1
|
Mambro A, Afshar A, Leone F, Dussault C, Stoové M, Savulescu J, Rich JD, Rowan DH, Sheehan J, Kronfli N. Reimbursing incarcerated individuals for participation in research: A scoping review. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2024; 123:104283. [PMID: 38109837 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about global practices regarding the provision of reimbursement for the participation of people who are incarcerated in research. To determine current practices related to the reimbursement of incarcerated populations for research, we aimed to describe international variations in practice across countries and carceral environments to help inform the development of more consistent and equitable practices. METHODS We conducted a scoping review by searching PubMed, Cochrane library, Medline, and Embase, and conducted a grey literature search for English- and French-language articles published until September 30, 2022. All studies evaluating any carceral-based research were included if recruitment of incarcerated participants occurred inside any non-juvenile carceral setting; we excluded studies if recruitment occurred exclusively following release. Where studies failed to indicate the presence or absence of reimbursement, we assumed none was provided. RESULTS A total of 4,328 unique articles were identified, 2,765 were eligible for full text review, and 426 were included. Of these, 295 (69%) did not offer reimbursement to incarcerated individuals. A minority (n = 13; 4%) included reasons explaining the absence of reimbursement, primarily government-level policies (n = 7). Among the 131 (31%) studies that provided reimbursement, the most common form was monetary compensation (n = 122; 93%); five studies (4%) offered possible reduced sentencing. Reimbursement ranged between $3-610 USD in total and 14 studies (11%) explained the reason behind the reimbursements, primarily researchers' discretion (n = 9). CONCLUSIONS The majority of research conducted to date in carceral settings globally has not reimbursed incarcerated participants. Increased transparency regarding reimbursement (or lack thereof) is needed as part of all carceral research and advocacy efforts are required to change policies prohibiting reimbursement of incarcerated individuals. Future work is needed to co-create international standards for the equitable reimbursement of incarcerated populations in research, incorporating the voices of people with lived and living experience of incarceration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mambro
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Avideh Afshar
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frederic Leone
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Camille Dussault
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mark Stoové
- Burnet Institute, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julian Savulescu
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Josiah D Rich
- Center for Health and Justice Transformation, The Miriam and Rhode Island Hospitals, Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Daniel H Rowan
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | | | - Nadine Kronfli
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Intimate Partner Violence and Structural Violence in the Lives of Incarcerated Women: A Mixed-Method Study in Rural New Mexico. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126185. [PMID: 34201033 PMCID: PMC8228824 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a common feature in the lives of incarcerated women returning to rural communities, enhancing their risk of mental ill-health, substance use, and recidivism. Women's experiences of IPV intersect with challenges across multiple social-ecological levels, including risky or criminalizing interpersonal relationships, geographic isolation, and persistent gender, racial, and economic inequities. We conducted quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews with 99 incarcerated women in New Mexico who were scheduled to return to micropolitan or non-core areas within 6 months. Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed separately and then triangulated to identify convergences and divergences in data. The findings underscore how individual and interpersonal experiences of IPV, substance use, and psychological distress intersect with broad social inequities, such as poverty, lack of supportive resources, and reluctance to seek help due to experiences of discrimination. These results point to the need for a more proactive response to the mutually constitutive cycle of IPV, mental distress, incarceration, and structures of violence to improve reentry for women returning to rural communities. Policy and treatment must prioritize socioeconomic marginalization and expand community resources with attention to the needs of rural women of color.
Collapse
|
3
|
Expectations and Experiences of Women Imprisoned for Drug Offending and Returning to Communities in Thailand: Understanding Women’s Pathways Into, Through, and Post-Imprisonment. LAWS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/laws9020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thailand places a high priority on the gender-specific contexts out of which offending arises and the differential needs of women in the criminal justice system. Despite this, Thailand has the highest female incarceration rate in South East Asia and there has been substantial growth since the 1990s. This increase has been driven by punitive changes in drug law, criminal justice policy/practice which have disproportionately impacted women. As female representation in Thailand’s prisons grows, so does the number of women who return to communities. Thus, one of the challenges facing Thai society is the efficacious re-integration of growing numbers of formally incarcerated women. However, what is known about re-entry comes almost exclusively from studies of prisoners (usually men) returning home in western societies. Re-integration does not occur in a vacuum. Supporting women post-release necessitates knowledge of their pathways to, experiences of, and journeys out of prison. Utilising in-depth interviews with (n = 80) imprisoned/formally incarcerated women and focus groups with (n = 16) correctional staff, this paper reports findings from the first comprehensive study of women’s re-integration expectations and experiences in Thailand. Findings showed that women had multifaceted and intersectional needs which directed their pathways into, during, and out of prison.
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Women are one of the fastest growing sectors of the prison population, and have different pathways into prison and differing needs during the reentry process when compared to men (Cloyes et al. J Forensic Nurs; 6:3-14, 2010b; Herrschaft et al. J Offender Rehabil; 48:463-482, 2009). Women report higher levels of mental health problems overall, and report more severe symptomatology (Cloyes et al. J Forensic Nurs; 6:3-14, 2010a; Hyde 2012; Lynch et al. 2014). The current study focuses on the role of severe mental disorders for women released from prison. Data collected from the North Carolina Division of Adult Correction and Juvenile Justice were used to analyze the specific role of severe mental disorders in women's recidivism at eight years post-release (n = 2311). Approximately 20% of women in this sample met the criteria for diagnosis with a severe mental disorder (SMD). Logistic regression analysis indicated that there was an association between SMDs and recidivism for this sample only (p = .11). Cox regression analyses indicated that women diagnosed with SMDs were 16% more likely to have recidivated at eight years post-release compared with women who were not diagnosed with an SMD (p < .05). Implications for the recognition, role, and treatment of SMDs during reentry are discussed.
Collapse
|
5
|
Grace S. Effective interventions for drug using women offenders: A narrative literature review. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2017.1278624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Grace
- Department of Social Policy and Social Work, University of York, York, North Yorkshire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Johnson JE, Peabody ME, Wechsberg WM, Rosen RK, Fernandes K, Zlotnick C. Feasibility of an HIV/STI Risk-Reduction Program for Incarcerated Women Who Have Experienced Interpersonal Violence. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2015; 30:3244-66. [PMID: 25395223 PMCID: PMC4429003 DOI: 10.1177/0886260514555013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and interpersonal violence (IV; e.g., childhood abuse, partner violence, and rape) victimization are significant and interconnected public health problems facing incarcerated women. We adapted a best-evidence HIV-prevention intervention for women (the Women's CoOp) to address sexual safety among incarcerated women with histories of interpersonal violence victimization. The standard Women's CoOp teaches safe sex, substance use harm reduction, and violence prevention information and skills needed to empower women to make more intentional decisions about their safety. We also incorporated strategies to increase affect management, social support, and access to community resources. This resulted in the first trauma-focused HIV-prevention intervention for women that directly addresses the sequelae of IV (such as affect dysregulation in sexual situations) within the context of HIV harm reduction. This manuscript describes the rationale, feasibility, acceptability, and pre-post outcomes of this intervention among 14 women nearing release from prison in two state prison systems. Assessments took place at baseline, prior to release, and at 2-, 5-, and 8 months after release. The intervention overall and each of its components were feasible and acceptable. Participants' number of unprotected sexual occasions, post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, and depressive symptoms decreased significantly from baseline to post-release. Effectiveness in obtaining resources increased significantly from baseline to post-release. Because pre-post measurements of outcomes are confounded with incarceration and subsequent release in this preliminary study, a randomized controlled trial is needed to establish the efficacy of this tailored intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rochelle K Rosen
- Brown University, Providence, RI, USA Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Caron Zlotnick
- Brown University, Providence, RI, USA Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI, USA University of Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Johnson JE, Schonbrun YC, Peabody ME, Shefner RT, Fernandes KM, Rosen RK, Zlotnick C. Provider Experiences with Prison Care and Aftercare for Women with Co-occurring Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders: Treatment, Resource, and Systems Integration Challenges. J Behav Health Serv Res 2015; 42:417-36. [PMID: 24595815 PMCID: PMC4156568 DOI: 10.1007/s11414-014-9397-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Incarcerated women with co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders (COD) face complex psychosocial challenges at community reentry. This study used qualitative methods to evaluate the perspectives of 14 prison and aftercare providers about service delivery challenges and treatment needs of reentering women with COD. Providers viewed the needs of women prisoners with COD as distinct from those of women with substance use alone and from men with COD. Providers described optimal aftercare for women with COD as including contact with the same provider before and after release, access to services within 24-72 hours after release, assistance with managing multiple social service agencies, assistance with relationship issues, and long-term follow-up. Providers also described larger service system and societal issues, including systems integration and ways in which a lack of prison and community aftercare resources impacted quality of care and reentry outcomes. Practice and policy implications are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI, 02906, USA.
| | - Yael Chatav Schonbrun
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI, 02906, USA
- Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, 02906, USA
| | - Marlanea E Peabody
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI, 02906, USA
| | - Ruth T Shefner
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI, 02906, USA
| | - Karen M Fernandes
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI, 02906, USA
| | - Rochelle K Rosen
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02906, USA
- Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, 02906, USA
| | - Caron Zlotnick
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 345 Blackstone Blvd, Providence, RI, 02906, USA
- Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, 02906, USA
- Department of Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Willging CE, Nicdao EG, Trott EM, Kellett NC. STRUCTURAL INEQUALITY AND SOCIAL SUPPORT FOR WOMEN PRISONERS RELEASED TO RURAL COMMUNITIES. WOMEN & CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2015; 26:145-164. [PMID: 27274615 PMCID: PMC4889023 DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2015.1067174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Incarceration and community reentry for rural women reflect gendered processes. We draw upon in-depth semi-structured interviews and focus groups to examine the return of women prisoners to underserved rural communities, while attending to the perspectives of their closest social supporters. Our findings underscore the complexity of the reentry process for rural women and its particular impact on their families. We challenge dominant discourses of personal responsibility that detract from the structura violence and injustice shaping reentry experiences for women and their social supporters. We also consider the policy implications of discharge and reentry planning for rural women and their families, as well as strategies to reduce recidivism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cathleen E Willging
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Behavioral Health Research Center of the Southwest, 612 Encino Place, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87102, ,
| | - Ethel G Nicdao
- University of the Pacific, Department of Sociology, 3601 Pacific Ave., Stockton, CA 95211, ,
| | - Elise M Trott
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Behavioral Health Research Center of the Southwest, 612 Encino Place, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87102, ,
| | - Nicole C Kellett
- Department of Sociology/Anthropology, University of Maine, Farmington, 240 Main Street, Farmington, ME 04938, ,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ramaswamy M, Upadhyayula S, Chan KYC, Rhodes K, Leonardo A. Health priorities among women recently released from jail. Am J Health Behav 2015; 39:222-31. [PMID: 25564835 DOI: 10.5993/ajhb.39.2.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the health priorities of women recently released from jail. METHOD We open-coded semi-structured interview transcripts collected from 28 women within 6 months after their release from jail to identify themes associated with prioritization of health. RESULTS Five out of 28 women listed health as their top post-release priority. However, many women had competing priorities after release, including housing, employment, and children. We found that women described several reasons why health was not a priority; however, participants reported regular use of the healthcare system upon release from jail, indicating that health was important to them to some degree. CONCLUSIONS Our findings from may inform intervention efforts that connect women to healthcare resources and increase health-promoting behavior during the transition from jail to community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megha Ramaswamy
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | | | | | - Kylie Rhodes
- University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - April Leonardo
- University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang Y, Knight K, Joe GW, Rowan GA, Lehman WEK, Flynn PM. Gender as a moderator in predicting re-arrest among treated drug-involved offenders. J Subst Abuse Treat 2014; 49:65-70. [PMID: 25216813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of the current study is to explore gender differences on the relationships of pre-treatment risk factors and psychosocial functioning with time to re-arrest following termination from prison. The sample consisted of 384 males and 313 females who were admitted to four prison-based substance abuse treatment programs. Results showed that female inmates experienced a longer time to re-arrest than male inmates. Higher self-reported ratings of decision making confidence and peer support were associated with a lower likelihood of re-arrest for males. Males with higher self-esteem ratings were more likely to be re-arrested than males who reported lower self-esteem. Females with more self-reported criminal involvement had a higher rate of re-arrest than did those with less criminal involvement. In contrast to males, females with relatively high self-reported self-esteem had a lower rate of re-arrest than their counterparts who reported low self-esteem. Clinical implications include the importance of enhancing decision-making confidence and peer support for males and self-esteem for females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA.
| | - Kevin Knight
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA
| | - George W Joe
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA
| | - Grace A Rowan
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA
| | - Wayne E K Lehman
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA
| | - Patrick M Flynn
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Peabody ME, Choung A, Rosen R, Kuo C, Wechsberg W, Fernandes K, Zlotnick C, Johnson J. Effects of incarceration on risky Sex: focus group data from Two New England states. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2014; 2:8. [PMCID: PMC5151510 DOI: 10.1186/2194-7899-2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Background Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) risk and interpersonal violence are interconnected public health problems facing incarcerated women. Prison may provide an opportune time to conduct HIV prevention activities with high-risk women. Methods This study used qualitative analysis to explore how incarceration affected women’s experiences of and thoughts about sex and sex risk. Twenty-one incarcerated women who had engaged in unprotected sex with a male in the 90 days prior to incarceration and experienced interpersonal violence in their lifetime participated in semi-structured focus groups at four women’s prison facilities in two New England States. Results Themes that emerged from these focus groups include: a) incarceration increased sexual desire for some women but decreased it for others, b) education and exposure to women with HIV during incarceration increased women’s intentions to use condoms after release, c) women recognized that partners were often unfaithful while women were incarcerated, d) women felt empowered by mental health/substance use treatment and sobriety in prison, and e) practical difficulties of re-entry challenged women’s resolve to practice safe sex after release. Conclusion Themes illuminate possible directions for public health interventions for this population at high risk for HIV. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2194-7899-2-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Choung
- Brown University, Box G-BH, Providence, RI 02912 USA
| | - Rochelle Rosen
- The Miriam Hospital, Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, Coro West, Suite 309164 Summit Ave, Providence, RI 02906 USA
| | - Caroline Kuo
- 121 S. Main St., 4th Floor, Rm 406, Providence, RI 02903 USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nargiso JE, Kuo CC, Zlotnick C, Johnson JE. Social support network characteristics of incarcerated women with co-occurring major depressive and substance use disorders. J Psychoactive Drugs 2014; 46:93-105. [PMID: 25052785 PMCID: PMC4111158 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2014.890766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The nature of social support available to incarcerated women is not well-understood, particularly among women at high risk of negative outcomes, including women dually diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder and a Substance Use Disorder (MDD-SUD). Descriptive statistics and paired-tests were conducted on 60 incarcerated MDD-SUD women receiving in-prison substance use and depression treatments to characterize the women's social networks, including the strength of support, network characteristics, and types of support provided as well as to determine what aspects of social support may be amenable to change during incarceration and post-release. Study results showed that, on average, women perceived they had moderately supportive individuals in their lives, although more than a quarter of the sample could not identify any regular supporters in their network at baseline. During incarceration, women's social networks significantly increased in general supportiveness, and decreased in network size and percentage of substance users in their networks. Participants maintained positive social support gains post-release in most areas while also significantly increasing the size of their support network post-release. Findings suggest that there are aspects of incarcerated MDD-SUD women's social networks that are amenable to change during incarceration and post-release and provide insight into treatment targets for this vulnerable population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Nargiso
- a Instructor, Department of Psychiatry , Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Johnson JE. Integrating psychotherapy research with public health and public policy goals for incarcerated women and other vulnerable populations. Psychother Res 2013; 24:229-39. [PMID: 24188727 PMCID: PMC3946394 DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2013.838656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND METHOD In this article, I review my research applying interpersonal treatments and interpersonal principles from psychotherapy for major depression and substance use to broader public health goals for incarcerated women and other vulnerable populations. RESULTS A public health focus has led me to expand the boundaries of psychotherapy research to include partners such as prisons, parole officers, and bachelor's level providers; behaviors like risky sex; service delivery challenges; and ultimately to research with an eye toward informing policy and advocacy. CONCLUSIONS A public health perspective provides context and rationale for conducting sound psychotherapy research; the combination of public health and psychotherapy-specific perspectives can lead to novel research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Johnson
- a Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior , Brown University , Providence , RI , USA
| |
Collapse
|