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Hernandez Barrios Y, Perez Chacon D, Molina Gomez Y, Gryseels C, Verdonck K, Peeters Grietens K, Nieto-Sanchez C. Using a Syndemics Perspective to (Re)Conceptualize Vulnerability during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Scoping Review. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:189. [PMID: 39195627 PMCID: PMC11360217 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9080189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Syndemics theory has been applied to study interactions between biomedical and social factors leading to the clustering of diseases. Because syndemics theory focuses on interactions that enhance risk, the concept of vulnerability is central to this approach. We conducted a scoping review to better understand how this theoretical framework helped to define, operationalize, and tackle issues of vulnerability during the COVID-19 pandemic. Original research, reviews, and opinion pieces elaborating on syndemics, vulnerability, and COVID-19, published between December 2019 and October 2022 and available from PubMed, were eligible. We analyzed 40 records and identified three framings of syndemics operating during this period: (1) interactions between COVID-19, diseases/health conditions, and specific social factors; (2) interactions between COVID-19 and social determinants of health; and (3) impacts of COVID-19 on specific populations. Emerging conceptualizations described vulnerability to COVID-19 as a systemic issue, explained the impact of COVID-19 control measures on increased vulnerability, and presented COVID-19 as a syndemic on its own. However, this theory's potential for deepening our understanding of vulnerability during this pandemic was constrained by superficial explorations of the interactions between biomedical and social spheres, and insufficient theoretical and methodological support from the social sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisel Hernandez Barrios
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kourí, Havana 11400, Cuba or (Y.H.B.); or (D.P.C.); or (Y.M.G.)
| | - Dennis Perez Chacon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kourí, Havana 11400, Cuba or (Y.H.B.); or (D.P.C.); or (Y.M.G.)
| | - Yosiel Molina Gomez
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kourí, Havana 11400, Cuba or (Y.H.B.); or (D.P.C.); or (Y.M.G.)
| | - Charlotte Gryseels
- Institute of Tropical Medicine—Antwerp, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (C.G.); (K.V.); (K.P.G.)
| | - Kristien Verdonck
- Institute of Tropical Medicine—Antwerp, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (C.G.); (K.V.); (K.P.G.)
| | - Koen Peeters Grietens
- Institute of Tropical Medicine—Antwerp, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (C.G.); (K.V.); (K.P.G.)
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Claudia Nieto-Sanchez
- Institute of Tropical Medicine—Antwerp, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (C.G.); (K.V.); (K.P.G.)
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Harrington KRV, Gandhi NR, Shah NS, Naidoo K, Auld SC, Andrews JR, Brust JCM, Lutchminarain K, Coe M, Willis F, Campbell A, Cohen T, Jenness SM, Waller LA. The impact of COVID-19 national lockdowns on drug-resistant tuberculosis in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: A spatial analysis. Ann Epidemiol 2024; 97:44-51. [PMID: 39038747 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2024.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE We sought to understand the impact of the initial COVID-19 mitigation strategies in 2020 on drug-resistant (DR) TB diagnoses in KwaZulu-Natal province (KZN), South Africa. METHODS We compared the number, spatial distribution, and characteristics of DR TB diagnoses before and after the initial COVID-19 lockdown on March 26th, 2020. Information on DR TB diagnoses was collected from the CONTEXT prospective cohort study and municipality characteristics were collected from Statistics South Africa. We used Bayesian conditional autoregressive models and relative-risk surface maps to examine spatial correlates and patterns of DR TB notifications. RESULTS Between October 2018 and February 2022, there were 693 individuals diagnosed with DR TB in KZN, South Africa. The rate of diagnoses per year was 274 and 155 prior and after to the initial lockdowns, respectively, corresponding to a 43 % decrease in the notification rate of cases. Compared to cases diagnosed before the lockdown, cases diagnosed after were less likely to have a fuel source for heating, piped water, a flush toilet, or own a phone (p-values≤0.02). Changes in notifications were not homogenously distributed, with predominantly rural northeastern and southwestern municipalities having significantly greater relative-risks after the lockdown. CONCLUSIONS We found a reduction in the rate of DR TB diagnoses after the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns and observed that individuals diagnosed after the lockdowns had worse living conditions, fewer household resources, and more adults living in their household compared to before the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin R V Harrington
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Neel R Gandhi
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - N Sarita Shah
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kogieleum Naidoo
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC)-CAPRISA-TB-HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sara C Auld
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jason R Andrews
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - James C M Brust
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Keeren Lutchminarain
- National Health Laboratory Service, Durban, South Africa; Department of Medical Microbiology, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Megan Coe
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Fay Willis
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Angie Campbell
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ted Cohen
- Department of Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Samuel M Jenness
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lance A Waller
- Department of Biostatistics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Marco MH, Ahmedov S, Castro KG. The global impact of COVID-19 on tuberculosis: A thematic scoping review, 2020-2023. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0003043. [PMID: 38959278 PMCID: PMC11221697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0003043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This thematic scoping review of publications sought to understand the global impact of COVID-19 on tuberculosis (TB), interpret the scope of resonating themes, and offer policy recommendations to stimulate TB recovery and future pandemic preparedness. DATA SOURCES Publications were captured from three search engines, PubMed, EBSCO, and Google Scholar, and applicable websites written in English from January 1, 2020, to April 30, 2023. STUDY SELECTION Our scoping review was limited to publications detailing the impact of COVID-19 on TB. Original research, reviews, letters, and editorials describing the deleterious and harmful--yet sometimes positive--impact of COVID-19 (sole exposure) on TB (sole outcome) were included. The objective was to methodically categorize the impacts into themes through a comprehensive review of selected studies to provide significant health policy guidance. DATA EXTRACTION Two authors independently screened citations and full texts, while the third arbitrated when consensus was not met. All three performed data extraction. DATA SYNTHESIS/RESULTS Of 1,755 screened publications, 176 (10%) covering 39 countries over 41 months met the inclusion criteria. By independently using a data extraction instrument, the three authors identified ten principal themes from each publication. These themes were later finalized through a consensus decision. The themes encompassed TB's care cascade, patient-centered care, psychosocial issues, and health services: 1) case-finding and notification (n = 45; 26%); 2) diagnosis and laboratory systems (n = 19; 10.7%) 3) prevention, treatment, and care (n = 22; 12.2%); 4) telemedicine/telehealth (n = 12; 6.8%); 5) social determinants of health (n = 14; 8%); 6) airborne infection prevention and control (n = 8; 4.6%); 7) health system strengthening (n = 22; 13%); 8) mental health (n = 13; 7.4%); 9) stigma (n = 11; 6.3%); and 10) health education (n = 10; 5.7%). LIMITATIONS Heterogeneity of publications within themes. CONCLUSIONS We identified ten globally generalizable themes of COVID-19's impact on TB. The impact and lessons learned from the themed analysis propelled us to draft public health policy recommendations to direct evidence-informed guidance that strengthens comprehensive global responses, recovery for TB, and future airborne pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Marco
- TB Division, Office of Infectious Diseases, Bureau for Global Health, United States Agency for International Development, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- Global Health Technical Assistance and Mission Support, Vienna, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Sevim Ahmedov
- TB Division, Office of Infectious Diseases, Bureau for Global Health, United States Agency for International Development, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Kenneth G. Castro
- TB Division, Office of Infectious Diseases, Bureau for Global Health, United States Agency for International Development, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- Rollins School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Emory/Georgia TB Research Advancement Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Abbara A, Ntoumi F, Kapata N, Mwaba P, Yeboah-Manu D, Maeurer M, Dar O, Abubakar I, Zumla A. World tuberculosis day 2023 - Reflections on the spread of drug-resistant tuberculosis by travellers and reducing risk in forcibly displaced populations. Travel Med Infect Dis 2023; 53:102568. [PMID: 36963477 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de Las Américas-Institución Universitaria Vision de Las Americas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia; Master of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru; Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, P.O. Box 36, Lebanon.
| | - Aula Abbara
- Syria Public Health Network and Imperial College, London, UK; Division of Infection and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francine Ntoumi
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, People's Republic of Congo; Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nathan Kapata
- National Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia; UNZA-UCLMS Research and Training Program, UTH, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Peter Mwaba
- UNZA-UCLMS Research and Training Program, UTH, Lusaka, Zambia; Lusaka Apex Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Dorothy Yeboah-Manu
- Bacteriology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - Markus Maeurer
- Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal; Medizinische Klinik, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Osman Dar
- Global Operations, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, UK; Global Health Programme, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim Abubakar
- Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Ramírez-Koctong O, Colorado A, Cruzado-Castro L, Marin-Samanez H, Lecca L. Observatorios sociales nacionales y regional de tuberculosis en ocho países de Latinoamérica y el Caribe. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2022; 46:e163. [DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2022.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Poner fin a la tuberculosis (TB) requiere de un enfoque y participación multisectorial, incluyendo a la sociedad civil organizada. Entonces con el apoyo de un proyecto regional financiado por el Fondo Mundial (OBSERVA TB), desde el año 2019 se conformaron observatorios sociales de tuberculosis en 8 países de Latinoamérica y el Caribe (LAC) (Bolivia, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haití, México, Perú y República Dominicana) y un Observatorio Social Regional de TB, como expresión de la implementación del enfoque ENGAGE-TB impulsado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Este artículo presenta el modelo de implementación, los avances y los desafíos de los observatorios sociales de tuberculosis. A diciembre de 2021, se incluyeron 135 organizaciones de la sociedad civil de LAC en los 8 observatorios implementados, espacios que sirven como plataformas para la vigilancia social, la incidencia política y el monitoreo social de las respuestas nacionales contra la TB, además de contribuir a los indicadores del ENGAGE-TB relacionados a la detección de casos TB y a los apoyos durante el tratamiento. Por ello, recomendamos la consolidación y expansión de los observatorios existentes, así como la participación de otros países de la región LAC.
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Palattiyil G, Kisaakye P, Mwenyango H, Katongole S, Mulekya F, Sidhva D, Nair H, Bukuluki P. Access to HIV/AIDS or TB care among refugees in Kampala, Uganda: exploring the enablers and barriers during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Migr Health 2022; 5:100098. [PMID: 35403075 PMCID: PMC8979625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmh.2022.100098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Yadav P, Vohra C, Gopalakrishnan M, Garg MK. Integrating health planning and primary care infrastructure for COVID-19 and tuberculosis care in India: Challenges and opportunities. Int J Health Plann Manage 2021; 37:632-642. [PMID: 34820907 PMCID: PMC9015569 DOI: 10.1002/hpm.3393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent worldwide. The COVID‐19 pandemic has overburdened healthcare services around the world especially in resource constrained settings. It has shaken already unstable foundation of TB control programs in India and other high burden states. A 25% decline is expected in TB detection while estimates suggest 13% increase in TB deaths due to the impact of the pandemic. However, the significant intersections between the two diseases perhaps offer potential opportunities for consolidating the efforts to tackle both. The widespread implementation and acceptance of universal masking and social distancing in India has helped limit transmission of both diseases. Integrating the capacity building strategies for the two diseases, optimizing the existing the surveillance and monitoring systems which have been achieved over the years will result in a single vertically integrated national program addressing both, rather than multiple parallel program which utilize the already sparse primary care manpower and infrastructure. In this article, we explore the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on tuberculosis in India and offer suggestions on how effective health planning can efficiently integrate infrastructure and manpower at primary level to provide care for both COVID‐19 and tuberculosis. Tuberculosis deaths are on the rise for the first time in more than a decade due to the COVID‐19 pandemic. There is an urgent need to evolve an integrated service delivery addressing both diseases. This article highlights the challenges that COVID‐19 has posed for TB care in India. We propose a unified inclusive primary care delivery model which integrates care for both TB and COVID‐19 at the level of surveillance, diagnosis, management, and preventive care. The challenges in implementing this model and possible solutions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakrati Yadav
- Department of MedicineAll India Institute of Medical SciencesJodhpurIndia
| | - Chirag Vohra
- Department of MedicineAll India Institute of Medical SciencesJodhpurIndia
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8
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Zumla A, Chakaya J, Khan M, Fatima R, Wejse C, Al-Abri S, Fox GJ, Nachega J, Kapata N, Knipper M, Orcutt M, Goscé L, Abubakar I, Nagu TJ, Mugusi F, Gordon AK, Shanmugam S, Bachmann NL, Lam C, Sintchenko V, Rudolf F, Amanullah F, Kock R, Haider N, Lipman M, King M, Maeurer M, Goletti D, Petrone L, Yaqoob A, Tiberi S, Ditiu L, Sahu S, Marais B, Issayeva AM, Petersen E. World Tuberculosis Day 2021 Theme - 'The Clock is Ticking' - and the world is running out of time to deliver the United Nations General Assembly commitments to End TB due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 113 Suppl 1:S1-S6. [PMID: 33746094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alimuddin Zumla
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Jeremiah Chakaya
- Department of Medicine, Therapeutics and Dermatology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Mishal Khan
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Razia Fatima
- National TB Control Program, Islamabad, Common Unit (HIV, TB, Malaria), Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Christian Wejse
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark.
| | - Seif Al-Abri
- Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, Ministry of Health, Oman.
| | - Greg J Fox
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tuberculosis, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Jean Nachega
- Department of Medicine and Center for Infectious Diseases, Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; University of Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - Nathan Kapata
- Ministry of Health, Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, Zambia.
| | - Michael Knipper
- Institute for the History of Medicine, University Justus Liebig Giessen, Germany.
| | - Miriam Orcutt
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, United Kingdom.
| | - Lara Goscé
- University College London, United Kingdom.
| | - Ibrahim Abubakar
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, United Kingdom.
| | - Tumaini Joseph Nagu
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Ferdinand Mugusi
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Alice Kizny Gordon
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology (CIDM), Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Sivakumar Shanmugam
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Nathan Lloyd Bachmann
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology (CIDM), University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Connie Lam
- Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Vitali Sintchenko
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tuberculosis, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity and Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology (CIDM), University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Frauke Rudolf
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark; Bandim Health Project, INDEPTH Network, Apartado 861, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.
| | | | - Richard Kock
- Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom.
| | - Najmul Haider
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Campus, Hatfield, United Kingdom.
| | - Marc Lipman
- Respiratory Medicine, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, UCL Respiratory Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael King
- NTM Patient Care UK, The Grove Centre London, United Kingdom.
| | - Markus Maeurer
- Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal; University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani"- IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Linda Petrone
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani"- IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Aashifa Yaqoob
- Common Management Unit (TB, HIV & Malaria), Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Simon Tiberi
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Division of Infection, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | - Ben Marais
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tuberculosis and the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | | | - Eskild Petersen
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Aarhus, Denmark; European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, ESCMID, Basel, Switzerland; International Society for Infectious Diseases, ISID, Boston, USA.
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