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Awawdeh L, Forrest R, Turni C, Cobbold R, Henning J, Gibson J. Virulence-associated genes in faecal and clinical Escherichia coli isolates cultured from broiler chickens in Australia. Aust Vet J 2024; 102:398-406. [PMID: 38721873 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
A healthy chicken's intestinal flora harbours a rich reservoir of Escherichia coli as part of the commensal microbiota. However, some strains, known as avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC), carry specific virulence genes (VGs) that enable them to invade and cause extraintestinal infections such as avian colibacillosis. Although several VG combinations have been identified, the pathogenic mechanisms associated with APEC are ill-defined. The current study screened a subset of 88 E. coli isolates selected from 237 pre-existing isolates obtained from commercial poultry flocks in Australia. The 88 isolates were selected based on their enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles and included 29 E. coli isolates cultured from chickens with colibacillosis (referred to as clinical E. coli or CEC) and 59 faecal E. coli (FEC) isolates cultured from clinically healthy chickens. The isolates were screened for the presence of 35 previously reported VGs. Of these, 34 were identified, with iucA not being detected. VGs focG, hlyA and sfa/foc were only detected in FEC isolates. Eight VGs had a prevalence of 90% or above in the CEC isolates. Specifically, astA (100%); feoB (96.6%); iutA, iss, ompT, iroN and hlyF (all 93.1%); and vat (89.7%). The prevalence of these were significantly lower in FEC isolates (astA 79.7%, feoB 77.9%, iutA 52.5%, iss 45.8%, ompT 50.9%, iroN 37.3%, hlyF 50.9% and vat 42.4%). The odds ratios that each of these eight VGs were more likely to be associated with CEC than FEC ranged from 7.8 to 21.9. These eight VGs may be used to better define APEC and diagnostically detect APEC in Australia. Further investigations are needed to identify the roles of these VGs in pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Awawdeh
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - R Forrest
- Nursing & Health Science, Te Pūkenga|Eastern Institute of Technology, Napier, New Zealand
| | - C Turni
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, The University of Queensland, Dutton Park, Queensland, Australia
| | - R Cobbold
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Henning
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Gibson
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
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Mirzahosseini HK, Najmeddin F, Najafi A, Ahmadi A, Sharifnia H, Khaledi A, Mojtahedzadeh M. Correlation of biofilm formation, virulence factors, and phylogenetic groups among Escherichia coli strains causing urinary tract infection: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 28:66. [PMID: 38024522 PMCID: PMC10668210 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_637_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Different virulence factors are involved in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC); hence, this study aimed to study the prevalence of biofilm formation, virulence factors, and phylogenetic groups and their correlation with biofilm formation among UPEC isolates through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Materials and Methods A literature search was conducted from 1, 2000, to the end of 2021 in different databases for studies that reported biofilm together with virulence genes or phylogenetic groups in UPEC isolates from patients with UTI according to PRISMA protocol. Data were analyzed by Comprehensive meta-analysis software. Results The pooled prevalence of biofilm formers was 74.7%. The combined prevalence of phylogenetic Groups A, B1, B2, and D (s) were reported at 19.6%, 11%, 50.7%, and 20.5%, respectively. The most common virulence genes reported worldwide were fimA, ecpA, and fimH, with a combined prevalence of 90.3%, 86.6%, and 64.9%, respectively. The pooled prevalence of biofilm formation in UPEC isolates with phylogenetic Groups A, B1, B2, D, C, and F were 12.4%, 8.7%, 33.7%, 12.4%, 2.6%, and 2.65%, respectively. Several studies showed a correlation between biofilm production and virulence genes, or phylogenetic groups. Conclusion Regarding data obtained, the high level of combined biofilm formation (74.7%) and the presence of a positive correlation between biofilm production and virulence genes, or phylogenetic groups as reported by the most studies included in the present review, indicates an important role of biofilm in the persistence of UPEC in the UTI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farhad Najmeddin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atabak Najafi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezoo Ahmadi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Sharifnia
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azad Khaledi
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Mojtahedzadeh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Petersen AM. Gastrointestinal dysbiosis and Escherichia coli pathobionts in inflammatory bowel diseases. APMIS 2022; 130 Suppl 144:1-38. [PMID: 35899316 PMCID: PMC9546507 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Munk Petersen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Louge Uriarte EL, González Pasayo RA, Massó M, Carrera Paez L, Domínguez Moncla M, Donis N, Malena R, Méndez A, Morrell E, Giannitti F, Armendano JI, Faverin C, Centrón D, Parreño V, Odeón AC, Quiroga MP, Moreira AR. Molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli of the phylogroups A and C in dairy calves with meningitis and septicemia. Microb Pathog 2022; 163:105378. [PMID: 34982979 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is an important cause of septicemia (SEPEC) and neonatal meningitis (NMEC) in dairy calves. However, the diversity of virulence profiles, phylogroups, antimicrobial resistance patterns, carriage of integron structures, and fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance mechanisms have not been fully investigated. Also, there is a paucity of knowledge about the virulence profiles and frequency of potential SEPEC in feces from calves with or without diarrhea. This study aimed to characterize the virulence potential, phylogroups, antimicrobial susceptibility, integron content, and FQ-resistance mechanisms in Escherichia coli isolated from calves with meningitis and septicemia. Additionally, the virulence genes (VGs) and profiles of E. coli isolated from diarrheic and non-diarrheic calves were compared between them and together with NMEC and SEPEC in order to identify shared profiles. Tissue and fluid samples from eight dairy calves with septicemia, four of which had concurrent meningitis, were processed for bacteriology and histopathology. Typing of VGs was assessed in 166 isolates from diverse samples of each calf. Selected isolates were evaluated for antimicrobial susceptibility by the disk diffusion test. Phylogroups, integron gene cassettes cartography, and FQ-resistance determinants were analyzed by PCR, sequencing, and bioinformatic tools. Furthermore, 109 fecal samples and 700 fecal isolates from dairy calves with or without diarrhea were evaluated to detect 19 VGs by uniplex PCR. Highly diverse VG profiles were characterized among NMEC and SEPEC isolates, but iucD was the predominant virulence marker. Histologic lesions in all calves supported their pathogenicity. Selected isolates mainly belonged to phylogroups A and C and showed multidrug resistance. Classic (dfrA17 and arr3-dfrA27) and complex (dfrA17-aadA5::ISCR1::blaCTX-M-2) class 1 integrons were identified. Target-site mutations in GyrA (S83L and D87N) and ParC (S80I) encoding genes were associated with FQ resistance. The VGs detected more frequently in fecal samples included f17G (50%), papC (30%), iucD (20%), clpG (19%), eae (16%), and afaE-8 (13%). Fecal isolates displaying the profiles of f17 or potential SEPEC were found in 25% of calves with and without diarrhea. The frequency of E. coli VGs and profiles did not differ between both groups (p > 0.05) and were identical or similar to those found in NMEC and SEPEC. Overall, multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates with diverse VG profiles and belonging to phylogroups A and C can be implicated in natural cases of meningitis and septicemia. Their resistance phenotypes can be partially explained by class 1 integron gene cassettes and target-site mutations in gyrA and parC. These results highlight the value of antimicrobial resistance surveillance in pathogenic bacteria isolated from food-producing animals. Besides, calves frequently shed potential SEPEC in their feces as commensals ("Trojan horse"). Thus, these bacteria may be disseminated in the farm environment, causing septicemia and meningitis under predisposing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique L Louge Uriarte
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y Desarrollo Sostenible, INTA-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IPADS, INTA-CONICET), Ruta 226 km 73.5, Balcarce, 7620, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ramón A González Pasayo
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y Desarrollo Sostenible, INTA-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IPADS, INTA-CONICET), Ruta 226 km 73.5, Balcarce, 7620, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Massó
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Laura Carrera Paez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Manuel Domínguez Moncla
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Donis
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Rosana Malena
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y Desarrollo Sostenible, INTA-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IPADS, INTA-CONICET), Ruta 226 km 73.5, Balcarce, 7620, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Méndez
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y Desarrollo Sostenible, INTA-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IPADS, INTA-CONICET), Ruta 226 km 73.5, Balcarce, 7620, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eleonora Morrell
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y Desarrollo Sostenible, INTA-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IPADS, INTA-CONICET), Ruta 226 km 73.5, Balcarce, 7620, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Giannitti
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Ruta 50 km 11, Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Semillero, 70006, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Joaquín I Armendano
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Argentina
| | - Claudia Faverin
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y Desarrollo Sostenible, INTA-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IPADS, INTA-CONICET), Ruta 226 km 73.5, Balcarce, 7620, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Centrón
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Incuinta, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, INTA-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IVIT, INTA-CONICET), Castelar, 1712, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anselmo C Odeón
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y Desarrollo Sostenible, INTA-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IPADS, INTA-CONICET), Ruta 226 km 73.5, Balcarce, 7620, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Paula Quiroga
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG, Argentina.
| | - Ana Rita Moreira
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y Desarrollo Sostenible, INTA-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IPADS, INTA-CONICET), Ruta 226 km 73.5, Balcarce, 7620, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Prevalence and Molecular Characteristics of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli in "No Antibiotics Ever" Broiler Farms. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0083421. [PMID: 34878309 PMCID: PMC8653813 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00834-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes significant economic and welfare concerns to the broiler industry. For several decades, prophylactic supplementation of antimicrobial growth promoters was the primary method to control APEC; however, the recent shift to no antibiotics ever (NAE) production has increased colibacillosis incidence. The objectives of this study were to determine the influence of season, flock age, and sample type on the prevalence and virulence of E. coli and to identify the serogroups and antimicrobial susceptibility of virulent and nonvirulent E. coli in NAE broiler farms. Litter, feces, cloacal swabs, and tracheal swabs were collected from 4 NAE farms during spring and summer seasons, and E. coli was isolated and confirmed by PCR. Confirmed E. coli isolates were tested for 5 APEC-virulence-associated genes (VAGs) using quantitative PCR (qPCR). Further, E. coli isolates with all five VAGs (100 isolates) and E. coli isolates without any VAGs (87 isolates) were screened against 11 antimicrobials through Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay, and their serogroups were tested using PCR. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4, and statistical significance was determined at a P value of ≤0.05. Overall, the prevalence of E. coli was not affected by season, flock age, or sample type. However, the prevalence of all tested VAGs decreased from spring to summer (P ≤ 0.002). The frequency of resistance was highest for tetracycline, and serogroups O8 (31%) and O78 (11%) were most frequent in virulent E. coli. In conclusion, there is a high prevalence of virulent E. coli in NAE farms, especially in the spring season. IMPORTANCE Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli causes one of the most detrimental bacterial diseases to the United States poultry industry, colibacillosis. Colibacillosis leads to decreased performance, early mortality, and subsequent production loss. Previously, colibacillosis was largely mitigated by the use of antimicrobial growth promoters. Due to concerns about antimicrobial resistance, the use of these promoters has been largely removed from the broiler industry. With recent shifts in the poultry industry to NAE broiler production, there is an increase in bacterial disease and mortality. We do not know how this shift to NAE affects APEC prevalence within broiler farms. Therefore, in the current study, we attempted to assess the prevalence and virulence of E. coli within an antibiotic-free broiler environment, assessed antimicrobial susceptibility, and identified the serogroups of virulent and nonvirulent E. coli.
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Tu J, Fu D, Gu Y, Shao Y, Song X, Xue M, Qi K. Transcription Regulator YgeK Affects the Virulence of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113018. [PMID: 34827751 PMCID: PMC8614350 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is the responsible pathogen for colibacillosis in poultry. Transcriptional regulator YgeK was a transcriptional regulator locating at E. coli type three secretion system 2 (ETT2) in APEC. However, the role of YgeK in APEC has not been reported. In this study, we found that the inactivation of YgeK in APEC decreased the flagellar formation ability, bacterial motility ability, serum sensitivity, adhesion ability, and virulence. Results suggested that the transcriptional regulator YgeK plays a crucial role in APEC virulence. Abstract Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is the responsible pathogen for colibacillosis in poultry, and is a potential gene source for human extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli type III secretion system 2 (ETT2) is widely distributed in human and animal ExPEC isolates, and is crucial for the virulence of ExPEC. Transcriptional regulator YgeK, located in the ETT2 gene cluster, was identified as an important regulator of gene expression in enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). However, the role of YgeK in APEC has not been reported. In this study, we performed amino acid alignment analysis of YgeK among different E. coli strains and generated ygeK mutant strain AE81ΔygeK from clinical APEC strain AE81. Flagellar formation, bacterial motility, serum sensitivity, adhesion, and virulence were all significantly reduced following the inactivation of YgeK in APEC. Then, we performed transcriptome sequencing to analyze the functional pathways involved in the biological processes. Results suggested that ETT2 transcriptional regulator YgeK plays a crucial role in APEC virulence. These findings thus contribute to our understanding of the function of the ETT2 cluster, and clarify the pathogenic mechanism of APEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (J.T.); (D.F.); (Y.G.); (Y.S.); (X.S.)
| | - Dandan Fu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (J.T.); (D.F.); (Y.G.); (Y.S.); (X.S.)
| | - Yi Gu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (J.T.); (D.F.); (Y.G.); (Y.S.); (X.S.)
| | - Ying Shao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (J.T.); (D.F.); (Y.G.); (Y.S.); (X.S.)
| | - Xiangjun Song
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (J.T.); (D.F.); (Y.G.); (Y.S.); (X.S.)
| | - Mei Xue
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (J.T.); (D.F.); (Y.G.); (Y.S.); (X.S.)
- College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Jinling Institute Technology, Nanjing 211169, China
- Correspondence: (M.X.); (K.Q.); Tel.: +86-551-6578-5310 (K.Q.)
| | - Kezong Qi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (J.T.); (D.F.); (Y.G.); (Y.S.); (X.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.X.); (K.Q.); Tel.: +86-551-6578-5310 (K.Q.)
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Yu D, Banting G, Neumann NF. A review of the taxonomy, genetics, and biology of the genus Escherichia and the type species Escherichia coli. Can J Microbiol 2021; 67:553-571. [PMID: 33789061 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2020-0508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Historically, bacteriologists have relied heavily on biochemical and structural phenotypes for bacterial taxonomic classification. However, advances in comparative genomics have led to greater insights into the remarkable genetic diversity within the microbial world, and even within well-accepted species such as Escherichia coli. The extraordinary genetic diversity in E. coli recapitulates the evolutionary radiation of this species in exploiting a wide range of niches (i.e., ecotypes), including the gastrointestinal system of diverse vertebrate hosts as well as non-host natural environments (soil, natural waters, wastewater), which drives the adaptation, natural selection, and evolution of intragenotypic conspecific specialism as a strategy for survival. Over the last few years, there has been increasing evidence that many E. coli strains are very host (or niche)-specific. While biochemical and phylogenetic evidence support the classification of E. coli as a distinct species, the vast genomic (diverse pan-genome and intragenotypic variability), phenotypic (e.g., metabolic pathways), and ecotypic (host-/niche-specificity) diversity, comparable to the diversity observed in known species complexes, suggest that E. coli is better represented as a complex. Herein we review the taxonomic classification of the genus Escherichia and discuss how phenotype, genotype, and ecotype recapitulate our understanding of the biology of this remarkable bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Yu
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G IC9, Canada.,School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G IC9, Canada
| | - Graham Banting
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G IC9, Canada.,School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G IC9, Canada
| | - Norman F Neumann
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G IC9, Canada.,School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G IC9, Canada
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Braz VS, Melchior K, Moreira CG. Escherichia coli as a Multifaceted Pathogenic and Versatile Bacterium. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:548492. [PMID: 33409157 PMCID: PMC7779793 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.548492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic plasticity promotes evolution and a vast diversity in Escherichia coli varying from avirulent to highly pathogenic strains, including the emergence of virulent hybrid microorganism. This ability also contributes to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. These hybrid pathogenic E. coli (HyPEC) are emergent threats, such as O104:H4 from the European outbreak in 2011, aggregative adherent bacteria with the potent Shiga-toxin. Here, we briefly revisited the details of these E. coli classic and hybrid pathogens, the increase in antimicrobial resistance in the context of a genetically empowered multifaceted and versatile bug and the growing need to advance alternative therapies to fight these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Santos Braz
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Karine Melchior
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Gallina Moreira
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
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Fancher CA, Zhang L, Kiess AS, Adhikari PA, Dinh TT, Sukumaran AT. Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens: Challenges in No Antibiotics Ever Broiler Production and Potential Solutions. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1533. [PMID: 33036173 PMCID: PMC7599686 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
United States is the largest producer and the second largest exporter of broiler meat in the world. In the US, broiler production is largely converting to antibiotic-free programs which has caused an increase in morbidity and mortality within broiler farms. Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens are two important pathogenic bacteria readily found in the broiler environment and result in annual billion-dollar losses from colibacillosis, gangrenous dermatitis, and necrotic enteritis. The broiler industry is in search of non-antibiotic alternatives including novel vaccines, prebiotics, probiotics, and housing management strategies to mitigate production losses due to these diseases. This review provides an overview of the broiler industry and antibiotic free production, current challenges, and emerging research on antibiotic alternatives to reduce pathogenic microbial presence and improve bird health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A. Fancher
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (C.A.F.); (L.Z.); (A.S.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (C.A.F.); (L.Z.); (A.S.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Aaron S. Kiess
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (C.A.F.); (L.Z.); (A.S.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Pratima A. Adhikari
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (C.A.F.); (L.Z.); (A.S.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Thu T.N. Dinh
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA;
| | - Anuraj T. Sukumaran
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (C.A.F.); (L.Z.); (A.S.K.); (P.A.A.)
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Yu L, Wang H, Han X, Li W, Xue M, Qi K, Chen X, Ni J, Deng R, Shang F, Xue T. The two-component system, BasSR, is involved in the regulation of biofilm and virulence in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli. Avian Pathol 2020; 49:532-546. [PMID: 32894030 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1781791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is a subgroup of extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) strains that cause avian colibacillosis, resulting in significant economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. It has been reported that a few two-component signal transduction systems (TCS) participate in the regulation of the virulence factors of APEC infection. In this study, a basSR-deficient mutant strain was constructed from its parent strain APECX40 (WT), and high-throughput sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed to analyse the transcriptional profile of WT and its mutant strain XY1. Results showed that the deletion of basSR down-regulated the transcript levels of a series of biofilm- and virulence-related genes. Results of biofilm formation assays and bird model experiments indicated that the deletion of basSR inhibited biofilm formation in vitro and decreased bacterial virulence and colonization in vivo. In addition, electrophoretic mobility shift assays confirmed that the BasR protein could bind to the promoter regions of several biofilm- and virulence-related genes, including ais, opgC and fepA. This study suggests that the BasSR TCS might be a global regulator in the pathogenesis of APEC infection. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Transcriptional profiling showed that BasSR might be a global regulator in APEC. BasSR increases APEC pathogenicity in vivo. BasSR positively regulates biofilm- and the virulence-associated genes. BasSR can bind to the promoter regions of virulence-associated genes ais, opgC and fepA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumin Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangan Han
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenchang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Xue
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Kezong Qi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingtian Ni
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruining Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Shang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Xue
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
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11
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Phylogenetic Classification, Biofilm-Forming Capacity, Virulence Factors, and Antimicrobial Resistance in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:3361-3370. [PMID: 32910213 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02173-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the main cause of urinary tract infections; in recent years, its importance as a pathogen has increased due to the emergence of hypervirulent and multiresistant strains. In this study, 190 urinary isolates of E. coli were assigned into the seven phylogenetic groups A (11.1%), B1 (4.7%), B2 (46.8%), C (5.8%) D (25.3%) F (2.6%), and Clade I (2.1%), and various virulence genes were examined with polymerase chain reaction methods. All isolates had at least one virulence factor of the 9 analyzed fyuA (81.1%), fimH (96.8%), iutA (74.7%), ompT (66.8%), kpsMTII (66.8%), traT (58.9%), PAI (43.6%), PapAH (26.3%), and usp (3.2%). The results showed a direct relationship between the virulence factors and phylogenetic group A and B2. Further, virulence genetic profiles fimH, fyuA, ompT, traT, and kpsMTII correlated with the production of strong biofilm, multidrug resistance, and the production of moderate hemolysin. These results suggest that these strains may become reservoirs of genes that encode virulence factors, which could be transferred horizontally enhancing their genomic background and high possibility of acquiring new genetic information for possible dissemination. This study provides the first description of phylogroups in UPEC in the Colombian Caribbean and the association with virulence factor profile, antimicrobial susceptibility, and their possible role in the epidemiology in Colombia.
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Chauhan AK, Jang M, Kim Y. Phloretin Protects Macrophages from E. coli-Induced Inflammation through the TLR4 Signaling Pathway. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:333-340. [PMID: 31893612 PMCID: PMC9728332 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1910.10063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are the cells of the first-line defense system, which protect the body from foreign invaders such as bacteria. However, Gram-negative bacteria have always been the major challenge for macrophages due to the presence of lipopolysaccharides on their outer cell membrane. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of phloretin, a flavonoid commonly found in apple, on the protection of macrophages from Escherichia coli infection. RAW 264.7 cells infected with standard E. coli, or virulent E. coli K1 strain were treated with phloretin in a dose-dependent manner to examine its efficacy in protection of macrophages. Our results revealed that phloretin treatment reduced the production of nitric oxide (NO) and generation of reactive oxygen species along with reducing the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines induced by the E. coli and E. coli K1 strains in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, treatment of phloretin downregulated the expression of E. coli-induced major inflammatory markers i.e. cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1), in a concentration dependent manner. Moreover, the TLR4-mediated NF-κB pathway was activated in E. coli-infected macrophages but was potentially downregulated by phloretin at the transcriptional and translational levels. Collectively, our data suggest that phloretin treatment protects macrophages from infection of virulent E. coli K1 strain by downregulating the TLR4-mediated signaling pathway and inhibiting NO and cytokine production, eventually protecting macrophages from E. coli-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Chauhan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Mihee Jang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yangmee Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-2-450-3421 Fax: +82-2-447-5987 E-mail:
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13
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The evolutionary puzzle of Escherichia coli ST131. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 81:104265. [PMID: 32112974 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The abrupt expansion of Escherichia coli sequence type (ST) 131 is unmatched among Gram negative bacteria. In many ways, ST131 can be considered a real-world model for the complexities involved in the evolution of a multidrug resistant pathogen. While much progress has been made on our insights into the organism's population structure, pathogenicity and drug resistance profile, significant gaps in our knowledge remain. Whole genome studies have shed light on key mutations and genes that have been selected against the background of antibiotics, but in most cases such events are inferred and not supported by experimental data. Notable examples include the unknown fitness contribution made by specific plasmids, genomic islands and compensatory mutations. Furthermore, questions remain like why this organism in particular achieved such considerable success in such a short time span, compared to other more pathogenic and resistant clones. Herein, we document what is known regarding the genetics of this organism since its first description in 2008, but also highlight where work remains to be done for a truly comprehensive understanding of the biology of ST131, in order to account for its dramatic rise to prominence.
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Yu L, Li W, Qi K, Wang S, Chen X, Ni J, Deng R, Shang F, Xue T. McbR is involved in biofilm formation and H2O2 stress response in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli X40. Poult Sci 2019; 98:4094-4103. [PMID: 31002106 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes a variety of extraintestinal diseases known as colibacillosis and is responsible for significant economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. Biofilm formation results in increased morbidity and persistent infections, and is the main reason for the difficult treatment of colibacillosis with antimicrobial agents. It is reported that the transcriptional regulator McbR regulates biofilm formation and mucoidy by repressing the expression of the periplasmic protein YbiM, and activates the transcription of the yciGFE operon by binding to the yciG promoter in E. coli K-12. However, whether McbR regulates biofilm formation and H2O2 stress response in APEC has been not reported. The present study showed that, in the clinical isolate APECX40, the deletion of mcbR increased biofilm formation by upregulating the transcription of the biofilm-associated genes bcsA, fliC, wcaF, and fimA. In addition, the deletion of mcbR decreased H2O2 stress response by downregulating the transcript levels of the stress-associated genes yciF and yciE. The electrophoretic mobility shift assays confirmed that McbR directly binds to the promoter regions of yciG and yciF. This study may provide new clues to understanding gene regulation in APEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumin Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Wenchang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Kezong Qi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Siyu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Jingtian Ni
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Ruining Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Fei Shang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Ting Xue
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
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15
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Daga AP, Koga VL, Soncini JGM, de Matos CM, Perugini MRE, Pelisson M, Kobayashi RKT, Vespero EC. Escherichia coli Bloodstream Infections in Patients at a University Hospital: Virulence Factors and Clinical Characteristics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:191. [PMID: 31245301 PMCID: PMC6563721 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) isolates are responsible for many bloodstream infections. The aim of this study was to characterize E. coli isolated from the bloodstreams of patients (n = 48) at the University Hospital in Brazil. Epidemiological data were obtained through the analysis of medical records and laboratory tests. By PCR analysis, we investigated the presence of virulence factors (VFs), pathogenicity islands (PAIs), extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), phylogenetic classifications (A, B1, B2, C, D, E, and F) and molecular genotype by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR). The mortality analysis showed that 33.3% of the deaths were associated with bacteraemia due to E. coli infections; in addition, an age between 60 and 75 years (p < 0.001; OR = 6.3[2.1–18.9]) and bacteraemia with an abdominal origin (p = 0.02; OR = 5[1.2–20.5]) were risk factors for the severity of the infection. Additionally, the presence of the afa gene was associated with mortality due to E. coli bacteraemia (p = 0.027; OR = 11.4[1.5–85.7]). Immunosuppression (27.1%), intestinal diseases (25.0%) and diabetes (18.8%), were prevalent among patients, and most of the bacteraemia cases were secondary to urinary tract infections (50.0%). The serum resistance gene traT was present in 77.1% of isolates, group capsular 2 (kpsMT II) was present in 45.8% and the K5 capsule was present in 20.8% of isolates. The isolates also showed a high prevalence for the siderophore yersiniabactina (fyuA) (70.8%) and PAI IV536 (77.1%). Phylogenetic analysis showed that group B2 (45.8%) was the most prevalent, and was the phylogroup that had a higher prevalence of VFs and PAIs. However, in this study, a considerable number of isolated bacteria were classified as group B1 (18.8%) and as group E (14.6%). Eight (16.7%) isolates were resistant to third and fourth generation cephalosporin and group CTX-M-1 (CTX-M-15) was the most prevalent ESBL type. The molecular genotyping showed two clonal lineages and several isolates that were not related to each other. This study provides additional information on the epidemiological and molecular characteristics of E. coli bloodstream infections in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Daga
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Lumi Koga
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - João Gabriel Material Soncini
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Caroline Martins de Matos
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Marcia Regina Eches Perugini
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Marsileni Pelisson
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Eliana Carolina Vespero
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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16
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Role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharides in modulation of biofilm and virulence factors of Enterobacteriaceae. ANN MICROBIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-018-1420-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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17
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Asadi A, Zahraei Salehi T, Jamshidian M, Ghanbarpour R. ECOR phylotyping and determination of virulence genes in Escherichia coli isolates from pathological conditions of broiler chickens in poultry slaughter-houses of southeast of Iran. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2018; 9:211-216. [PMID: 30357106 PMCID: PMC6198163 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2018.30827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) are responsible for wide ranges of extra-intestinal diseases in poultry including colibacillosis, cellulitis, coligranuloma and yolk sac infection. Numbers of virulence are considered important in the pathogenicity of these diseases. The aims of the present study were phylogenetic typing and virulence genes detection in Escherichia coli isolates from colibacillosis and cellulitis of broiler chickens in poultry slaughterhouses of Shahrbabak region, Kerman, Iran. A total number of eighty three E. coli isolates were taken from broiler chickens with colibacillosis and thirty four isolates were taken from carcasses with cellulitis in the industrial slaughterhouses. Biochemically confirmed E. coli isolates were subjected to polymerase chain reaction assay to determine phylogenetic groups and presence of pap C, sfa/focDE, iucD, afaIB-C, hlyA, fimH and crl virulence genes. Colibacillosis isolates were belonged to A (54.21%), B1 (7.22%), B2 (6.03%) and D (32.53%) phylogroups. Whereas, the isolates from cellulitis cases were belonged to three main phylogroups; A (55.88%), B1 (5.88%) and D (38.24%). Statistical analysis showed a specific association between the presence of crl virulence gene and phylogroups of A and D in colibacillosis isolates. The results showed that the isolates from both diseases in broiler chickens could be assigned to various phylogenetic groups (mainly A(. Also, the virulence genes profile of cellulitis E. coli is completely different from that of colibacillosis in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Asadi
- Department of Microbiology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taghi Zahraei Salehi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Jamshidian
- Department of Microbiology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ghanbarpour
- Molecular Microbiology Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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18
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Paitan Y. Current Trends in Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018; 416:181-211. [PMID: 30088148 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is the most common Gram-negative bacterial pathogen, presenting both a clinical and an epidemiological challenge. In the last decade, several successful multidrug-resistant high-risk strains, such as strain E. coli ST131 have evolved, mainly due to the growing selective pressure of antimicrobial use. These strains present enhanced fitness and pathogenicity, effective transmission and colonization abilities, global distribution due to efficient dissemination, and resistance to various antimicrobial resistances. Here, we describe the emerging trends and epidemiology of resistant E. coli, including carbapenemase-producing E. coli, E. coli ST131 and colistin resistant E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yossi Paitan
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, 44282, Kfar Saba, Israel. .,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 39978, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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19
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Abstract
Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) present a major clinical problem that has emerged in the past years. Most of the infections are hospital or community-acquired and involve patients with a compromised immune system. The infective agents belong to a large number of strains of different serotypes that do not cross react. The seriousness of the infection is due to the fact that most of the infecting bacteria are highly antibiotic resistant. Here, we discuss the bacterial factors responsible for pathogenesis and potential means to combat the infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dvora Biran
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 39978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eliora Z Ron
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 39978, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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20
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Zhang M, Qiao G, Li Q, Xu DH, Qi Z, Wang A, Xu M, Huang J. Transcriptome analysis and discovery of genes involved in immune pathways from coelomocytes of Onchidium struma after bacterial challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 72:528-543. [PMID: 29155030 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Onchidium struma widely distributes in subtidal and low-tidal zones, which is considered to be an economical species with rich nutrition, a valuable biomonitor for heavy metal pollution and a representative species for evolution from ocean to land. However, there is limited genetic information available for O. struma development. This study compared transcriptomic profiles of coelomocytes from normal and bacteria infected O. struma by Illumina-based paired-end sequencing to explore the molecular immune mechanism of O. struma against bacterial infection. After assembly, a total of 92,450 unigenes with an average length of 1019 bp were obtained. Approximately 34,964 (37.82%) unigenes were annotated in the Nr NCBI database and 40.1% of unigenes were similar with that of Aplysia californica. Among them, 7609 unigenes were classified into three Gene Ontology (GO) categories: biological process (3250 unigenes, 42.7%), cellular component (2,281, 30.0%) and molecular function (2078 unigenes, 27.3%). A total of 22,776 unigenes were aligned to the Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) of proteins and classified into 25 functional categories. Following bacterial infection, 10,623 differently expressed unigenes (DEGs) were identified, including 7644 up-regulated and 2979 down-regulated unigenes. Further KEGG analysis annotated 11,681 DEGs to 42 pathways, and 11 pathways were identified to be related with diseases and immune system. To our knowledge, it was first time to analyze transcriptome profiles of O. struma. Results of the present study will provide valuable theoretical resources for future genetic and genomic research on O. struma. The research results will be helpful for improving the efficiency and quality of artificial breeding, establishing genetic linkage map, and enhancing health management for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture and Ecology of Coastal Pools of Jiangsu Province, Department of Ocean Technology, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, Province Jiangsu, China; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Guo Qiao
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, Province Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qiang Li
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - De-Hai Xu
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, 990 Wire Road, Auburn, AL 36832, USA
| | - Zhitao Qi
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Aiming Wang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengyao Xu
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Jintian Huang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, Province Jiangsu, China.
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21
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Role for FimH in Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli Invasion and Translocation through the Intestinal Epithelium. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00581-17. [PMID: 28808163 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00581-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The translocation of bacteria across the intestinal epithelium of immunocompromised patients can lead to bacteremia and life-threatening sepsis. Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC), so named because this pathotype infects tissues distal to the intestinal tract, is a frequent cause of such infections, is often multidrug resistant, and chronically colonizes a sizable portion of the healthy population. Although several virulence factors and their roles in pathogenesis are well described for ExPEC strains that cause urinary tract infections and meningitis, they have not been linked to translocation through intestinal barriers, a fundamentally distant yet important clinical phenomenon. Using untransformed ex situ human intestinal enteroids and transformed Caco-2 cells, we report that ExPEC strain CP9 binds to and invades the intestinal epithelium. ExPEC harboring a deletion of the gene encoding the mannose-binding type 1 pilus tip protein FimH demonstrated reduced binding and invasion compared to strains lacking known E. coli virulence factors. Furthermore, in a murine model of chemotherapy-induced translocation, ExPEC lacking fimH colonized at levels comparable to that of the wild type but demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in translocation to the kidneys, spleen, and lungs. Collectively, this study indicates that FimH is important for ExPEC translocation, suggesting that the type 1 pilus is a therapeutic target for the prevention of this process. Our study also highlights the use of human intestinal enteroids in the study of enteric diseases.
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22
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Genome sequence of lung pathogenic Escherichia coli O78, a chimeric strain isolated from pneumonia forest musk deer. Genes Genomics 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-017-0545-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Chan KW, Shone C, Hesp JR. Antibiotics and iron-limiting conditions and their effect on the production and composition of outer membrane vesicles secreted from clinical isolates of extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 11. [PMID: 27666736 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201600091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The focus of this study was to characterize the effect of clinically relevant stress-inducing conditions on the production and composition of proinflammatory outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) produced from ST131 extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) clinical isolates. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A label-free method (relative normalized spectral index quantification, SINQ) was used to identify changes in the respective OMV proteomes following exposure of the ExPEC strains to antibiotics and low iron. Nanoparticle tracking analysis was used to quantify changes in abundance and size of OMVs produced by the gentamicin-resistant (GenR) and gentamicin-sensitive (GenS) ExPEC strains. RESULTS Up to a 13.1-fold increase in abundance of particles were detected when the gentamicin-sensitive strain was exposed to a range of gentamicin concentrations. In contrast, no increase was observed for the gentamicin-resistant strain. Iron-limiting conditions had minimal effect on OMV production for either strain. Marked changes in the OMV proteome were observed for both strains including increases in Hsp100/Clp proteins, ATP-dependent ClpP protease, and regulatory proteins. CONCLUSION These data provide information on changes in the composition of OMV particles derived from ExPEC strains generated in response to clinically relevant conditions. We show that the levels of the proinflammatory OMVs increase for gentamicin-sensitive ExPEC exposed to the antibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin W Chan
- Public Health England, Porton, Salisbury, UK
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24
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Otto A, Biran D, Sura T, Becher D, Ron EZ. Proteomics of septicemic Escherichia coli. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 10:1020-1024. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201600049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Otto
- Institute for Microbiology; Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität; Greifswald Germany
| | - Dvora Biran
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology; Faculty of Life Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Thomas Sura
- Institute for Microbiology; Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität; Greifswald Germany
| | - Dörte Becher
- Institute for Microbiology; Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität; Greifswald Germany
| | - Eliora Z. Ron
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology; Faculty of Life Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
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Micenková L, Bosák J, Vrba M, Ševčíková A, Šmajs D. Human extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli strains differ in prevalence of virulence factors, phylogroups, and bacteriocin determinants. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:218. [PMID: 27646192 PMCID: PMC5028950 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0835-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study used a set of 407 human extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli strains (ExPEC) isolated from (1) skin and soft tissue infections, (2) respiratory infections, (3) intra-abdominal infections, and (4) genital smears. The set was tested for bacteriocin production, for prevalence of bacteriocin and virulence determinants, and for phylogenetic typing. Results obtained from the group of ExPEC strains were compared to data from our previously published analyses of 1283 fecal commensal E. coli strains. RESULTS The frequency of bacteriocinogeny was significantly higher in the set of ExPEC strains (63.1 %), compared to fecal E. coli (54.2 %; p < 0.01). Microcin producers and microcin determinants dominated in ExPEC strains, while colicin producers and colicin determinants were more frequent in fecal E. coli (p < 0.01). Higher production of microcin M and lower production of microcin B17, colicin Ib, and Js was detected in the set of ExPEC strains. ExPEC strains had a significantly higher prevalence of phylogenetic group B2 (52.6 %) compared to fecal E. coli strains (38.3 %; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Human ExPEC strains were shown to differ from human fecal strains in a number of parameters including bacteriocin production, prevalence of several bacteriocin and virulence determinants, and prevalence of phylogenetic groups. Differences in these parameters were also identified within subgroups of ExPEC strains of diverse origin. While some microcin determinants (mM, mH47) were associated with virulent strains, other bacteriocin types (mB17, Ib, and Js) were associated with fecal flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Micenková
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Building A6, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Bosák
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Building A6, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Vrba
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty Hospital Brno, Jihlavská 20, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Ševčíková
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty Hospital Brno, Jihlavská 20, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Šmajs
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Building A6, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Li Y, Wang H, Ren J, Chen L, Zhuge X, Hu L, Li D, Tang F, Dai J. The YfcO fimbriae gene enhances adherence and colonization abilities of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in vivo and in vitro. Microb Pathog 2016; 100:56-61. [PMID: 27616446 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chaperone-usher (CU) fimbriae, which are adhesive surface organelles found in many Gram-negative bacteria, mediate tissue tropism through the interaction of fimbrial adhesins with specific receptors expressed on the host cell surface. A CU fimbrial gene yfcO, was identified in avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) strain DE205B via gene functional analysis. In this study, yfcO was found in 13.41% (11/82) of E. coli strains, including phylogenetic groups A, B1, B2 and D, with the highest percentage in group B2. The expression of yfcO in biofilm forming bacteria was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that in the planktonic bacteria. A yfcO deletion mutant was constructed, and adherence to DF-1 chicken embryo fibroblast cells was analyzed in vitro. Compared to the wild-type (WT), adherence of the mutant to DF-1 cells was significantly decreased (P < 0.01). The mutant bacterial loads in the heart, brain and liver were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of the WT strain. Resistance of the mutant to acidic (acetic, pH 4.0, 20 min) and high osmolarity (2.5 M NaCl, 1 h) stress conditions decreased by 51.28% (P < 0.001) and 80.34% (P < 0.01), respectively. These results suggest that yfcO contributes to APEC virulence through bacterial adherence to host tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Li
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haojin Wang
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianluan Ren
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiangkai Zhuge
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lin Hu
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dezhi Li
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fang Tang
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jianjun Dai
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Gao Q, Xia L, Liu J, Wang X, Gao S, Liu X. DNA microarray-mediated transcriptional profiling of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli O2 strain E058 during its infection of chicken. Microb Pathog 2016; 100:1-9. [PMID: 27569534 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) cause typical extraintestinal infections in poultry, including acute fatal septicemia, subacute pericarditis, and airsacculitis. These bacteria most often infect chickens, turkeys, ducks, and other avian species, and therefore pose a significant economic burden on the poultry industry worldwide. Few studies have analyzed the genome-wide transcriptional profile of APEC during infection in vivo. In this study, we examined the genome-wide transcriptional response of APEC O2 strain E058 in an in vivo chicken infection model to better understand the factors necessary for APEC colonization, growth, and survival in vivo. An Affymetrix multigenome DNA microarray, which contains most of the genomic open reading frames of E. coli K-12 strain MG1655, uropathogenic E. coli strain CFT073, and E. coli O157:H7 strain EDL 933, was used to profile the gene expression in APEC E058. We identified the in vivo transcriptional response of APEC E058 bacteria collected directly from the blood of infected chickens. Significant differences in expression levels were detected between the in vivo expression profile and the in vitro expression profile in LB medium. The genes highly expressed during infection were involved in metabolism, iron acquisition or transport, virulence, response to stress, and biological regulation. The reliability of the microarray data was confirmed by performing quantitative real-time PCR on 12 representative genes. Moreover, several significantly upregulated genes, including yjiY, sodA, phoB and spy, were selected to study their role in APEC pathogenesis. The data will help to better understand the mechanisms of APEC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Gao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China.
| | - Le Xia
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China.
| | - Juanhua Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China.
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China.
| | - Song Gao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China.
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China.
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Role in proinflammatory response of YghJ, a secreted metalloprotease from neonatal septicemic Escherichia coli. Int J Med Microbiol 2016; 306:554-565. [PMID: 27389679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal sepsis is the invasion of microbial pathogens into blood stream and is associated with a systemic inflammatory response with production and release of a wide range of inflammatory mediators. The increased serum levels of cytokines were found to correlate with the severity and mortality in course of sepsis. There have been no reports on the role of microbial proteases in stimulation of proinflammatory response in neonatal sepsis. We have identified YghJ, a secreted metalloprotease from a neonatal septicemic Escherichia coli (NSEC) isolate. The protease was partially purified from culture supernatant by successive anion and gel filtration chromatography. MS/MS peptide sequencing of the protease showed homology with YghJ. YghJ was cloned, expressed and purified in pBAD TOPO expression vector. YghJ was found to be proteolytically active against Methoxysuccinyl Ala-Ala-Pro-Met-p-nitroanilide oligopeptide substrate, but not against casein and gelatin. YghJ showed optimal activity at pH 7-8 and at temperatures 37-40°C. YghJ showed clear changes in cellular morphologies of Int407, HT-29 and HEK293 cells. YghJ stimulated the secretion of cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β and TNF-α in murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) and IL-8 from human intestinal epithelial cells (HT-29). YghJ also down-regulated the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10. YghJ is present in both septicemic (78%) and fecal E. coli isolates (54%). However, expression and secretion of YghJ is significantly higher among the septicemic (89%) than the fecal isolates (33%). This is the first study to show the role of a microbial protease, YghJ in triggering proinflammatory response in NSEC.
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Usein CR, Papagheorghe R, Oprea M, Condei M, Strãuţ M. Molecular characterization of bacteremic Escherichia coli isolates in Romania. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2015; 61:221-6. [PMID: 26452764 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-015-0427-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of invasive infections caused by antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli strains in Romanian patients, already mentioned in the European reports, requires better knowledge of their specific traits. Thus, a set of 38 E. coli blood isolates, collected between 2010 and 2012 at one of the local hospitals participating into the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network, was investigated retrospectively with respect to the phylogenetic origin, extraintestinal virulence-associated markers (i.e. fimH, papC, papG alleles, sfa/foc, afa/dra, hly, cnf1, sat, iucC, fyuA, ibeA), and beta-lactamase encoding genes (i.e. bla CTX-M, bla TEM, and bla SHV alleles). The isolates with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) phenotypes were further characterized using PCR-based replicon typing and multilocus sequencing typing. For ST131 members, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and PCR-based detection of fimH30 allele were performed. Overall, the isolates were more likely members of the major phylogenetic group A (53 %) and to a lesser extent of groups B2 (29 %), D (10 %), and B1 (8 %). All but three of the virulence markers sought (i.e. papGI, hly, cnf1) were detected with prevalence ranging from 3 % (i.e. ibeA, papGIII) to 87 % (fimH). As expected, the most complex genotypes (four to seven virulence markers) defined the isolates derived from phylogenetic groups B2 and D. ESBL producers were bla CTX-M-15-positive, mostly of phylogroup A (67 %), harboured IncF multireplicon plasmids, and belonged to six sequence types (i.e. ST10, ST131, ST167, ST410, ST540, ST1275). Members of ST10 clonal complex (i.e. ST10, ST167) were the most common. The ST131 isolates belonged to H30 subclone and displayed 74 % similarity at PFGE analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Codruţa-Romaniţa Usein
- Cantacuzino National Institute of Research-Development for Microbiology and Immunology, Splaiul Independentei 103, sector 5, 050096, Bucharest, Romania. .,Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bulevardul Eroii Sanitari 8, sector 5, 050474, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Raluca Papagheorghe
- Colţea Clinical Hospital, Bulevardul I.C.Bratianu 1, sector 3, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Oprea
- Cantacuzino National Institute of Research-Development for Microbiology and Immunology, Splaiul Independentei 103, sector 5, 050096, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Condei
- Cantacuzino National Institute of Research-Development for Microbiology and Immunology, Splaiul Independentei 103, sector 5, 050096, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Monica Strãuţ
- Cantacuzino National Institute of Research-Development for Microbiology and Immunology, Splaiul Independentei 103, sector 5, 050096, Bucharest, Romania
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Pathogenesis of human diffusely adhering Escherichia coli expressing Afa/Dr adhesins (Afa/Dr DAEC): current insights and future challenges. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015; 27:823-69. [PMID: 25278576 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00036-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenicity and clinical pertinence of diffusely adhering Escherichia coli expressing the Afa/Dr adhesins (Afa/Dr DAEC) in urinary tract infections (UTIs) and pregnancy complications are well established. In contrast, the implication of intestinal Afa/Dr DAEC in diarrhea is still under debate. These strains are age dependently involved in diarrhea in children, are apparently not involved in diarrhea in adults, and can also be asymptomatic intestinal microbiota strains in children and adult. This comprehensive review analyzes the epidemiology and diagnosis and highlights recent progress which has improved the understanding of Afa/Dr DAEC pathogenesis. Here, I summarize the roles of Afa/Dr DAEC virulence factors, including Afa/Dr adhesins, flagella, Sat toxin, and pks island products, in the development of specific mechanisms of pathogenicity. In intestinal epithelial polarized cells, the Afa/Dr adhesins trigger cell membrane receptor clustering and activation of the linked cell signaling pathways, promote structural and functional cell lesions and injuries in intestinal barrier, induce proinflammatory responses, create angiogenesis, instigate epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like events, and lead to pks-dependent DNA damage. UTI-associated Afa/Dr DAEC strains, following adhesin-membrane receptor cell interactions and activation of associated lipid raft-dependent cell signaling pathways, internalize in a microtubule-dependent manner within urinary tract epithelial cells, develop a particular intracellular lifestyle, and trigger a toxin-dependent cell detachment. In response to Afa/Dr DAEC infection, the host epithelial cells generate antibacterial defense responses. Finally, I discuss a hypothetical role of intestinal Afa/Dr DAEC strains that can act as "silent pathogens" with the capacity to emerge as "pathobionts" for the development of inflammatory bowel disease and intestinal carcinogenesis.
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31
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Eman SA, Rasha B, Khaled HAEG. Comparative study on prevalence and association of some virulence factors with extended spectrum beta-lactamases and AmpC producing Escherichia coli. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2015; 9:1165-1174. [DOI: 10.5897/ajmr2015.7463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Houseflies (Musca domestica) as Vectors for Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli on Spanish Broiler Farms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:3604-11. [PMID: 25795670 DOI: 10.1128/aem.04252-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Flies may act as potential vectors for the spread of resistant bacteria to different environments. This study was intended to evaluate the presence of Escherichia coli strains resistant to cephalosporins in flies captured in the areas surrounding five broiler farms. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of the resistant population was performed by different methods: MIC determination, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and phylotyping. The presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes, their plasmid location, and the mobile genetic elements involved in their mobilization were studied. Additionally, the presence of 35 genes associated with virulence was evaluated. Out of 682 flies captured, 42 yielded ESBL-producing E. coli. Of these isolates, 23 contained bla(CTX-M-1), 18 contained bla(CTX-M-14), and 1 contained bla(CTX-M-9). ESBL genes were associated mainly with the presence of the IncI1 and IncFIB replicons. Additionally, all the strains were multiresistant, and five of them also harbored qnrS. Identical PFGE profiles were found for E. coli isolates obtained from flies at different sampling times, indicating a persistence of the same clones in the farm environment over months. According to their virulence genes, 81% of the isolates were considered avian-pathogenic E. coli (APEC) and 29% were considered extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). The entrance of flies into broiler houses constitutes a considerable risk for colonization of broilers with multidrug-resistant E. coli. ESBLs in flies reflect the contamination status of the farm environment. Additionally, this study demonstrates the potential contribution of flies to the dissemination of virulence and resistance genes into different ecological niches.
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Krawczyk B, Śledzińska A, Szemiako K, Samet A, Nowicki B, Kur J. Characterisation of Escherichia coli isolates from the blood of haematological adult patients with bacteraemia: translocation from gut to blood requires the cooperation of multiple virulence factors. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 34:1135-43. [PMID: 25655758 PMCID: PMC4426128 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-015-2331-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate whether there are unique pathotypes of Escherichia coli capable of transmission from the gastrointestinal tract to the vascular bed. The study included E. coli strains isolated from clinical materials collected from 115 patients suffering from haematologic malignancies diagnosed with bacteraemia. The genotyping techniques established that 89 E. coli isolates from the blood had the same genotype as the E. coli from the patient’s bowel. The presence of 21 genes encoding virulence factors typical of various E. coli pathotypes and their relationship with the phylogenetic group was established. One-dimensional analysis showed that the focG gene occurred more frequently in the control bowel group, while the ampicillin-resistant afa/dr E. coli were associated with bacteraemia. Blood isolates with the highest occurrence of virulence factors belonged to pathogenic group B2 and non-pathogenic group A. The co-occurrence of multiple genes encoding papC, sfa, usp and cnf1 virulence factors probably predisposes E. coli to translocation from the gastrointestinal tract to the vascular bed in the group of patients with haematologic malignancies. Based on clustering analysis, dominance of the most virulent strains assigned to the cluster with seven virulence factors encoded by the following genes, papC, sfaD/E, cnf1, usp, agn43, hlyA and iutA, was found. The obtained results enforce the previously proposed concept of bowel–blood translocation and further expand our hypothesis by defining the unique virulence characteristics of E. coli isolates, which predispose them to bowel colonisation or translocation and bacteraemia in this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Krawczyk
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
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Chaturvedi D, Mahalakshmi R. Juxtamembrane tryptophans have distinct roles in defining the OmpX barrel-micelle boundary and facilitating protein-micelle association. FEBS Lett 2015; 588:4464-71. [PMID: 25448987 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Defining the span of the transmembrane region, a key requirement to ensure correct folding, stability and function of bacterial outer membrane β-barrels, is assisted by the amphipathic property of tryptophan. We demonstrate the unique and distinctive properties of the interface Trp76 and Trp140 of outer membrane protein X, and map their positional relevance to the refolding process, barrel formation and the resulting stability in dodecylphosphocholine micelles. The solvent-exposed Trp76 displays a rigid interfacial localization, whereas Trp140 is relatively micelle-solvated and contributes to barrel folding and global OmpX stability. Kinetic contribution to OmpX stability is influenced by the two tryptophans. Differential associations of the indoles with the detergent milieu therefore contribute to micelle-assisted β-barrel folding and concomitant OmpX stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Chaturvedi
- Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 462023, India
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The avian pathogenic Escherichia coli O2 strain E058 carrying the defined aerobactin-defective iucD or iucDiutA mutation is less virulent in the chicken. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 30:267-277. [PMID: 25582605 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The expression of aerobactin accounts for much of the pathogenesis of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). iucA, iucB, iucC and iucD are involved in aerobactin synthesis and iutA is responsible for the expression of a specific outer membrane receptor protein for ferric aerobactin. Knockout mutants of iucD and iucDiutA in the APEC O2 strain E058 were constructed and named E058ΔiucD and E058ΔiucDΔiutA, respectively. To evaluate the pathogenicity of these mutants, we used multiple approaches to assess the effects of mutations on the virulence of APEC E058. Aerobactin-defective mutants E058ΔiucD and E058ΔiucDΔiutA showed significantly decreased pathogenicity compared with the wild-type strain E058, evidenced by the low extent of colonization in selected organs or being outcompeted by E058 in vivo. Chickens challenged with APEC E058 exhibited typical signs and lesions of avian colibacillosis, while those inoculated with the mutants E058ΔiucD or E058ΔiucDΔiutA showed moderate airsacculitis, mild pericarditis and perihepatitis. However, no significant differences in resistance to specific-pathogen-free chicken serum, ingestion by HD-11 cells, and growth rates in LB were observed between the mutants and the wild-type strain. These results indicated that the IucD- and IutA-related virulence factors play a significant role in the pathogenesis of the APEC strain E058.
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Gao Q, Ye Z, Wang X, Mu X, Gao S, Liu X. RstA is required for the virulence of an avian pathogenic Escherichia coli O2 strain E058. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 29:180-8. [PMID: 25461694 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Certain strains of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) cause severe extraintestinal infections in poultry, including acute fatal septicemia, subacute pericarditis, and airsacculitis. These bacteria contain an RstA/RstB regulatory system, a two-component system that may help APEC strains adapt to the extra-intestinal environment and survive under stressful conditions. Whether RstA correlates with APEC pathogenesis or acts as an APEC virulence factor has not been established. Here we provide the first evidence for an important role of rstA in APEC virulence. We generated an rstA-deficient mutant from the highly virulent APEC strain E058. Virulence of the mutant strain was evaluated in vivo and in vitro through bird infection assays, a cytotoxicity assay on chicken macrophage cell line HD-11, and a bactericidal assay to serum complement. Based on lethality assays in 1-day-old birds, rstA deletion from APEC E058 reduced the bacterial virulence in birds. The deletion also deeply impaired the capacity of APEC E058 to colonize deeper tissues of 5-week-old specific pathogen free chickens. No obvious gross or histopathological lesions were observed in the visceral organs of chickens challenged with the rstA-deficient strain. Also, rstA inactivation reduced the survival of APEC E058 within chicken macrophages. However, no significant differences were observed between the mutant and the wild-type strain in resistance to serum. Our data collectively show that the rstA gene functions in the pathogenesis of diseases caused by avian pathogenic E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Gao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Zhengqin Ye
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Mu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Song Gao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China.
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
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Mathers AJ, Peirano G, Pitout JDD. Escherichia coli ST131: The quintessential example of an international multiresistant high-risk clone. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2014; 90:109-54. [PMID: 25596031 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli ST131 emerged during the early to mid-2000s is an important human pathogen, has spread extensively throughout the world, and is responsible for the rapid increase in antimicrobial resistance among E. coli. ST131 is known to cause extraintestinal infections, being fluoroquinolone resistant, and is associated with ESBL production most often due to CTX-M-15. Recent molecular epidemiologic studies using whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis have demonstrated that the H30 ST131 lineage emerged in early 2000s that was followed by the rapid expansion of its sublineages H30-R and H30-Rx. Escherichia coli ST131 clearly has all of the essential characteristics that define a high-risk clone and might be the quintessential example of an international multiresistant high-risk clone. We urgently need rapid cost-effective detection methods for E. coli ST131, as well as well-designed epidemiological and molecular studies to understand the dynamics of transmission, risk factors, and reservoirs for ST131. This will provide insight into the emergence and spread of this multiresistant sequence type that will hopefully lead to information essential for preventing the spread of ST131.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gisele Peirano
- Division of Microbiology, Calgary Laboratory Services, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Johann D D Pitout
- Division of Microbiology, Calgary Laboratory Services, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Tapader R, Chatterjee S, Singh AK, Dayma P, Haldar S, Pal A, Basu S. The high prevalence of serine protease autotransporters of Enterobacteriaceae (SPATEs) in Escherichia coli causing neonatal septicemia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 33:2015-24. [PMID: 24924922 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2161-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Serine protease autotransporters of Enterobacteriaceae (SPATEs) are secreted proteins demonstrating diverse virulence functions. The distribution of SPATEs is studied among diarrheagenic and extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli. However, the contribution of SPATEs to the virulence of neonatal septicemic Escherichia coli (NSEC) has not yet been elucidated. This study was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence and phylogenetic distribution of different subtypes of SPATEs among NSEC. The presence of virulence factors and subtypes of SPATEs among different E. coli isolates was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). E. coli phylogrouping was done by triplex PCR. Clonality of the isolates was assessed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The presence of SPATEs was significantly higher among the septicemic isolates (89 %) than the fecal (7.5 %) and environmental isolates (2.5 %). Vat (vacuolating autotransporter toxin) and Sat (secreted autotransporter toxin) were found to be the two most predominant SPATEs. The incidence of SPATEs was high in septicemic isolates of phylogroups A and B1 (87 %), lacking other virulence factors. The high prevalence of SPATEs in the non-B2 phylogroups of septicemic isolates in comparison with fecal and environmental isolates indicates an association of SPATEs with NSEC. The NSEC isolates were found to be clonally distinct, suggesting that the high prevalence of SPATEs was not due to clonal relatedness of the isolates. This study is the first to show the association of SPATEs with NSEC. The presence of SPATEs in the septicemic/NSEC isolates may be considered as the most discriminatory trait studied here.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tapader
- Division of Pathophysiology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, 700010, India
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Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common of bacterial infections in humans. Although a number of Gram-negative bacteria can cause UTIs, most cases are due to infection by uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC). Genomic studies have shown that UPEC encode a number of specialized activities that allow the bacteria to initiate and maintain infections in the environment of the urinary tract. Proteomic analyses have complemented the genomic data and have documented differential patterns of protein synthesis for bacteria growing ex vivo in human urine or recovered directly from the urinary tracts of infected mice. These studies provide valuable insights into the molecular basis of UPEC pathogenesis and have aided the identification of putative vaccine targets. Despite the substantial progress that has been achieved, many future challenges remain in the application of proteomics to provide a comprehensive view of bacterial pathogenesis in both acute and chronic UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Cash
- Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB32 6QX, Scotland
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40
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Pitout JDD. Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli: an update on antimicrobial resistance, laboratory diagnosis and treatment. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2013. [PMID: 23199402 DOI: 10.1586/eri.12.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli remains one of the most frequent causes of nosocomial and community-acquired bacterial infections including urinary tract infections, enteric infections and systemic infections in humans. Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) had emerged during the 2000s as an important player in the resistance to antibiotics, especially to the cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. Most importantly, among ExPEC is the increasing recognition of isolates producing 'newer β-lactamases' that consist of plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases (e.g., CMY), extended-spectrum β-lactamases (e.g., CTX-M) and carbapenemases (e.g., New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase, Klebsiella pneumonaie carbapenemase and OXA-48). This review will highlight recent aspects on antimicrobial resistance in ExPEC, including the laboratory detection of these isolates, and describe some treatment options for infections due to antimicrobial-resistant isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann D D Pitout
- Division of Microbiology, Calgary Laboratory Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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41
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RfaH promotes the ability of the avian pathogenic Escherichia coli O2 strain E058 to cause avian colibacillosis. J Bacteriol 2013; 195:2474-80. [PMID: 23504015 DOI: 10.1128/jb.02074-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) infection causes avian colibacillosis, which refers to any localized or systemic infection, such as acute fatal septicemia or subacute pericarditis and airsacculitis. The RfaH transcriptional regulator in E. coli is known to regulate a number of phenotypic traits. The direct effect of RfaH on the virulence of APEC has not been investigated yet. Our results showed that the inactivation of rfaH significantly decreased the virulence of APEC E058. The attenuation was assessed by in vivo and in vitro assays, including chicken infection assays, an ingestion and intracellular survival assay, and a bactericidal assay with serum complement. The virulence phenotype was restored to resemble that of the wild type by complementation of the rfaH gene in trans. The results of the quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis and animal system infection experiments indicated that the deletion of rfaH correlated with decreased virulence of the APEC E058 strain.
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Comparative Study of Commensal and Infectious Escherichia coli’s Virulence Factors at the National Center for Bone Marrow Transplantation in Tunis, Tunisia. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2012. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0b013e31824f8c4f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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43
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Ayres JS, Trinidad NJ, Vance RE. Lethal inflammasome activation by a multidrug-resistant pathobiont upon antibiotic disruption of the microbiota. Nat Med 2012; 18:799-806. [PMID: 22522562 PMCID: PMC3472005 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian intestine harbors a complex microbial community that provides numerous benefits to its host. However, the microbiota can also include potentially virulent species, termed pathobiont, which can cause disease when intestinal homeostasis is disrupted. The molecular mechanisms by which pathobionts cause disease remain poorly understood. Here we describe a sepsis-like disease that occurs upon gut injury in antibiotic-treated mice. Sepsis was associated with the systemic spread of a specific multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli pathobiont that expanded markedly in the microbiota of antibiotic-treated mice. Rapid sepsis-like death required a component of the innate immune system, the Naip5-Nlrc4 inflammasome. In accordance with Koch's postulates, we found the E. coli pathobiont was sufficient to activate Naip5-Nlrc4 and cause disease when injected intravenously into unmanipulated mice. These findings reveal how sepsis-like disease can result from recognition of pathobionts by the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle S Ayres
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, Division of Immunology & Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
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44
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Conceição RA, Ludovico MS, Andrade CGTJ, Yano T. Human sepsis-associated Escherichia coli (SEPEC) is able to adhere to and invade kidney epithelial cells in culture. Braz J Med Biol Res 2012; 45:417-24. [PMID: 22488222 PMCID: PMC3854282 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2012007500057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The adhesins of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli are essential for mediating direct interactions between the microbes and the host cell surfaces that they infect. Using fluorescence microscopy and gentamycin protection assays, we observed that 49 sepsis-associated E. coli (SEPEC) strains isolated from human adults adhered to and invaded Vero cells in the presence of D-mannose (100%). In addition, bacteria concentrations of approximately 2 × 107 CFU/mL were recovered from Vero cells following an invasion assay. Furthermore, PCR analysis of adhesin genes showed that 98.0% of these SEPEC strains tested positive for fimH, 69.4% for flu, 53.1% for csgA, 38.8% for mat, and 32.7% for iha. Analysis of the invasin genes showed that 16.3% of the SEPEC strains were positive for tia, 12.3% for gimB, and 10.2% for ibeA. Therefore, these data suggest that SEPEC adhesion to cell surfaces occurs through non-fimH mechanisms. Scanning electron microscopy showed the formation of microcolonies on the Vero cell surface. SEPEC invasiveness was also confirmed by the presence of intracellular bacteria, and ultrastructural analysis using electron transmission microscopy revealed bacteria inside the Vero cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that these SEPEC strains had the ability to adhere to and invade Vero cells. Moreover, these data support the theory that renal cells may be the predominant pathway through which SEPEC enters human blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Conceição
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, SP, Brasil
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45
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Dogan B, Rishniw M, Bruant G, Harel J, Schukken YH, Simpson KW. Phylogroup and lpfA influence epithelial invasion by mastitis associated Escherichia coli. Vet Microbiol 2012; 159:163-70. [PMID: 22510704 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli infection is one of the most common causes of bovine mastitis in well managed dairies. Although E. coli infections are usually transient, E. coli can also cause persistent intramammary infections. We sought to determine whether E. coli isolates recovered from either transient or persistent intramammary infections differed both genetically and in their ability to invade mammary epithelial cells. E. coli isolates from transient (EC(trans), n=16) and persistent (EC(pers), n=12) mastitis cases were compared for differences in overall genotype, virulence genes, serotype, phylogroup (A, B1, B2, D), and invasion of bovine mammary epithelial cells, MAC-T by microarray analysis, suppressive subtractive hybridization, PCR and gentamicin protection assays. EC(trans) and EC(pers) were diverse in overall genotype and serotype, and were predominantly of phylogroups A and B1. Both EC(trans) and EC(pers) contained genes encoding type II, IV and VI secretion systems, long polar fimbriae (lpfA) and iron acquisition, and lacked genes associated with virulence in diarrheagenic E. coli. EC(trans) had fewer virulence genes than EC(pers) (p<0.05), but no individual virulence genes were unique to either group. In phylogroup A, EC(pers) were more invasive than EC(trans) (p<0.05), but no difference was observed between them in phylogroup B1. Enhanced epithelial cell invasion was associated with lpfA (p<0.05). Our findings indicate that a genetically diverse group of E. coli is associated with transient and persistent mastitis. We did not identify a set of bacterial genes to account for phenotypic differences. However, we found that mastitis phenotype, phylogroup and presence of lpfA were associated with the ability to invade cultured bovine mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belgin Dogan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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46
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Pitout JDD. Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli: A Combination of Virulence with Antibiotic Resistance. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:9. [PMID: 22294983 PMCID: PMC3261549 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli represents an incredible versatile and diverse enterobacterial species and can be subdivided into the following; (i) intestinal non-pathogenic, commensal isolates. (ii) Intestinal pathogenic isolates and (iii) extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli or ExPEC isolates. The presence to several putative virulence genes has been positively linked with the pathogenicity of ExPEC. E. coli remains one of the most frequent causes of nosocomial and community-acquired bacterial infections including urinary tract infections, enteric infections, and systemic infections in humans. ExPEC has emerged in 2000s as an important player in the resistance to antibiotics including the cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. Most importantly among ExPEC is the increasing recognition of isolates producing “newer β-lactamases” that consists of plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases (e.g., CMY), extended-spectrum β-lactamases (e.g., CTX-M), and carbapenemases (e.g., NDM). This review will highlight aspects of virulence associated with ExPEC, provide a brief overview of plasmid-mediated resistance to β-lactams including the characteristics of the successful international sequence types such as ST38, ST131, ST405, and ST648 among ExPEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann D D Pitout
- Division of Microbiology, Calgary Laboratory Services Calgary, AB, Canada
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47
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Mellata M, Maddux JT, Nam T, Thomson N, Hauser H, Stevens MP, Mukhopadhyay S, Sarker S, Crabbé A, Nickerson CA, Santander J, Curtiss R. New insights into the bacterial fitness-associated mechanisms revealed by the characterization of large plasmids of an avian pathogenic E. coli. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29481. [PMID: 22238616 PMCID: PMC3251573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), including avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC), pose a considerable threat to both human and animal health, with illness causing substantial economic loss. APEC strain χ7122 (O78∶K80∶H9), containing three large plasmids [pChi7122-1 (IncFIB/FIIA-FIC), pChi7122-2 (IncFII), and pChi7122-3 (IncI(2))]; and a small plasmid pChi7122-4 (ColE2-like), has been used for many years as a model strain to study the molecular mechanisms of ExPEC pathogenicity and zoonotic potential. We previously sequenced and characterized the plasmid pChi7122-1 and determined its importance in systemic APEC infection; however the roles of the other pChi7122 plasmids were still ambiguous. Herein we present the sequence of the remaining pChi7122 plasmids, confirming that pChi7122-2 and pChi7122-3 encode an ABC iron transport system (eitABCD) and a putative type IV fimbriae respectively, whereas pChi7122-4 is a cryptic plasmid. New features were also identified, including a gene cluster on pChi7122-2 that is not present in other E. coli strains but is found in Salmonella serovars and is predicted to encode the sugars catabolic pathways. In vitro evaluation of the APEC χ7122 derivative strains with the three large plasmids, either individually or in combinations, provided new insights into the role of plasmids in biofilm formation, bile and acid tolerance, and the interaction of E. coli strains with 3-D cultures of intestinal epithelial cells. In this study, we show that the nature and combinations of plasmids, as well as the background of the host strains, have an effect on these phenomena. Our data reveal new insights into the role of extra-chromosomal sequences in fitness and diversity of ExPEC in their phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melha Mellata
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America.
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Bélanger L, Garenaux A, Harel J, Boulianne M, Nadeau E, Dozois CM. Escherichia coli from animal reservoirs as a potential source of human extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 62:1-10. [PMID: 21362060 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00797.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) are an important cause of urinary tract infections, neonatal meningitis and septicaemia in humans. Animals are recognized as a reservoir for human intestinal pathogenic E. coli, but whether animals are a source for human ExPEC is still a matter of debate. Pathologies caused by ExPEC are reported for many farm animals, especially for poultry, in which colibacillosis is responsible for huge losses within broiler chickens. Cases are also reported for companion animals. Commensal E. coli strains potentially carrying virulence factors involved in the development of human pathologies also colonize the intestinal tract of animals. This review focuses on the recent evidence of the zoonotic potential of ExPEC from animal origin and their potential direct or indirect transmission from animals to humans. As antimicrobials are commonly used for livestock production, infections due to antimicrobial-resistant ExPEC transferred from animals to humans could be even more difficult to treat. These findings, combined with the economic impact of ExPEC in the animal production industry, demonstrate the need for adapted measures to limit the prevalence of ExPEC in animal reservoirs while reducing the use of antimicrobials as much as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Bélanger
- Prevtec microbia, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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Gregersen RH, Christensen H, Ewers C, Bisgaard M. Impact of Escherichia coli vaccine on parent stock mortality, first week mortality of broilers and population diversity of E. coli in vaccinated flocks. Avian Pathol 2010; 39:287-95. [PMID: 20706885 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2010.495744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present investigation 20,000 broiler parents were vaccinated during rearing with Nobilis Escherichia coli vaccine and were placed in two out of four identical houses, with the remaining two houses on the same farm accommodating 20,000 unvaccinated control birds. During the production period a total of 335 dead birds (including 171 vaccinated and 164 control birds) randomly selected from the four houses were subjected to post-mortem examination. Although the overall mortality between the vaccinated and control flocks did not differ, mortality due to E. coli infections made up only 8.2% in vaccinated birds compared with 24.6% in unvaccinated birds. All E. coli isolates recovered from internal organs were assigned to the same phylogenetic group (B2), but a major genetic diversity was outlined by multilocus sequence typing. Only a single isolate was demonstrated to harbour a gene encoding the P-fimbriae variant F11, a key component of the Nobilis vaccine. Significant differences in average first week mortality, calculated average weight at 38 days and food conversion rate among broiler flocks originating from vaccinated and control birds, respectively, were not found. Further investigations are needed to explain the protection observed and the impact on the genetic diversity of E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Gregersen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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50
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Antão EM, Wieler LH, Ewers C. Adhesive threads of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli. Gut Pathog 2009; 1:22. [PMID: 20003270 PMCID: PMC2797515 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-1-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to adhere to host surfaces is by far the most vital step in the successful colonization by microbial pathogens. Colonization begins with the attachment of the bacterium to receptors expressed by cells forming the lining of the mucosa. Long hair like extracellular appendages called fimbriae, produced by most Gram-negative pathogens, mediate specific attachment to the epithelial cell surface. Associated with the fimbriae is a protein called an adhesin, which directs high-affinity binding to specific cell surface components. In the last couple of years, an enormous amount of research has been undertaken that deals with understanding how bacterial pathogens adhere to host cells. E. coli in all probability is one of the best studied free-living organisms. A group of E. coli called Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) including both human and animal pathogens like Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), Newborn meningitic E. coli (NMEC) and Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC), have been found to harbour many fimbriae including Type 1 fimbriae, P fimbriae, curli fibres, S fimbriae, F1C fimbriae, Dr fimbriae, afimbrial adhesins, temperature-sensitive haemagglutinin and many novel adhesin gene clusters that have not yet been characterized. Each of these adhesins is unique due to the recognition of an adhesin-specific receptor, though as a group these adhesins share common genomic organization. A newly identified putative adhesin temporarily termed ExPEC Adhesin I, encoded by gene yqi, has been recently found to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of APEC infection, thus making it an interesting candidate for future research. The aim of this review is to describe the role of ExPEC adhesins during extraintestinal infections known till date, and to suggest the idea of investigating their potential role in the colonization of the host gut which is said to be a reservoir for ExPEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther-Maria Antão
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Tierseuchen, Freie Universität Berlin, Philippstr, 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
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