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Fallah T, Mansour Ghanaiee R, Karimi A, Zahraei SM, Mahmoudi S, Alebouyeh M. Comparative analysis of the RVA VP7 and VP4 antigenic epitopes circulating in Iran and the Rotarix and RotaTeq vaccines. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33887. [PMID: 39071626 PMCID: PMC11282978 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Analyzing the lineages and detecting antigenic variation in immunogenic motifs of Group A Rotavirus (RVA) variants is crucial because it can impact vaccine efficacy. This study investigated the circulating lineages of VP4 and VP7 proteins of human RVA isolates and their phylogeny in ≤24-month-old symptomatic, rotavirus-positive children with transudative diarrhea within 48 h of admission to Mofid Children's Hospital between December 2020 and March 2022 in Tehran, Iran. Antigen detection was performed by ELISA, RNA extraction, and semi-nested multiplex PCR for G/P genotypes, followed by sequencing and bioinformatic analysis using multiple sequence alignments in MEGA and phylogenetic analysis by Geneious Prime. The similarity of VP7 and VP4 amino acids with the RotaTeq and Rotarix vaccine strains for cytotoxic T cell and antigenic epitopes was evaluated using the UCSF Chimera Molecular Modeling System. Overall, 27.3 % of the samples were RVA positive, showing untypeable (2.5 %), single (76.9 %), and mixed (20.5 %) genotypic characteristics. The strains clustered in the G1/II, G2/IV, G3/I, G4/I, G9/III, P (Kachooei et al., 2023) [8]/III, P (Howley et al., 2020) [4]/V, and P (Wahyuni et al., 2021) [6]/I lineages. Comparative analysis of VP7 antigenic epitopes showed that the G1/II strains were completely conserved, while the G2/IV, G3/I, G4/I, G6, G9/III strains contained 2, 3-5, 2, 4 and 9 amino acid substitutions, respectively. The P (Kachooei et al., 2023) [8]/III genotypes differed by 3 amino acids, while the P (Wahyuni et al., 2021) [6]/I genotype had the most substitutions. CTL epitopes were completely conserved in G3/I strains, but other genotypes differed by 1-4 amino acids compared to the vaccine strains. Given the diversity of circulating RVA genotypes and the observed mutations in neutralizing and CTL epitopes, immune escape by some of the strains is likely in Iran. This finding underscores the importance of evaluating the effect of rotavirus vaccines on local genotypes and related lineages before implementing a vaccination program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Fallah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roxana Mansour Ghanaiee
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdollah Karimi
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohsen Zahraei
- Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sussan Mahmoudi
- Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Alebouyeh
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Khoo MS, Ahmad Azman AH, Ismail NAS, Abdul Wahab A, Ali A. Associations between meteorological variation and hospitalisations for rotavirus infections in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28574. [PMID: 38596105 PMCID: PMC11002053 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Rotavirus (RoV) infections have emerged as a significant public health concern around the world. Understanding the relationship between climatic conditions and hospitalisations due to RoV infections can help engage effective prevention strategies. This study aims to investigate the potential associations between meteorological variability and RoV-related hospitalisations in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Methods Hospitalization data from a tertiary teaching hospital in Kuala Lumpur over a twelve-year period were retrospectively collected. Concurrently, meteorological data were obtained from the Malaysian Meteorological Department (MetMalaysia) including variables of temperature, humidity, precipitation, and atmospheric pressure to further demonstrate relationship with RoV-associated hospitalisations. Results The results indicated positive correlations between increased rainfall, rainy days, humidity, and RoV-related hospitalisations, suggesting the influence of environmental factors on the transmission of RoV. Conclusions This study highlights positive associations between meteorological variations and hospitalizations for RoV infections in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Further investigations, including national-level data, are needed to deepen our understanding of these associations, particularly within the context of Malaysia and to develop targeted interventions for disease prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shukri Khoo
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Specialist Children's Hospital, The National University of Malaysia, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Clinical Research Unit, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Specialist Children's Hospital, The National University of Malaysia, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Hathim Ahmad Azman
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Specialist Children's Hospital, The National University of Malaysia, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noor Akmal Shareela Ismail
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Asrul Abdul Wahab
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Adli Ali
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Specialist Children's Hospital, The National University of Malaysia, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Clinical Research Unit, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Specialist Children's Hospital, The National University of Malaysia, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of IR4.0, The National University of Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia
- Infection and Immunology Health and Advanced Medicine Cluster, The National University of Malaysia, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Le LKT, Chu MNT, Tate JE, Jiang B, Bowen MD, Esona MD, Gautam R, Jaimes J, Pham TPT, Huong NT, Anh DD, Trang NV, Parashar U. Genetic diversity of G9, G3, G8 and G1 rotavirus group A strains circulating among children with acute gastroenteritis in Vietnam from 2016 to 2021. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 118:105566. [PMID: 38316245 PMCID: PMC11299202 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Rotavirus group A (RVA) is the most common cause of severe childhood diarrhea worldwide. The introduction of rotavirus vaccination programs has contributed to a reduction in hospitalizations and mortality caused by RVA. From 2016 to 2021, we conducted surveillance to monitor RVA prevalence and genotype distribution in Nam Dinh and Thua Thien Hue (TT Hue) provinces where a pilot Rotavin-M1 vaccine (Vietnam) implementation took place from 2017 to 2020. Out of 6626 stool samples, RVA was detected in 2164 (32.6%) by ELISA. RT-PCR using type-specific primers were used to determine the G and P genotypes of RVA-positive specimens. Whole genome sequences of a subset of 52 specimens randomly selected from 2016 to 2021 were mapped using next-generation sequencing. From 2016 to 2021, the G9, G3 and G8 strains dominated, with detected frequencies of 39%, 23%, and 19%, respectively; of which, the most common genotypes identified were G9P[8], G3P[8] and G8P[8]. G1 strains re-emerged in Nam Dinh and TT Hue (29.5% and 11.9%, respectively) from 2020 to 2021. G3 prevalence decreased from 74% to 20% in TT Hue and from 21% to 13% in Nam Dinh province between 2017 and 2021. The G3 strains consisted of 52% human typical G3 (hG3) and 47% equine-like G3 (eG3). Full genome analysis showed substantial diversity among the circulating G3 strains with different backgrounds relating to equine and feline viruses. G9 prevalence decreased sharply from 2016 to 2021 in both provinces. G8 strains peaked during 2019-2020 in Nam Dinh and TT Hue provinces (68% and 46%, respectively). Most G8 and G9 strains had no genetic differences over the surveillance period with very high nucleotide similarities of 99.2-99.9% and 99.1-99.7%, respectively. The G1 strains were not derived from the RVA vaccine. Changes in the genotype distribution and substantial diversity among circulating strains were detected throughout the surveillance period and differed between the two provinces. Determining vaccine effectiveness against circulating strains over time will be important to ensure that observed changes are due to natural secular variation and not from vaccine pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ly K T Le
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Mai N T Chu
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Jacqueline E Tate
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Baoming Jiang
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Michael D Bowen
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Mathew D Esona
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Rashi Gautam
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Jose Jaimes
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Thao P T Pham
- Center for Research and Production of Vaccines and Biologicals, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen T Huong
- Center for Research and Production of Vaccines and Biologicals, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Dang D Anh
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen V Trang
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam.
| | - Umesh Parashar
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Lee T, Kang JM, Ahn JG, Thuy Truong DT, Nguyen TV, Ho TV, Thanh Ton HT, Le Hoang P, Kim MY, Yeom JS, Lee J. Prediction of effectiveness of universal rotavirus vaccination in Southwestern Vietnam based on a dynamic mathematical model. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4273. [PMID: 38383679 PMCID: PMC10881495 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54775-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccinating young children against rotavirus (RV) is a promising preventive strategy against rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE). We evaluated the relative risk reduction of RVGE induced by universal vaccination in Vietnam through dynamic model analysis. We developed an age-stratified dynamic Vaccinated-Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered-Susceptible model to analyze RV transmission and assess vaccine effectiveness (VE). We assumed 3 different vaccine efficacies: 55%, 70%, and 85%. For model calibration, we used a database of patients under 5 years of age admitted to Ho Chi Minh No.1 Hospital with RVGE between January 2013 and December 2018. Assuming a vaccination rate of 95%, the number of RVGE hospitalizations after 5 years from universal RV vaccination decreased from 92,502 cases to 45,626 with 85% efficacy, to 54,576 cases with 70% efficacy, and to 63,209 cases with 55% efficacy. Additionally, RVGE hospitalizations after 10 years decreased from 177,950 to 89,517 with 85% efficacy and to 121,832 cases with 55% efficacy. The relative risk reductions of RVGE after 10 years were 49.7% with 85% efficacy, 40.6% with 70% efficacy, and 31.5% with 55% efficacy. The VE was 1.10 times (95% CI, 1.01-1.22) higher in the 4-months to 1-year-old age group than in the other age groups (P = 0.038), when applying 85% efficacy with 95% coverage. In conclusion, despite its relatively lower efficacy compared to high-income countries, RV vaccination remains an effective intervention in Southwestern Vietnam. In particular, implementing universal RV vaccination with higher coverage would result in a decrease in RVGE hospitalizations among Vietnamese children under 5 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyong Lee
- School of Mathematics and Computing (Mathematics), Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Ji-Man Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Gyun Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dung Thi Thuy Truong
- Department for Disease Control and Prevention, Pasteur Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Thang Vinh Ho
- Department for Disease Control and Prevention, Pasteur Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ha Thi Thanh Ton
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Phuc Le Hoang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Min Young Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joon-Sup Yeom
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
| | - Jeehyun Lee
- School of Mathematics and Computing (Mathematics), Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
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Ma W, Wei Z, Guo J, Lu L, Li J, Cai J, Wang X, Chang H, Huang Z, Guo X, Zhu Q, Xu J, Zeng M. Effectiveness of Pentavalent Rotavirus Vaccine in Shanghai, China: A Test-Negative Design Study. J Pediatr 2023; 259:113461. [PMID: 37172809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.113461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate vaccine effectiveness (VE) of a live oral pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (RotaTeq, RV5) among young children in Shanghai, China, via a test-negative design study. STUDY DESIGN We consecutively recruited children visiting a tertiary children's hospital for acute diarrhea from November 2021 to February 2022. Information on clinical data and rotavirus vaccination was collected. Fresh fecal samples were obtained for rotavirus detection and genotyping. To evaluate VE of RV5 against rotavirus gastroenteritis among young children, unconditional logistic regression models were conducted to compare ORs for vaccination between rotavirus-positive cases and test-negative controls. RESULTS A total of 390 eligible children with acute diarrhea were enrolled, including 45 (11.54%) rotavirus-positive cases and 345 (88.46%) test-negative controls. After excluding 4 cases (8.89%) and 55 controls (15.94%) who had received the Lanzhou lamb rotavirus vaccine, 41 cases (12.39%) and 290 controls (87.61%) were included for the evaluation of RV5 VE. After adjustment for potential confounders, the 3-dose RV5 vaccination showed 85% (95% CI, 50%-95%) VE against mild to moderate rotavirus gastroenteritis among children aged 14 weeks to ≤4 years and 97% (95% CI, 83%-100%) VE among children aged 14 weeks to ≤2 years with genotypes G8P8, G9P8, and G2P4 represented 78.95%, 18.42%, and 2.63% of circulation strains, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A 3-dose vaccination of RV5 is highly protective against rotavirus gastroenteritis among young children in Shanghai. The G8P8 genotype prevailled in Shanghai after RV5 introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Ma
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongqiu Wei
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayin Guo
- Department of Microbiology, Changning District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijuan Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiehao Cai
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangshi Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hailing Chang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuoying Huang
- Institute of Immunization, Shanghai Municipal Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Guo
- Institute of Immunization, Shanghai Municipal Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Qirong Zhu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Zeng
- Department of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Shin J, Park GN, Choe S, Cha RM, Kim KS, An BH, Kim SY, Moon SH, Hyun BH, An DJ. Phylogenetic Analysis of G and P Genotypes of Bovine Group A Rotavirus Strains Isolated from Diarrheic Vietnam Cows in 2017 and 2018. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2314. [PMID: 37508089 PMCID: PMC10376762 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of G- and P-type bovine RVAs (BoRVAs) prevalent in Vietnam. Between 2017 and 2018, the prevalence of BoRVAs detected in diarrhea samples from 8 regions was as low as 1.9% (11/582). The prevalence of the G-type was 45.5% for G6 and 18.2% for G10; however, 36.3% remain unidentified. Interestingly, all BoRVAs were investigated as P[11], and there was no diversity within this P-type. Geographically, the G6 and G10 types were not identified in any specific area; rather, they occurred in both Northern and Southern Vietnam. G6P[11] and G10P[11], which are combined G- and P-types, were identified in 71.4% and 28.6% of BoRVA-positive samples, respectively. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that the G6-type detected in Vietnamese cows is similar to strains derived from China, Japan, and Korea, whereas the G10 type is closely related to the Chinese strain. In addition, the P11 strain detected in Vietnamese cows is similar to the Spanish and Chinese strains. The BoRVA-positive rate was higher in cows aged less than 2 months (3.2%, 3/94) than in those aged 2 months or more (1.6%, 8/488). In summary, we detected the presence of G6P11 and G10P11 BoVRAs on Vietnamese cow farms, and found that they were more predominant in young calves than in older cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Shin
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Nam Park
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - SeEun Choe
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Ra Mi Cha
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Sun Kim
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hyun An
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Yi Kim
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Moon
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
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Okitsu S, Khamrin P, Hikita T, Thongprachum A, Pham NTK, Hoque SA, Hayakawa S, Maneekarn N, Ushijima H. Changing distribution of rotavirus A genotypes circulating in Japanese children with acute gastroenteritis in outpatient clinic, 2014-2020. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:816-825. [PMID: 35759807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus A (RVA) is a major cause of severe acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in infants and children worldwide. In Japan, two kinds of rotavirus vaccines have been introduced as voluntary vaccines in 2011 and 2012, respectively, and launched into the national vaccine program in October 2020. METHODS In this study, we investigated prevalence of RVA and their molecular characterization in the stool samples collected from infants and children with AGE who visited one outpatient clinic in Japan, from July 2014 to June 2020, during voluntary vaccination with two kinds of rotavirus vaccines. RESULTS The RVA detection rates decreased from 44.7 % in 2014-2015 to 35.4 % in 2018-2019, whereas in 2019-2020 the numbers of samples collected were dramatically decreased and none of RVA was detected. During this study period, rotavirus vaccination rates in this area increased from 32.4 % to 62.2 %. Distribution of RVA VP7 (G), VP4 (P), and VP6 (I) genotypes in this area had changed year by year; the major genotype combinations were G1P[8]I1 and G1P[8]I2 in 2014-2015, G2P[4]I2 and G9P[8]I1 in 2015-2016, G1P[8]I1 and G8P[8]I2 in 2017-2018, and G8P[8]I2 in 2018-2019. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that VP7 nucleotide sequences of G1 were genetically diverse compared with those of other G genotypes in this study. Meanwhile, predominance of unusual G2P[8]I1, G2P[8]I2 and mixed P genotypes were observed only in 2016-2017, but did not carry on in 2017-2019. The equine-like G3 was detected only in 2016-2017. CONCLUSIONS The results revealed diversity of RVA genotypes and the genotype combinations have changed year by year in Japan, during the study period of 2016-2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Okitsu
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Pattara Khamrin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Aksara Thongprachum
- Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Faculty of Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Ngan Thi Kim Pham
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sheikh Ariful Hoque
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hayakawa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Niwat Maneekarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Hiroshi Ushijima
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Cates J, Tate JE, Parashar U. Rotavirus vaccines: progress and new developments. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2022; 22:423-432. [PMID: 34482790 PMCID: PMC10839819 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1977279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rotavirus is the primary cause of severe acute gastroenteritis among children under the age of five globally, leading to 128,500 to 215,000 vaccine-preventable deaths annually. There are six licensed oral, live-attenuated rotavirus vaccines: four vaccines pre-qualified for global use by WHO, and two country-specific vaccines. Expansion of rotavirus vaccines into national immunization programs worldwide has led to a 59% decrease in rotavirus hospitalizations and 36% decrease in diarrhea deaths due to rotavirus in vaccine-introducing countries. AREAS COVERED This review describes the current rotavirus vaccines in use, global coverage, vaccine efficacy from clinical trials, and vaccine effectiveness and impact from post-licensure evaluations. Vaccine safety, particularly as it relates to the risk of intussusception, is also summarized. Additionally, an overview of candidate vaccines in the pipeline is provided. EXPERT OPINION Considerable evidence over the past decade has demonstrated high effectiveness (80-90%) of rotavirus vaccines at preventing severe rotavirus disease in high-income countries, although the effectiveness has been lower (40-70%) in low-to-middle-income countries. Surveillance and research should continue to explore modifiable factors that influence vaccine effectiveness, strengthen data to better evaluate newer rotavirus vaccines, and aid in the development of future vaccines that can overcome the limitations of current vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Cates
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Jacqueline E. Tate
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Umesh Parashar
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
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