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Dong X, Zeng Y, Liu Y, You L, Yin X, Fu J, Ni J. Aloe-emodin: A review of its pharmacology, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics. Phytother Res 2019; 34:270-281. [PMID: 31680350 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aloe-emodin is a naturally anthraquinone derivative and an active ingredient of Chinese herbs, such as Cassia occidentalis, Rheum palmatum L., Aloe vera, and Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. Emerging evidence suggests that aloe-emodin exhibits many pharmacological effects, including anticancer, antivirus, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiparasitic, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective activities. These pharmacological properties lay the foundation for the treatment of various diseases, including influenza virus, inflammation, sepsis, Alzheimer's disease, glaucoma, malaria, liver fibrosis, psoriasis, Type 2 diabetes, growth disorders, and several types of cancers. However, an increasing number of published studies have reported adverse effects of aloe-emodin. The primary toxicity among these reports is hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, which are of wide concern worldwide. Pharmacokinetic studies have demonstrated that aloe-emodin has a poor intestinal absorption, short elimination half-life, and low bioavailability. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the pharmacology, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics of aloe-emodin reported to date with an emphasis on its biological properties and mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxv Dong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yawen Zeng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Longtai You
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xingbin Yin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Fu
- Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Ni
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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LUO JINGHUA, YUAN YONG, CHANG PENGYU, LI DAWEI, LIU ZHIQIANG, QU YAQIN. Combination of aloe-emodin with radiation enhances radiation effects and improves differentiation in human cervical cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:731-6. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Sharma U, Pal D, Singh SK, Kakkar N, Prasad R. Reduced L/B/K alkaline phosphatase gene expression in renal cell carcinoma: plausible role in tumorigenesis. Biochimie 2014; 104:27-35. [PMID: 24909115 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common kidney cancer in adults. Although several genes have been found to be involved in carcinogenesis of RCC, more great efforts are needed to identify new genes which are responsible for the process. Clear cell RCC, originates from proximal tubule cells, is the most common pathological type of RCC. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a marker enzyme of brush border membrane of proximal tubular cells. Our previous studies showed a significant decreased activity of Liver/Bone/Kidney (L/B/K) alkaline phosphatase in RCC. In the present study, we explored the molecular basis of the decreased activity of ALP in RCC. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry analysis showed decreased ALP protein in RCC. Additionally, real time PCR documented significantly reduced ALP gene expression (P = 0.009). Moreover, RCC cell lines (ACHN and A498) transfected with full length L/B/K cDNA showed decreased migratory property as well as viability of these cells as compared with controls (P = 0.000). Further, L/B/K ALP cDNA transfected cells (ACHN and A498) showed significant increased apoptosis as compared to control (P = 0.000). These findings suggest the new role of ALP in cell viability and apoptosis and involvement in RCC tumorigenesis. However, further studies are needed to explore the exact molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deeksha Pal
- Department of Biochemistry, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
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Tang J, Wang X, Wang T, Chen F, Zhou J. In vivo pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and antitumor effect of amphiphilic poly(L-amino acids) micelles loaded with a novel all-trans retinoic acid derivative. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 51:157-64. [PMID: 24076464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Poly(amino acid)s are well-known as biodegradable and environmentally acceptable materials. In this study, a series of poly(L-aspartic acid)-b-poly(L-phenylalanine) (PAA-PPA) compounds with different degrees of polymerization were used to prepare copolymer micelles for a poorly water-soluble drug 4-amino-2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl retinate (ATPR, a novel all-trans retinoic acid derivative) and in vivo pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and antitumor efficacy of ATPR delivered by PAA-PPA micelles were evaluated. The area under the plasma concentration time curve AUC0→∞ of ATPR-loaded PAA20PPA20 micelles was 2.23 and 1.97 times higher than that of ATPR solution and ATPR CrmEL solution, respectively; In addition, the mean residence time (MRT) was increased 1.67 and 1.97-fold, respectively and the total body clearance (CL) was reduced 2.25 and 1.98-fold, respectively. The biodistribution study indicated that most of the ATPR in the ATPR-M group was distributed in the liver and there was delayed liver aggregation compared with the ATPR solution and ATPR CrmEL solution groups. Furthermore, the antitumor efficacy of ATPR-loaded PAA20PPA20 micelles was demonstrated in in vivo antitumor models involving mice inoculated with the human gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901. At the same dose of 7mg/kg, the ATPR-loaded micelles group demonstrated a better tumor growth inhibition and induced differentiation than the groups given ATPR solution and ATPR CrmEL solution. Therefore, the ATPR-loaded PAA-PPA micelles appear to be a potentially useful drug delivery system for ATPR and suitable for the chemotherapy of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Tang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China.
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Alakhras RS, Stephanou G, Demopoulos NA, Grintzalis K, Georgiou CD, Nikolaropoulos SS. DNA fragmentation induced by all-trans retinoic acid and its steroidal analogue EA-4 in C2 C12 mouse and HL-60 human leukemic cells in vitro. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:885-92. [PMID: 23913437 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We have recently shown that retinoic acid induces micronucleation mainly via chromosome breakage (Alakhras et al. Cancer Lett 2011; 306: 15-26). To further study retinoic acid clastogenicity and evaluate DNA damaging potential we investigated the ability of (a) all-trans retinoic acid and its steroidal analogue EA-4 to induce DNA fragmentation by using Comet assay under alkaline unwinding and neutral condition electrophoresis, and (b) the retinoids under study to induce small (0-1 kb) DNA fragments. Two cell lines, C2C12 mouse cells and HL-60 human leukemic cells were used in this study. We found that all-trans retinoic acid and its steroidal analogue EA-4 (a) provoke DNA migration due to DNA fragmentation as it is shown by the increased values of Comet parameters, and (b) induce significantly small-size fragmented genomic DNA as indicated by the quantification of necrotic/apoptotic small DNA segments in both cell systems. A different response between the two cell lines was observed in relation to retinoid ability to increase the percentage of DNA in the tail as well as break DNA in to small fragments. Our findings confirm the ability of retinoic acid to provoke micronucleation by disrupting DNA into fragments, among which small pieces of double-stranded DNA up to 1 kb are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghda S Alakhras
- Division of Genetics, Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26 500, Patras, Greece
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Wang J, Dai Y, Huang Y, Chen X, Wang H, Hong Y, Xia J, Cheng B. All-trans retinoic acid restores gap junctional intercellular communication between oral cancer cells with upregulation of Cx32 and Cx43 expressions in vitro. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2013; 18:e569-77. [PMID: 23524428 PMCID: PMC3731083 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.18693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) has been demonstrated to inhibit tumor growth by restoration of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) via upregulation of connexin (Cx) expression in some solid tumors. However, the relationship between ATRA and GJIC remains unclear in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ATRA on the GJIC function of OSCC. STUDY DESIGN We measured the effects of ATRA on the viability and cell cycle distribution of SCC9 and Tca8113 OSCC cells. The GJIC function was observed using the scrape-loading dye transfer technique, and the mRNA and protein levels of Cx32 and Cx43 were detected by qRT-PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence assays. RESULTS ATRA inhibited the growth of OSCC cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner (P <0.05) and caused cell cycle arrest. ATRA-treated cells showed a 2.69-fold and 2.06-fold enhancement of GJIC in SCC9 and Tca8113 cells, respectively (P <0.05). Moreover, ATRA induced upregulation of Cx32 and Cx43 at both the mRNA and protein levels in OSCC cells. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that restoration of GJIC via enhanced Cx32 and Cx43 expression might serve as a novel mechanism for the anti-tumor effect of ATRA in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Department of Oral Medicine, The Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
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Wang L, Xing H, Tian Z, Peng L, Li Y, Tang K, Rao Q, Wang M, Wang J. iASPPsv antagonizes apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutic agents in MCF-7 cells and mouse thymocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 424:414-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.06.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Genotoxicity of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and its steroidal analogue EA-4 in human lymphocytes and mouse cells in vitro. Cancer Lett 2011; 306:15-26. [PMID: 21454011 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study is to: (a) investigate whether ATRA and its steroidal analogue EA-4 enhance micronucleation in human lymphocytes and mouse cells in vitro and clarify the micronucleation mechanism by FISH and CREST analysis respectively, and (b) analyze their effect on spindle organization by immunofluorescence of β- and γ-tubulin in mouse cells. We found that they: (a) induce micronucleation mainly via chromosome breakage and chromosome delay in a lesser extent, (b) disturb microtubule network, chromosome orientation and centrosome duplication/separation, (c) accumulate cell cycle at ana-telophases, which exert micronucleation, multiple γ-tubulin signals, nucleoplasmic bridges and multinucleation, and (d) generate multinucleated and multimicronucleated interphase cells.
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Acquafreda T, Nunes FD, Soprano DR, Soprano KJ. Expression of homeobox genes in oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines treated with all-trans retinoic acid. J Cell Biochem 2011; 111:1437-44. [PMID: 20830740 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) may arise from potentially malignant oral lesions. All-trans retinoic acid (atRA), which plays a role in cell growth and differentiation, has been studied as a possible chemotherapeutic agent in the prevention of this progression. While the mechanism by which atRA suppresses cell growth has not been completely elucidated, it is known that homeobox genes are atRA targets. To determine if these genes are involved in the atRA-mediated OSCC growth inhibition, PCR array was performed to evaluate the expression of 84 homeobox genes in atRA-sensitive SCC-25 cells compared to atRA-resistant SCC-9 cells following 7 days with atRA treatment. Results showed that the expression of 8 homeobox genes was downregulated and expression of 4 was upregulated in SCC-25 cells but not in SCC-9 cells. Gene expression levels were confirmed for seven of these genes by RT-qPCR. Expression of three genes that showed threefold downregulation was evaluated in SCC-25 cells treated with atRA for 3, 5, and 7 days. Three different patterns of atRA-dependent gene expression were observed. ALX1 showed downregulation only on day 7. DLX3 showed reduced expression on day 3 and further reduced on day 7. TLX1 showed downregulation only on days 5 and 7. Clearly the expression of homeobox genes is modulated by atRA in OSCC cell lines. However, the time course of this modulation suggests that these genes are not direct targets of atRA mediating OSCC growth suppression. Instead they appear to act as downstream effectors of atRA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Acquafreda
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction and mutations in mitochondrial DNA in PINK1 familial Parkinsonism. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2009; 41:509-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s10863-009-9252-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Pathogenetic mechanisms in hereditary dysfunctions of complex I of the respiratory chain in neurological diseases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2009; 1787:502-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2008.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Park EJ, Kang DH. The Use of Bacterial Alkaline Phosphatase Assay for Rapid Monitoring of Bacterial Counts on Spinach. J Food Sci 2008; 73:M236-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00763.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Effect of all-trans retinoic acid on drug sensitivity and expression of survivin in LoVo cells. Chin Med J (Engl) 2008. [DOI: 10.1097/00029330-200802020-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Xiao B, Guo J, Liu D, Zhang S. Aloe-emodin induces in vitro G2/M arrest and alkaline phosphatase activation in human oral cancer KB cells. Oral Oncol 2007; 43:905-10. [PMID: 17257888 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Revised: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aloe-emodin is a natural anthraquinone compound from the root and rhizome of Rheum palmatum. In this study, KB cells were treated with 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40 microM aloe-emodin for 1 to 5 days. The results showed that aloe-emodin inhibited cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with aloe-emodin at 10 to 40 microM resulted in cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in KB cells increased upon treatment with aloe-emodin when compared to controls. This is one of the first studies to focus on the expression of ALP in human oral carcinomas cells treated with aloe-emodin. These results indicate that aloe-emodin has anti-cancer effect on oral cancer, which may lead to its use in chemotherapy and chemopreventment of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxiu Xiao
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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