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The Global Emergence of Human Babesiosis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111447. [PMID: 34832603 PMCID: PMC8623124 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Babesiosis is an emerging tick-borne disease caused by intraerythrocytic protozoa that are primarily transmitted by hard-bodied (ixodid) ticks and rarely through blood transfusion, perinatally, and organ transplantation. More than 100 Babesia species infect a wide spectrum of wild and domestic animals worldwide and six have been identified as human pathogens. Babesia microti is the predominant species that infects humans, is found throughout the world, and causes endemic disease in the United States and China. Babesia venatorum and Babesia crassa-like agent also cause endemic disease in China. Babesia divergens is the predominant species in Europe where fulminant cases have been reported sporadically. The number of B. microti infections has been increasing globally in recent decades. In the United States, more than 2000 cases are reported each year, although the actual number is thought to be much higher. In this review of the epidemiology of human babesiosis, we discuss epidemiologic tools used to monitor disease location and frequency; demographics and modes of transmission; the location of human babesiosis; the causative Babesia species in the Americas, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia; the primary clinical characteristics associated with each of these infections; and the increasing global health burden of this disease.
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Bonsergent C, de Carné MC, de la Cotte N, Moussel F, Perronne V, Malandrin L. The New Human Babesia sp. FR1 Is a European Member of the Babesia sp. MO1 Clade. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111433. [PMID: 34832590 PMCID: PMC8618789 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In Europe, Babesia divergens is responsible for most of the severe cases of human babesiosis. In the present study, we describe a case of babesiosis in a splenectomized patient in France and report a detailed molecular characterization of the etiological agent, named Babesia sp. FR1, as well as of closely related Babesia divergens, Babesia capreoli and Babesia sp. MO1-like parasites. The analysis of the conserved 18S rRNA gene was supplemented with the analysis of more discriminant markers involved in the red blood cell invasion process: rap-1a (rhoptry-associated-protein 1) and ama-1 (apical-membrane-antigen 1). The rap-1a and ama-1 phylogenetic analyses were congruent, placing Babesia sp. FR1, the new European etiological agent, in the American cluster of Babesia sp. MO1-like parasites. Based on two additional markers, our analysis confirms the clear separation of B. divergens and B. capreoli. Babesia sp. MO1-like parasites should also be considered as a separate species, with the rabbit as its natural host, differing from those of B. divergens (cattle) and B. capreoli (roe deer). The natural host of Babesia sp. FR1 remains to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Bonsergent
- BIOEPAR, INRAE, Oniris, 44300 Nantes, France;
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (L.M.)
| | - Marie-Charlotte de Carné
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital F. Quesnay, 78200 Mantes-la Jolie, France; (M.-C.d.C.); (V.P.)
| | | | - François Moussel
- Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale, Hôpital F. Quesnay, 78200 Mantes-la-Jolie, France;
| | - Véronique Perronne
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital F. Quesnay, 78200 Mantes-la Jolie, France; (M.-C.d.C.); (V.P.)
| | - Laurence Malandrin
- BIOEPAR, INRAE, Oniris, 44300 Nantes, France;
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (L.M.)
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Hildebrandt A, Zintl A, Montero E, Hunfeld KP, Gray J. Human Babesiosis in Europe. Pathogens 2021; 10:1165. [PMID: 34578196 PMCID: PMC8468516 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Babesiosis is attracting increasing attention as a worldwide emerging zoonosis. The first case of human babesiosis in Europe was described in the late 1950s and since then more than 60 cases have been reported in Europe. While the disease is relatively rare in Europe, it is significant because the majority of cases present as life-threatening fulminant infections, mainly in immunocompromised patients. Although appearing clinically similar to human babesiosis elsewhere, particularly in the USA, most European forms of the disease are distinct entities, especially concerning epidemiology, human susceptibility to infection and clinical management. This paper describes the history of the disease and reviews all published cases that have occurred in Europe with regard to the identity and genetic characteristics of the etiological agents, pathogenesis, aspects of epidemiology including the eco-epidemiology of the vectors, the clinical courses of infection, diagnostic tools and clinical management and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Hildebrandt
- St. Vincenz Hospital Datteln, Department of Internal Medicine I, 45711 Datteln, Germany;
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Annetta Zintl
- UCD School of Veterinary Sciences, University College Dublin, D04 W6F6 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Estrella Montero
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Klaus-Peter Hunfeld
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology & Infection Control, Northwest Medical Center, Medical Faculty Goethe University Frankfurt, Steinbacher Hohl 2-26, 60488 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
- Society for Promoting Quality Assurance in Medical Laboratories (INSTAND, e.v.), Ubierstraße 20, 40223 Düsseldorf, Germany
- ESGBOR Study Group of the European Society for Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), ESCMID Executive Office, P.O. Box 214, 4010 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy Gray
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland
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Emerging Human Babesiosis with "Ground Zero" in North America. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020440. [PMID: 33672522 PMCID: PMC7923768 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The first case of human babesiosis was reported in the literature in 1957. The clinical disease has sporadically occurred as rare case reports in North America and Europe in the subsequent decades. Since the new millennium, especially in the last decade, many more cases have apparently appeared not only in these regions but also in Asia, South America, and Africa. More than 20,000 cases of human babesiosis have been reported in North America alone. In several cross-sectional surveys, exposure to Babesia spp. has been demonstrated within urban and rural human populations with clinical babesiosis reported in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent humans. This review serves to highlight the widespread distribution of these tick-borne pathogens in humans, their tick vectors in readily accessible environments such as parks and recreational areas, and their phylogenetic relationships.
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Stuart Tayebwa D, Magdy Beshbishy A, Batiha GES, Komugisha M, Joseph B, Vudriko P, Yahia R, Alkazmi L, Hetta HF, Yokoyama N, Igarashi I. Assessing the Immunochromatographic Test Strip for Serological Detection of Bovine Babesiosis in Uganda. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081110. [PMID: 32722070 PMCID: PMC7464521 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In Uganda, bovine babesiosis continues to cause losses to the livestock industry because of shortages of cheap, quick, and reliable diagnostic tools to guide prescription measures. In this study, the presence of antibodies to Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis in 401 bovine blood samples obtained from eastern and central areas of Uganda were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and immunochromatographic test strips (ICTs). The ELISA and ICT test used targeted the B. bigemina C-terminal rhoptry-associated protein (RAP-1/CT17) and B. bovis spherical body protein-4 (SPB-4). Using ELISA, single-ICT and dual-ICT, positive samples for B. bovis were detected in 25 (6.2%), 17 (4.3%), and 14 (3.7%) samples respectively, and positive samples for B. bigemina were detected in 34 (8.4%), 27 (6.7%), and 25 (6.2%), respectively. Additionally, a total of 13 animals (3.2%) had a mixed infection. The correlation between ELISA and single-ICT strips results revealed slight agreement with kappa values ranging from 0.088 to 0.191 between both methods, while the comparison between dual-ICT and single-ICT results showed very good agreement with kappa values >0.80. This study documented the seroprevalence of bovine babesiosis in central and eastern Uganda, and showed that ICT could, after further optimization, be a useful rapid diagnostic test for the diagnosis of bovine babesiosis in field settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dickson Stuart Tayebwa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 -13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; (D.S.T.); (A.M.B.); (P.V.); (N.Y.)
- RTC Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animals’ Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda;
| | - Amany Magdy Beshbishy
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 -13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; (D.S.T.); (A.M.B.); (P.V.); (N.Y.)
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 -13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; (D.S.T.); (A.M.B.); (P.V.); (N.Y.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, El-Beheira, Egypt
- Correspondence: (G.E.-S.B.); (I.I.); Tel.: +20-45-271-6024 (G.E.-S.B. & I.I.); Fax: +20-45-271-6024 (G.E.-S.B. & I.I.)
| | - Mariam Komugisha
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe 513, Uganda;
| | - Byaruhanga Joseph
- RTC Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animals’ Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda;
| | - Patrick Vudriko
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 -13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; (D.S.T.); (A.M.B.); (P.V.); (N.Y.)
- RTC Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animals’ Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda;
| | - Ramadan Yahia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia 11566, Egypt;
| | - Luay Alkazmi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Helal F. Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt;
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0595, USA
| | - Naoaki Yokoyama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 -13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; (D.S.T.); (A.M.B.); (P.V.); (N.Y.)
| | - Ikuo Igarashi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 -13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; (D.S.T.); (A.M.B.); (P.V.); (N.Y.)
- Correspondence: (G.E.-S.B.); (I.I.); Tel.: +20-45-271-6024 (G.E.-S.B. & I.I.); Fax: +20-45-271-6024 (G.E.-S.B. & I.I.)
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Azagi T, Hoornstra D, Kremer K, Hovius JWR, Sprong H. Evaluation of Disease Causality of Rare Ixodes ricinus-Borne Infections in Europe. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020150. [PMID: 32102367 PMCID: PMC7168666 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Europe, Ixodes ricinus ticks transmit pathogens such as Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). In addition, there is evidence for transmission to humans from I. ricinus of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia divergens, Babesia microti, Babesia venatorum, Borrelia miyamotoi, Neoehrlichia mikurensis, Rickettsia helvetica and Rickettsia monacensis. However, whether infection with these potential tick-borne pathogens results in human disease has not been fully demonstrated for all of these tick-borne microorganisms. To evaluate the available evidence for a causative relation between infection and disease, the current study analyses European case reports published from 2008 to 2018, supplemented with information derived from epidemiological and experimental studies. The evidence for human disease causality in Europe found in this review appeared to be strongest for A. phagocytophilum and B. divergens. Nonetheless, some knowledge gaps still exist. Importantly, comprehensive evidence for pathogenicity is lacking for the remaining tick-borne microorganisms. Such evidence could be gathered best through prospective studies, for example, studies enrolling patients with a fever after a tick bite, the development of specific new serological tools, isolation of these microorganisms from ticks and patients and propagation in vitro, and through experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Azagi
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, Bilthoven 3720 BA, The Netherlands; (K.K.); (H.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Dieuwertje Hoornstra
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands; (D.H.); (J.W.R.H.)
| | - Kristin Kremer
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, Bilthoven 3720 BA, The Netherlands; (K.K.); (H.S.)
| | - Joppe W. R. Hovius
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands; (D.H.); (J.W.R.H.)
| | - Hein Sprong
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, Bilthoven 3720 BA, The Netherlands; (K.K.); (H.S.)
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Gupta A, Patel P, Manvar K, Kellner T, Guevara E. Splenic infarction in babesiosis: A rare presentation. Clin Case Rep 2019; 7:1591-1595. [PMID: 31428398 PMCID: PMC6692990 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.2301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Babesiosis is a protozoan parasitic infection transmitted by the Ixodes tick. Splenic infarction is a rare, but potentially life-threatening complication of babesiosis; it is therefore vital that this complication is recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Gupta
- Internal MedicineThe Brooklyn Hospital CenterNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Poras Patel
- Hematology OncologyThe Brooklyn Hospital CenterNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Kapil Manvar
- Internal MedicineThe Brooklyn Hospital CenterNew YorkNYUSA
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Brinkmann A, Hekimoğlu O, Dinçer E, Hagedorn P, Nitsche A, Ergünay K. A cross-sectional screening by next-generation sequencing reveals Rickettsia, Coxiella, Francisella, Borrelia, Babesia, Theileria and Hemolivia species in ticks from Anatolia. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:26. [PMID: 30635006 PMCID: PMC6329055 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3277-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ticks participate as arthropod vectors in the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms to humans. Several tick-borne infections have reemerged, along with newly described agents of unexplored pathogenicity. In an attempt to expand current information on tick-associated bacteria and protozoans, we performed a cross-sectional screening of ticks, using next-generation sequencing. Ticks seeking hosts and infesting domestic animals were collected in four provinces across the Aegean, Mediterranean and Central Anatolia regions of Turkey and analyzed by commonly used procedures and platforms. Results Two hundred and eighty ticks comprising 10 species were evaluated in 40 pools. Contigs from tick-associated microorganisms were detected in 22 (55%) questing and 4 feeding (10%) tick pools, with multiple microorganisms identified in 12 pools. Rickettsia 16S ribosomal RNA gene, gltA, sca1 and ompA sequences were present in 7 pools (17.5%), comprising feeding Haemaphysalis parva and questing/hunting Rhipicephalus bursa, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (sensu lato) and Hyalomma marginatum specimens. A near-complete genome and conjugative plasmid of a Rickettsia hoogstraalii strain could be characterized in questing Ha. parva. Coxiella-like endosymbionts were identified in pools of questing (12/40) as well as feeding (4/40) ticks of the genera Rhipicephalus, Haemaphysalis and Hyalomma. Francisella-like endosymbionts were also detected in 22.5% (9/40) of the pools that comprise hunting Hyalomma ticks in 8 pools. Coxiella-like and Francisella-like endosymbionts formed phylogenetically distinct clusters associated with their tick hosts. Borrelia turcica was characterized in 5% (2/40) of the pools, comprising hunting Hyalomma aegyptium ticks. Co-infection of Coxiella-like endosymbiont and Babesia was noted in a questing R. sanguineus (s.l.) specimen. Furthermore, protozoan 18S rRNA gene sequences were detected in 4 pools of questing/hunting ticks (10%) and identified as Babesia ovis, Hemolivia mauritanica, Babesia and Theileria spp. Conclusions Our metagenomic approach enabled identification of diverse pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms in questing and feeding ticks in Anatolia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3277-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Brinkmann
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens 1 (ZBS 1), Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olcay Hekimoğlu
- Department of Biology, Division of Ecology, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Science, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ender Dinçer
- Advanced Technology Education, Research and Application Center, Mersin University, 33110, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Peter Hagedorn
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens 1 (ZBS 1), Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Nitsche
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens 1 (ZBS 1), Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Koray Ergünay
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens 1 (ZBS 1), Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany. .,Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology Unit, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
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Jajosky RP, Jajosky AN, Jajosky PG. Optimizing exchange transfusion for patients with severe Babesia divergens babesiosis: Therapeutically-Rational Exchange (T-REX) of M antigen-negative and/or S antigen-negative red blood cells should be evaluated now. Transfus Clin Biol 2018; 26:76-79. [PMID: 30447802 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Babesia divergens is an intraerythrocytic parasite, which is the major cause of babesiosis in Europe. For years, clinicians have been publishing stunning case reports that describe how some - but not all - conventional red blood cell (RBC) exchange transfusions have saved the lives of severely ill babesiosis patients. Due to markedly different patient outcomes, clinicians agree that new treatments and additional studies are needed. Here we argue that we should evaluate "therapeutically-rational exchange" (T-REX) in which the RBCs used to replace Babesia-parasitized RBCs are special disease-resistant RBC genetic variants (instead of the nondescript, "standard issue" RBCs used in conventional exchanges). T-REX seems prudent because with conventional exchange only some units of "standard issue" RBCs may be disease-resistant, while other units may not protect or may even promote disease. The random selection of RBCs for conventional RBC exchange may explain why clinical outcomes can vary dramatically. Fortunately, researchers have found that M antigen-negative (M-) and S antigen-negative (S-) RBCs resist invasion by B. divergens. Thus, we recommend evaluating T-REX of RBC variants that are B. divergens invasion-resistant: RBCs that are (1) M-, (2) S-, or (3) both M- and S-. By using only Babesia-resistant RBCs, T-REX eliminates the risk of unintentionally infusing Babesia-susceptible RBCs that might increase the severity of babesiosis. Because the T-REX variation of the conventional RBC exchange procedure is feasible, safe, and biologically plausible, we feel T-REX of Babesia-resistant RBCs should now be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Jajosky
- Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Biconcavity Inc., Lilburn, GA, USA.
| | - A N Jajosky
- Pathology Department, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - P G Jajosky
- Biconcavity Inc., Lilburn, GA, USA; Retired USPHS Commissioned Corps, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Smotrys M, Magge T, Alkhuja S, Gandotra SD. Babesiosis as a cause of false-positive HIV serology. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018:bcr-2017-223738. [PMID: 29884713 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-223738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This is a case of a 71-year-old homosexual man who presented with a 4-day history of fever, weakness and headaches, near syncope, nausea and poor oral intake. The patient denied recent travel or sick contacts but had significant tick bites in the last 4 weeks. A peripheral blood smear showed 0.5% parasitaemia with signet ring appearance organisms consistent with Babesia microti. Serology testing for HIV 1 and 2 by ELISA and western blot were positive. Treatment for Babesia was started and the patient improved. Repeat serology testing for HIV was negative. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of false-positive HIV serology that is associated with active babesiosis. In this case, the positive HIV serology turned negative after successful treatment of babesiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Smotrys
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Lehigh Valley Health Network Pocono, East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tara Magge
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Lehigh Valley Health Network Pocono, East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Samer Alkhuja
- Medicine, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Susheer Dilbagh Gandotra
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Lehigh Valley Health Network Pocono, East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, USA
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Dumic I, Patel J, Hart M, Niendorf ER, Martin S, Ramanan P. Splenic Rupture as the First Manifestation of Babesia Microti Infection: Report of a Case and Review of Literature. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2018; 19:335-341. [PMID: 29567936 PMCID: PMC5878539 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.908453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Patient: Female, 79 Final Diagnosis: Splenic rupture due to babesia microti infection Symptoms: Abdominal discomfort • chest pain • fever • tachycardia Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Splenectomy Specialty: Infectious Diseases
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Dumic
- Department of Hospital Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Eau Claire, WI, USA.,Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Janki Patel
- Division of Infectious Disease, Mayo Clinic Health System, Eau Claire, WI, USA
| | - Melissa Hart
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic Health System, Eau Claire, WI, USA
| | - Eric R Niendorf
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Health System, Eau Claire, WI, USA
| | - Scott Martin
- Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic Health System, Eau Claire, WI, USA
| | - Poornima Ramanan
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Norgan AP, Juskewitch JE, Pritt BS, Winters JL. The use of cytapheresis in the treatment of infectious diseases. J Clin Apher 2018; 33:529-537. [PMID: 29488237 DOI: 10.1002/jca.21620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytapheresis (removal of cellular blood components) has been employed for treatment of infectious diseases since the 1960s. Techniques have included thrombocytapheresis (buffy coat apheresis) for loiasis, erythrocytapheresis for malaria and babesiosis, and leukocytapheresis for pertussis-associated lymphocytosis. Published data on these applications is largely limited to case level data and small observational studies; as such, recommendations for or against the use of cytapheresis in the treatment of infections have been extrapolated from these limited (and at times flawed) data sets. Consequently, utilization of cytapheresis in many instances is not uniform between institutions, and typically occurs at the discretion of treating medical teams. This review revisits the existing literature on the use of cytapheresis in the treatment of four infections (loasis, malaria, babesiosis, and pertussis) and examines the rationale underlying current treatment recommendations concerning its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Norgan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Justin E Juskewitch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Bobbi S Pritt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jeffrey L Winters
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Division of Transfusion Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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13
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O'Connell S, Lyons C, Abdou M, Patowary R, Aslam S, Kinsella N, Zintl A, Hunfeld KP, Wormser GP, Gray J, Merry C, Alizadeh H. Splenic dysfunction from celiac disease resulting in severe babesiosis. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2017; 8:537-539. [PMID: 28286145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We describe a 79-year-old Irish man who, because he had hyposplenism and splenic atrophy due to adult celiac disease, became critically ill from a severe Babesia divergens infection. Greater awareness of the possible consequences of splenic dysfunction from adult celiac disease, such as serious pneumococcal infections and babesiosis, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah O'Connell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Craig Lyons
- Department of Surgery, Letterkenny University Hospital, Letterkenny, Ireland
| | - Moustafa Abdou
- Department of Haematology, Letterkenny University Hospital, Letterkenny, Ireland
| | - Rittick Patowary
- Department of Haematology, Letterkenny University Hospital, Letterkenny, Ireland
| | - Salman Aslam
- Department of Haematology, Letterkenny University Hospital, Letterkenny, Ireland
| | - Nora Kinsella
- Department of Haematology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Annetta Zintl
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Klaus-Peter Hunfeld
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology & Infection Control, Northwest Medical Centre, Academic Teaching Hospital, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gary P Wormser
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Jeremy Gray
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Concepta Merry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland; Northwestern Memorial University Chicago, USA; Makerere University Uganda, Uganda
| | - Hussain Alizadeh
- Department of Haematology, Letterkenny University Hospital, Letterkenny, Ireland; Pecs University, Faculty of General Medicine, Pecs, Hungary
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14
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Ozubek S, Aktas M. Molecular evidence of a new Babesia sp. in goats. Vet Parasitol 2016; 233:1-8. [PMID: 28043378 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel Babesia sp. infecting goats was detected and its phylogenetic relationship to related species was determined. A total of 200 blood samples collected from sheep (n=78) and goats (n=122) were examined in the study. The V4 hypervariable region of the 18S rRNA gene of the novel Babesia sp. was amplified by PCR and analysed using a reverse line blot hybridization assay adapted for small ruminants. Samples from seven goats hybridized to Theileria/Babesia catch-all and Babesia catch-all probes and did not hybridize to any species-specific probe tested, suggesting the presence of an unrecognized Babesia species or genotype. Sequencing results showed the isolate to clearly differ from ovine Babesia species and genotypes currently available in the GenBank database. The isolate showed 90.9%, 93.5%, and 93.4% identity to B. ovis, B. motasi, and B. crassa, respectively and 91-93% similarity to Babesia genotypes recently described in small ruminants. The highest homology (∼96-97%) observed was with Babesia odocoilei, Babesia sp. EU1, and Babesia divergens. The new isolate was provisionally designated Babesia sp. The study contributes to better insight into the distribution and phylogenetic diversity of piroplasms in small ruminants. The survey indicated a high prevalence of piroplasms in small ruminants (21.5%). Of those detected, T. ovis was the most prevalent (17%), followed by Babesia sp. (3.5%), and B. ovis (2%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezayi Ozubek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Munir Aktas
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey.
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