severe MRSA infections can occur in hospitalised patients or healthy individuals from the community. Studies have shown the infiltration of MRSA isolates of community origin into hospitals and variants of hospital-associated MRSA have caused infections in the community. These rapid epidemiological changes represent a challenge for the molecular characterisation of such bacteria as a hospital or community-acquired pathogen. To efficiently control the spread of MRSA, it is important to promptly detect the mecA gene, which is the determinant of methicillin resistance, using a polymerase chain reaction-based test or other rapidly and accurate methods that detect the mecA product penicillin-binding protein (PBP)2a or PBP2'. The recent emergence of MRSA isolates that harbour a mecA allotype, i.e., the mecC gene, infecting animals and humans has raised an additional and significant issue regarding MRSA laboratory detection. Antimicrobial drugs for MRSA therapy are becoming depleted and vancomycin is still the main choice in many cases. In this review, we present an overview of MRSA infections in community and healthcare settings with focus on recent changes in the global epidemiology, with special reference to the MRSA picture in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Marie Sá Figueiredo
- Departamento de Microbiologia Médica , Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de
Góes , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , RJ ,
Brasil
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Rossi F, Diaz L, Wollam A, Panesso D, Zhou Y, Rincon S, Narechania A, Xing G, Di Gioia TSR, Doi A, Tran TT, Reyes J, Munita JM, Carvajal LP, Hernandez-Roldan A, Brandão D, van der Heijden IM, Murray BE, Planet PJ, Weinstock GM, Arias CA. Transferable vancomycin resistance in a community-associated MRSA lineage. N Engl J Med 2014; 370:1524-31. [PMID: 24738669 PMCID: PMC4112484 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1303359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We report the case of a patient from Brazil with a bloodstream infection caused by a strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) that was susceptible to vancomycin (designated BR-VSSA) but that acquired the vanA gene cluster during antibiotic therapy and became resistant to vancomycin (designated BR-VRSA). Both strains belong to the sequence type (ST) 8 community-associated genetic lineage that carries the staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec) type IVa and the S. aureus protein A gene (spa) type t292 and are phylogenetically related to MRSA lineage USA300. A conjugative plasmid of 55,706 bp (pBRZ01) carrying the vanA cluster was identified and readily transferred to other staphylococci. The pBRZ01 plasmid harbors DNA sequences that are typical of the plasmid-associated replication genes rep24 or rep21 described in community-associated MRSA strains from Australia (pWBG745). The presence and dissemination of community-associated MRSA containing vanA could become a serious public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Rossi
- From the Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology of the Central Laboratory (LIM 03) and Department of Infectious Disease (LIM 54), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo (F.R., T.S.R.D.G., A.D., D.B., I.M.H.); Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Universidad El Bosque, Bogota (L.D., D.P., S.R., J.R., L.P.C., C.A.A.), and Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Medicas (CIDEIM), Cali (A.H.-R.) - both in Colombia; Clinica Alemana de Santiago, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile (J.M.M.); the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (L.D., D.P., T.T.T., J.R., J.M.M., A.H.-R., B.E.M, C.A.A.), and the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics (B.E.M., C.A.A.), University of Texas Medical School at Houston, and the University of Houston College of Pharmacy (T.T.T.) - both in Houston; the Genome Institute, Washington University at St. Louis, St. Louis (A.W., Y.Z., G.M.W.); and Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History (A.N., P.J.P.), and Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Columbia University (G.X., P.J.P.) - both in New York
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Flamm RK, Sader HS, Jones RN. Ceftaroline activity tested against contemporary Latin American bacterial pathogens (2011). Braz J Infect Dis 2014; 18:187-95. [PMID: 24513484 PMCID: PMC9427512 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 2484 target bacterial pathogens were collected (one per patient episode) from patients in 16 Latin American medical centers located in seven nations during 2011. Isolate identity was confirmed at a coordinating laboratory and susceptibility testing was performed for ceftaroline and comparator agents according to reference broth microdilution methods. A total of 30.0% of isolates were from respiratory tract, 29.4% from skin and skin structure, 21.4% from blood stream, 7.9% from urinary tract and 11.3% from other sites. Ceftaroline was active against Staphylococcus aureus (42.8% MRSA) with 83.6% of the isolates at ≤ 1 mg/L and all isolates at ≤ 2 mg/L (MIC5090, 0.25/2mg/L). National MRSA rates ranged from a low of 28.8% in Colombia to a high of 68.1% in Chile. All Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus agalactiae were susceptible to ceftaroline (MIC50/90 values were at ≤ 0.015/≤ 0.015 mg/L for both). All Streptococcus pneumoniae were susceptible to ceftaroline, linezolid, tigecycline and vancomycin. Susceptibility to ceftriaxone was at 88.4% (CLSI non-meningitis interpretive criteria) and 73.9% (CLSI meningitis interpretive criteria) for all S. pneumoniae. Ceftriaxone susceptibility was only at 33.3% (CLSI non-meningitis interpretive criteria) and 0.0% (CLSI meningitis interpretive criteria) for penicillin-intermediate (penicillin MIC, 4 mg/L) strains. All Haemophilus influenzae (29.4% β-lactamase-positive) isolates were susceptible to ceftaroline, amoxicillin-clavulanate, ceftriaxone, and levofloxacin. For the Latin American region, the ESBL-phenotype rate was 37.6% for Escherichia coli and 53.3% for Klebsiella pneumoniae. Ceftaroline was not active against ESBL-phenotype strains but was active against >90.0% of the non-ESBL-phenotype. The spectrum of activity of ceftaroline against pathogens from Latin America indicates that it merits further study for its potential use in the Latin American region.
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Isolation of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in healthy carriers in a Mexican community. Int J Infect Dis 2013; 18:22-6. [PMID: 24135699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) clones are spreading rapidly among the population in many regions worldwide. Little information is available on CA-MRSA in Mexico. The aim of this study was to identify CA-MRSA strains in the nose and throat of healthy people in a Mexican community. METHODS A total of 131 MRSA strains from the nose and throat obtained from healthy people in Mexico City were characterized. The genes mecA, lukS-PV/lukF-PV, and ACME-arcA were detected by PCR. Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and spa typing were performed. RESULTS Bacteria that had a Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-positive gene and SCCmec type IV or V were designated as CA-MRSA strains. We found that 21.4% of MRSA strains were CA-MRSA and that the percentage of CA-MRSA strains was similar in the nose and the throat. A great diversity of profiles was found in the strains identified by PFGE pattern and spa typing. Only one strain similar to the USA300 genotype was found; this strain carried the ACME-arcA gene. CONCLUSIONS CA-MRSA strains were detected in the nose and throat of healthy people. We identified a high level of genetic diversity among CA-MRSA strains in healthy people of Mexico City, which were different from the USA and pandemic clone profiles.
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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in neonates and children attending a pediatric outpatient clinics in Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis 2013; 18:42-7. [PMID: 24076111 PMCID: PMC9425255 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Latin America, few studies have been carried out on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage in the pediatric population. We conducted a survey of nasal S. aureus carriage in neonates and in children attending the pediatric outpatient clinics in a large Brazilian city with high antimicrobial consumption. Methods Pernasal swabs of neonates were collected upon admission and at discharge in four neonatal intensive care units and of children less than five years of age during outpatient visits. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates were characterized for antibiotic susceptibility, mec gene presence, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, spa type, SCCmec-type, multilocus sequence type, and presence of Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes. Results S. aureus was carried by 9.1% and 20.1% of the 701 neonates and of 2034 children attending the outpatient clinics, respectively; methicillin-resistant S. aureus carriage was detected in 0.6% and 0.2%, of the these populations, respectively. Healthcare-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains found in neonates from neonatal intensive care units and outpatients were genetically related to the Brazilian (SCCmec-III, ST239) and to the Pediatric (SCCmec-IV, ST5) clones. Community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus was only detected in outpatients. None of the methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains contained the Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains related to the Brazilian clone showed multidrug resistance pattern. Conclusions Despite the high antibiotic pressure in our area, and the cross transmission of the healthcare-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus clones between neonatal intensive care units and outpatients, the prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus carriage is still low in our setting.
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Surveillance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus causing nosocomial infections in five medical centers of Monterrey, Nuevo León, México from 2005-2009. Arch Med Res 2013; 44:570-4. [PMID: 24051038 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Staphylococcus aureus is a principal cause of human bacterial infection worldwide. The dissemination of antibiotic resistance among S. aureus strains is very import in the treatment of Staphylococcal infections. We undertook this study to identify methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clones responsible for nosocomial infection in five medical centers in Monterrey, Nuevo León (N.L.), México from 2005-2009. METHODS One hundred ninety MRSA strains collected from 2005-2009 from five hospitals affiliated with the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) in Monterrey, N.L., México were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility, pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing. RESULTS Only one clone was present in the five hospitals (clone C); this clone is strongly associated with the New York-Japan clone (SCCmec II) with a broad resistance profile. CONCLUSIONS This study clearly documented the high ability for dissemination and the persistence of the New York-Japan clone in these centers.
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