1
|
de Rioja VL, Basile L, Perramon-Malavez A, Martínez-Solanas É, López D, Medina Maestro S, Coma E, Fina F, Prats C, Mendioroz Peña J, Alvarez-Lacalle E. Severity of Omicron Subvariants and Vaccine Impact in Catalonia, Spain. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:466. [PMID: 38793717 PMCID: PMC11125683 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In the current COVID-19 landscape dominated by Omicron subvariants, understanding the timing and efficacy of vaccination against emergent lineages is crucial for planning future vaccination campaigns, yet detailed studies stratified by subvariant, vaccination timing, and age groups are scarce. This retrospective study analyzed COVID-19 cases from December 2021 to January 2023 in Catalonia, Spain, focusing on vulnerable populations affected by variants BA.1, BA.2, BA.5, and BQ.1 and including two national booster campaigns. Our database includes detailed information such as dates of diagnosis, hospitalization and death, last vaccination, and cause of death, among others. We evaluated the impact of vaccination on disease severity by age, variant, and vaccination status, finding that recent vaccination significantly mitigated severity across all Omicron subvariants, although efficacy waned six months post-vaccination, except for BQ.1, which showed more stable levels. Unvaccinated individuals had higher hospitalization and mortality rates. Our results highlight the importance of periodic vaccination to reduce severe outcomes, which are influenced by variant and vaccination timing. Although the seasonality of COVID-19 is uncertain, our analysis suggests the potential benefit of annual vaccination in populations >60 years old, probably in early fall, if COVID-19 eventually exhibits a major peak similar to other respiratory viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor López de Rioja
- Department of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Castelldefels, 08860 Barcelona, Spain; (A.P.-M.); (C.P.); (E.A.-L.)
| | - Luca Basile
- Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Department of Health, 08005 Barcelona, Spain; (L.B.); (S.M.M.); (J.M.P.)
| | - Aida Perramon-Malavez
- Department of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Castelldefels, 08860 Barcelona, Spain; (A.P.-M.); (C.P.); (E.A.-L.)
| | | | - Daniel López
- Department of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Castelldefels, 08860 Barcelona, Spain; (A.P.-M.); (C.P.); (E.A.-L.)
| | - Sergio Medina Maestro
- Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Department of Health, 08005 Barcelona, Spain; (L.B.); (S.M.M.); (J.M.P.)
| | - Ermengol Coma
- Primary Care Services Information System (SISAP), Institut Català de la Salut, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (E.C.)
| | - Francesc Fina
- Primary Care Services Information System (SISAP), Institut Català de la Salut, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (E.C.)
| | - Clara Prats
- Department of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Castelldefels, 08860 Barcelona, Spain; (A.P.-M.); (C.P.); (E.A.-L.)
| | - Jacobo Mendioroz Peña
- Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Department of Health, 08005 Barcelona, Spain; (L.B.); (S.M.M.); (J.M.P.)
- University of Vic—Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain
| | - Enric Alvarez-Lacalle
- Department of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Castelldefels, 08860 Barcelona, Spain; (A.P.-M.); (C.P.); (E.A.-L.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Holdenrieder S, Dos Santos Ferreira CE, Izopet J, Theel ES, Wieser A. Clinical and laboratory considerations: determining an antibody-based composite correlate of risk for reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 or severe COVID-19. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1290402. [PMID: 38222091 PMCID: PMC10788057 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1290402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Much of the global population now has some level of adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 induced by exposure to the virus (natural infection), vaccination, or a combination of both (hybrid immunity). Key questions that subsequently arise relate to the duration and the level of protection an individual might expect based on their infection and vaccination history. A multi-component composite correlate of risk (CoR) could inform individuals and stakeholders about protection and aid decision making. This perspective evaluates the various elements that need to be accommodated in the development of an antibody-based composite CoR for reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 or development of severe COVID-19, including variation in exposure dose, transmission route, viral genetic variation, patient factors, and vaccination status. We provide an overview of antibody dynamics to aid exploration of the specifics of SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing. We further discuss anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassays, sample matrices, testing formats, frequency of sampling and the optimal time point for such sampling. While the development of a composite CoR is challenging, we provide our recommendations for each of these key areas and highlight areas that require further work to be undertaken.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Holdenrieder
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, German Heart Centre Munich, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Jacques Izopet
- Laboratory of Virology, Toulouse University Hospital and INFINITY Toulouse Institute for Infections and Inflammatory Diseases, INSERM UMR 1291 CNRS UMR 5051, University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Elitza S. Theel
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Andreas Wieser
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Max Von Pettenkofer Institute, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Immunology, Infection and Pandemic Research, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mamba’udin A, Handayani M, Triawan F, Rahmayanti YD, Muflikhun MA. Excellent Characteristics of Environmentally Friendly 3D-Printed Nasopharyngeal Swabs for Medical Sample Collection. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3363. [PMID: 37631419 PMCID: PMC10459119 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
3D-printed nasopharyngeal swabs for medical sample collection have been manufactured via additive manufacturing (AM), evaluated, and characterized in the present study. A multi-part component of nasopharyngeal swabs was proposed, in which the swab and handle were manufactured separately to reach sustainable production and environmentally friendly products. The swab was investigated using tensile, flexural, surface roughness, dimensional accuracy, and sample collection testing. The influence of printing parameters and post-curing time treatment on the mechanical properties, surface roughness, and dimensional accuracy of 3D-printed nasopharyngeal swabs were also evaluated. The result showed that 3D-printed nasopharyngeal swab shows outstanding tensile strength compared to the commercial flock nasopharyngeal swab. Moreover, the swab neck flexibility test showed that both PLA and dental non-castable 3D-printed nasopharyngeal swabs were able to bend 180°. Subsequently, the surface roughness of 3D-printed nasopharyngeal swab was identic with the commercial flock nasopharyngeal swab. The proposed 3D-printed nasopharyngeal swab design could carry an artificial mucus sample of 141.6 mg at a viscosity of 9455.4 mPa.s. The cost to fabricate a 3D-printed nasopharyngeal swab was estimated at USD0.01-0.02 per swab. 3D-printed nasopharyngeal swab shows potential as a feasible option, greener, less medical waste, and more sustainable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Mamba’udin
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Gadjah Mada University, Jl. Grafika No.2, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Murni Handayani
- Research Center for Advanced Materials, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Puspiptek Area, Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia
| | - Farid Triawan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sampoerna University, Jl. Raya Pasar Minggu No.Kav. 16, Kec. Pancoran, Jakarta 12780, Indonesia
| | - Yosephin Dewiani Rahmayanti
- Research Center for Advanced Materials, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Puspiptek Area, Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Akhsin Muflikhun
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Gadjah Mada University, Jl. Grafika No.2, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|