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Rawat S, Singh G, Prasad A. Investigating the Taenia solium Fatty Acid Binding Protein Superfamily for Their Immunological Outlook and Prospect for Therapeutic Targets. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:22557-22572. [PMID: 38826528 PMCID: PMC11137695 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Taenia solium, like other helminthic parasites, lacks key components of cellular machinery required for endogenous lipid biosynthesis. This deficiency compels the parasite to obtain all of its lipid requirements from its host. The passage of lipids across the cell membrane is tightly regulated. To facilitate effective lipid transport, the cestode parasite utilizes certain lipid binding proteins called FABPs. These FABPs bind with the lipid ligands and allow the transport of lipids across the membranes and into the cytosol. Here, by integrating a computational with homology protein prediction tools, we had identified five FABPs in the T. solium proteome. We confirmed their presence by RNA expression analysis of respective genes from the parasite's cysticerci transcript. During the molecular modeling and MD simulation studies, two of them, TsM_000544100 and TsM_001185100, were most stable. Furthermore, they had a robust interaction with the IgG1 molecule, as evidenced by MD simulation. In addition, by employing in silico screening, we had identified potential ligand interacting residues that are present on the probable druggable site. In combination with in vitro cysticidal assays, enalaprilat dihydrate showed efficacy against cysticerci, which suggests that FABPs play a significant role in the cysticercus life cycle. Together, we provided a detailed distribution of all FABPs expressed by T. solium cysticerci and the critical role of TsM_001185100 in cysticercus viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj
S. Rawat
- School
of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Dayanad
Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab 141001,India
| | - Amit Prasad
- School
of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India
- Indian
Knowledge System and Mental Health Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India
- Centre
for Human-Computer Interaction, Indian Institute
of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India
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2
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Rawat SS, Keshri AK, Arora N, Kaur R, Mishra A, Kumar R, Prasad A. Taenia solium cysticerci's extracellular vesicles Attenuate the AKT/mTORC1 pathway for Alleviating DSS-induced colitis in a murine model. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12448. [PMID: 38779712 PMCID: PMC11112404 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The excretory-secretory proteome plays a pivotal role in both intercellular communication during disease progression and immune escape mechanisms of various pathogens including cestode parasites like Taenia solium. The cysticerci of T. solium causes infection in the central nervous system known as neurocysticercosis (NCC), which affects a significant population in developing countries. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are 30-150-nm-sized particles and constitute a significant part of the secretome. However, the role of EV in NCC pathogenesis remains undetermined. Here, for the first time, we report that EV from T. solium larvae is abundant in metabolites that can negatively regulate PI3K/AKT pathway, efficiently internalized by macrophages to induce AKT and mTOR degradation through auto-lysosomal route with a prominent increase in the ubiquitination of both proteins. This results in less ROS production and diminished bacterial killing capability among EV-treated macrophages. Due to this, both macro-autophagy and caspase-linked apoptosis are upregulated, with a reduction of the autophagy substrate sequestome 1. In summary, we report that T. solium EV from viable cysts attenuates the AKT-mTOR pathway thereby promoting apoptosis in macrophages, and this may exert immunosuppression during an early viable stage of the parasite in NCC, which is primarily asymptomatic. Further investigation on EV-mediated immune suppression revealed that the EV can protect the mice from DSS-induced colitis and improve colon architecture. These findings shed light on the previously unknown role of T. solium EV and the therapeutic role of their immune suppression potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Singh Rawat
- School of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology MandiMandiHimachal PradeshIndia
| | - Anand Kumar Keshri
- School of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology MandiMandiHimachal PradeshIndia
| | - Naina Arora
- School of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology MandiMandiHimachal PradeshIndia
| | - Rimanpreet Kaur
- School of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology MandiMandiHimachal PradeshIndia
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology UnitIndian Institute of Technology JodhpurJodhpurRajasthanIndia
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- CSIR‐Institute of Himalayan Bioresource TechnologyPalampurHimachal PradeshIndia
| | - Amit Prasad
- School of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology MandiMandiHimachal PradeshIndia
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3
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Kaur R, Arora N, Rawat SS, Keshri AK, Singh G, Kumar R, Prasad A. Recognition of immune reactive proteins as a potential multiepitope vaccine candidate of Taenia solium cysticerci through proteomic approach. J Cell Biochem 2023; 124:1587-1602. [PMID: 37697970 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Metacestode, the larva of Taenia solium, is the causative agent for neurocysticercosis (NCC), which causes epilepsy. The unavailability of a vaccine against human NCC is a major cause for its widespread prevalence across the globe. Therefore, the development of a reliable vaccine against NCC is the need of the hour. Employing a combination of proteomics and immunoinformatics, we endeavored to formulate a vaccine candidate. The immune reactive cyst fluid antigens of T. solium were identified by immune-blotting two-dimensional gels with NCC patient's sera, followed by Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization analysis. We performed a detailed proteomic study of these immune reactive proteins by utilizing immune-informatics tools, identified the nontoxic, nonallergic, B-cell epitopes, and collected epitopes with the least sequence homology with human and other Taenia species. These epitopes were joined through linkers to construct a multiepitope vaccine. Different physiochemical parameters such as molecular weight (23.82 kDa), instability (39.91), and aliphatic index (49.61) were calculated to ensure the stability of the linked peptides vaccine. The vaccine demonstrated stable interactions with different immune receptors like Toll-like receptor 4 and IgG confirming that it will effectively stimulate the host immune response. We anticipate that our designed B-cell linear epitope-based vaccine will show promising results in in vitro and in vivo assays. This study provides a platform that would be useful to develop other suitable vaccine candidates to prevent helminthic neglected tropical diseases in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimanpreet Kaur
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Naina Arora
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Suraj S Rawat
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anand K Keshri
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Dayanad Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- CSIR-Institute for Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Prasad
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Indian Knowledge System and Mental Health Center, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
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4
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Steyn TJS, Awala AN, de Lange A, Raimondo JV. What Causes Seizures in Neurocysticercosis? Epilepsy Curr 2022; 23:105-112. [PMID: 37122403 PMCID: PMC10131564 DOI: 10.1177/15357597221137418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the most prevalent parasitic infection of the central nervous system. It is caused by the presence of larvae of the cestode Taenia solium in the brain. The most common symptom of NCC is seizures, and it is widely considered the world’s leading cause of preventable epilepsy. Despite the prevalence and impact of NCC, a thorough, mechanistic understanding of seizure generation is still lacking. In this review, we address the question “What causes seizures in NCC?” by summarizing and discussing the major theories that seek to explain the seizurogenic and epileptogenic processes in this disorder. In addition, we highlight the potential for recent advances in disease modeling to help accelerate progress in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Julieta Simões Steyn
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, Neuroscience Institute and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Amalia Naita Awala
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, Neuroscience Institute and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Anja de Lange
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, Neuroscience Institute and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Joseph Valentino Raimondo
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, Neuroscience Institute and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
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Idro R, Ogwang R, Barragan A, Raimondo JV, Masocha W. Neuroimmunology of Common Parasitic Infections in Africa. Front Immunol 2022; 13:791488. [PMID: 35222377 PMCID: PMC8866860 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.791488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections of the central nervous system are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in Africa. The neurological, cognitive, and psychiatric sequelae of these infections result from a complex interplay between the parasites and the host inflammatory response. Here we review some of the diseases caused by selected parasitic organisms known to infect the nervous system including Plasmodium falciparum, Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosoma brucei spp., and Taenia solium species. For each parasite, we describe the geographical distribution, prevalence, life cycle, and typical clinical symptoms of infection and pathogenesis. We pay particular attention to how the parasites infect the brain and the interaction between each organism and the host immune system. We describe how an understanding of these processes may guide optimal diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to treat these disorders. Finally, we highlight current gaps in our understanding of disease pathophysiology and call for increased interrogation of these often-neglected disorders of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Idro
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Centre of Tropical Neuroscience, Kitgum, Uganda.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rodney Ogwang
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Centre of Tropical Neuroscience, Kitgum, Uganda.,Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Antonio Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joseph Valentino Raimondo
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, Neuroscience Institute and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Willias Masocha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
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6
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Prasad KN. My experience on taeniasis and neurocysticercosis. Trop Parasitol 2021; 11:71-77. [PMID: 34765526 PMCID: PMC8579761 DOI: 10.4103/tp.tp_6_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Taeniasis and neurocysticercosis (NCC) are major public health problems in developing countries. NCC is the leading cause of community-acquired active epilepsy. NCC may present as a medical emergency, especially when there is cysticercotic encephalitis or raised intracranial hypertension. Systematic community-based studies on taeniasis and NCC are lacking. We studied taeniasis and NCC-related active epilepsy disease burden in the pig farming community of Lucknow district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Based on the 30 cluster sampling approach as recommended by the World Health Organization, we estimated the prevalence of taeniasis, NCC-related active epilepsy, and silent NCC in the community. We also estimated the prevalence of swine cysticercosis. Taeniasis was detected in 18.6% of populations. Expulsions of tapeworm segments in stool, consumption of undercooked pork, age above 15 years, and handwash with clay or plain water after defecation were associated with taeniasis. On molecular analyses of positive stool samples, T. solium was identified in 40% and Taenia asiatica in 60% of cases. Active epilepsy was identified in 5.8% of subjects; 48% of them had NCC. On neuroimaging, NCC was detected in 15% of asymptomatic individuals. We observed that host genetic factors such as toll-like receptor-4, matrix metalloproteinase-9, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and glutathione-S transferase gene polymorphisms were associated with seizure in NCC. When peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from NCC subjects were exposed to cysticerci fluid antigens in-vitro, PBMCs from symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects showed significantly higher Th 1 and Th 2 cytokines response respectively, symptomatic patients had significant Th-1 cytokines response, while asymptomatic individuals showed Th-2 response. Porcine cysticercosis was detected in 26% of swine; 38% of them had cysticerci in the brain. Swine with brain involvement showed clinical signs such as excessive salivation, excessive blinking and tearing, and subconjunctival nodule. On molecular analysis, 15% of cysticerci in swine were identified as T. asiatica. Infected swine when treated with albendazole plus/minus steroid, the response rate of cysticerci (either dead or resolved lesion) was 100% in albendazole-treated group and 71% in albendazole plus steroid-treated group. The above studies suggest that taeniasis and NCC are alarmingly high in the pig farming community of North India. Taeniasis in human and cysticercosis in swine due to T. asiatica call for further studies on this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashi Nath Prasad
- Department of Microbiology, Apollomedics Super Speciality Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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7
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Gerner W, Mair KH, Schmidt S. Local and Systemic T Cell Immunity in Fighting Pig Viral and Bacterial Infections. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2021; 10:349-372. [PMID: 34724393 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-013120-044226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
T cells are an essential component of the adaptive immune system. Over the last 15 years, a constantly growing toolbox with which to study T cell biology in pigs has allowed detailed investigations on these cells in various viral and bacterial infections. This review provides an overview on porcine CD4, CD8, and γδ T cells and the current knowledge on the differentiation of these cells following antigen encounter. Where available, the responses of these cells to viral infections like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, classical swine fever virus, swine influenza A virus, and African swine fever virus are outlined. In addition, knowledge on the porcine T cell response to bacterial infections like Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Salmonella Typhimurium is reviewed. For CD4 T cells, the response to the outlined infections is reflected toward the Th1/Th2/Th17/Tfh/Treg paradigm for functional differentiation. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 10 is February 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Gerner
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Kerstin H Mair
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; .,Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Selma Schmidt
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom; ,
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Kaur R, Arora N, Rawat SS, Keshri AK, Sharma SR, Mishra A, Singh G, Prasad A. Vaccine for a neglected tropical disease Taenia solium cysticercosis: fight for eradication against all odds. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:1447-1458. [PMID: 34379534 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1967750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Taenia solium infection is among the 17 most neglected tropical diseases identified by World Health Organization and to be eradicated by 2030. This parasite infects the central nervous system (Neurocysticercosis [NCC]) and intestine [Taeniasis]). NCC is the most frequent cause of acquired epilepsy in endemic regions and Taeniasis is responsible for the widespread malnutrition and abdominal discomfort among children. Epilepsy caused by T. solium is preventable and the total elimination of NCC can be achieved by good hygiene, mass therapy, and most importantly vaccination of pigs or humans. Vaccine for pig is available but not widely in use and for humans it's still elusive. AREA COVERED Several vaccine candidates for porcine cysticercosis have been tried like TSOL18, SP3Vac, KETc7, TSOL45, etc. with good success in the limited field trial. This review highlights some seminal contributions for the anti-cestode vaccine, the associated challenges, current status, suggestive future directions, and the need of vaccine for human use. EXPERT OPINION Though several vaccines are available, none is being widely used due to lack of awareness, economic constraints, accessibility, etc. Hence, there is a need for a newer, economic, and reliable vaccine for humans or pigs use to reduce the disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimanpreet Kaur
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Naina Arora
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Suraj S Rawat
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anand Kumar Keshri
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shubha Rani Sharma
- Department of Bio-Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi-Jharkhand, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Neurology, Dayanad Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Amit Prasad
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Käser T. Swine as biomedical animal model for T-cell research-Success and potential for transmittable and non-transmittable human diseases. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:95-115. [PMID: 33873098 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Swine is biologically one of the most relevant large animal models for biomedical research. With its use as food animal that can be exploited as a free cell and tissue source for research and its high susceptibility to human diseases, swine additionally represent an excellent option for both the 3R principle and One Health research. One of the previously most limiting factors of the pig model was its arguably limited immunological toolbox. Yet, in the last decade, this toolbox has vastly improved including the ability to study porcine T-cells. This review summarizes the swine model for biomedical research with focus on T cells. It first contrasts the swine model to the more commonly used mouse and non-human primate model before describing the current capabilities to characterize and extend our knowledge on porcine T cells. Thereafter, it not only reflects on previous biomedical T-cell research but also extends into areas in which more in-depth T-cell analyses could strongly benefit biomedical research. While the former should inform on the successes of biomedical T-cell research in swine, the latter shall inspire swine T-cell researchers to find collaborations with researchers working in other areas - such as nutrition, allergy, cancer, transplantation, infectious diseases, or vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Käser
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, 27607 Raleigh, NC, USA.
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Men WQ, Xu SG, Mou R. Hepatic transcriptome study of Taenia asiatica infection in suckling pigs. Microb Pathog 2020; 152:104598. [PMID: 33157217 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Taenia asiatica is a crucial Taenia that is prevalent in East and Southeast Asia. Domestic pigs and wild boars are essential intermediate hosts for Taenia. Cysticercus larvae are mainly parasitic in the liver of domestic pigs. The Taenia asiatica was collected from Liangmu Township, Duyun City, Guizhou Province. Twelve Yorkshire Suckling pigs of 20 days of age were randomly divided into an experimental and control group of 6 pigs each. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technology was used to detect the expression differences of the mRNA transcriptomes in the liver of the experimental and control group at different infection times. Differential genes were analyzed by bioinformatics and verified by Real Time-PCR(RT-PCR). On the 15th and 75th days after infection, 152 and 558 differentially expressed genes were detected in the liver of the experimental group, respectively, accounting for 0.85% and 3.12% of all identified transcribed RNA genes, respectively. Through GO and KEGG related bioinformatics analysis, it was found that these differentially expressed genes are involved in the immune response, material metabolism, fibrosis, and tissue proliferation and repair of suckling pig liver, and related to MHC antigen processing and presentation, cytochrome P450, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway and so on. Cysticercus asiatica parasites cause significant differential gene expression in the liver of suckling pigs. Specific differentially expressed genes are involved in biological processes such as liver metabolism, immune response, and tissue repair or regeneration in suckling pigs. The immune evasion is related to the immuno-suppressive response of the intermediate host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Qi Men
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Characteristic and Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogenic Biology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Shi-Gang Xu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Characteristic and Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogenic Biology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Rong Mou
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Characteristic and Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogenic Biology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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Arora N, Prasad A. Taenia solium proteins: a beautiful kaleidoscope of pro and anti-inflammatory antigens. Expert Rev Proteomics 2020; 17:609-622. [PMID: 32985289 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1829486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is an acquired infection of central nervous system associated with epileptic seizures. The parasite 'Taenia solium' causes this disease and has a complex life cycle and molts into various stages that influence the host-parasite interaction. The disease has a long asymptomatic phase with viable cyst and degeneration of cyst and leaking cyst fluid has been associated with symptomatic phase. The parasite proteome holds the answers and clues to this complex clinical presentation and hence unraveling of proteome of parasite antigens is needed for better understanding of host-parasite interactions. Objective: To understand the proteome make-up of T. solium cyst vesicular fluid (VF) and excretory secretory proteins (ESPs). Methodology: The VF and ESPs for the study were prepared from cyst harvested from naturally infected swine. The samples were prepared for nano LC-MS by in-tube digestion of proteins. The spectra obtained were annotated and enrichment analysis was performed and in silico analysis was done. Results: T. solium VF and ESPs have 206 and 247 proteins of varied make-up including pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory nature. Conclusions: Due to varied make-up of VF and ESPs it can generate complex humoral and cellular immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naina Arora
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi , Mandi, India
| | - Amit Prasad
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi , Mandi, India
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12
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Taenia solium and Taenia crassiceps: miRNomes of the larvae and effects of miR-10-5p and let-7-5p on murine peritoneal macrophages. Biosci Rep 2020; 39:220730. [PMID: 31694049 PMCID: PMC6863767 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC), a major cause of neurological morbidity worldwide, is caused by the larvae of Taenia solium. Cestodes secrete molecules that block the Th1 response of their hosts and induce a Th2 response permissive to their establishment. Mature microRNAs (miRs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression and participate in immunological processes. To determine the participation of Taenia miRs in the immune response against cysticercosis, we constructed small RNA (sRNA) libraries from larvae of Taenia solium and Taenia crassiceps. A total of 12074504 and 11779456 sequencing reads for T. solium and T. crassiceps, respectively, were mapped to the genomes of T. solium and other helminths. Both larvae shared similar miRNome, and miR-10-5p was the most abundant in both species, followed by let-7-5p in T. solium and miR-4989-3p in T. crassiceps, whereas among the genus-specific miRs, miR-001-3p was the most abundant in both, followed by miR-002-3p in T. solium and miR-003a-3p in T. crassiceps. The sequences of these miRs were identical in both. Structure and target prediction analyses revealed that these pre-miRs formed a hairpin and had more than one target involved in immunoregulation. Culture of macrophages, RT-PCR and ELISA assays showed that cells internalized miR-10-5p and let-7-5p into the cytoplasm and the miRs strongly decreased interleukin 16 (Il6) expression, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and IL-12 secretion, and moderately decreased nitric oxide synthase inducible (Nos2) and Il1b expression (pro-inflammatory cytokines) in M(IFN-γ) macrophages and expression of Tgf1b, and the secretion of IL-10 (anti-inflammatory cytokines) in M(IL-4) macrophages. These findings could help us understand the role of miRs in the host–Taenia relationship.
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Arora N, Kaur R, Anjum F, Tripathi S, Mishra A, Kumar R, Prasad A. Neglected Agent Eminent Disease: Linking Human Helminthic Infection, Inflammation, and Malignancy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:402. [PMID: 31867284 PMCID: PMC6909818 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminthic parasitic infection is grossly prevalent across the globe and is considered a significant factor in human cancer occurrence induced by biological agents. Although only three helminths (Schistosoma haematobium, Clonorchis sinensis, and Opisthorchis viverrini) so far have been directly associated with carcinogenesis; there are evidence suggesting the involvement of other species too. Broadly, human helminthiasis can cause chronic inflammation, genetic instability, and host immune modulation by affecting inter- and intracellular communications, disruption of proliferation-anti-proliferation pathways, and stimulation of malignant stem cell progeny. These changes ultimately lead to tumor development through the secretion of soluble factors that interact with host cells. However, the detailed mechanisms by which helminths introduce and promote malignant transformation of host cells are still not clear. Here, we reviewed the current understanding of immune-pathogenesis of helminth parasites, which have been associated with carcinogenesis, and how these infections initiate carcinogenesis in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naina Arora
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | - Rimanpreet Kaur
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | - Farhan Anjum
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | - Shweta Tripathi
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Institute for Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR), Palampur, India
| | - Amit Prasad
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
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14
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Association of TRAF1/C5 Locus Polymorphisms with Epilepsy and Clinical Traits in Mexican Patients with Neurocysticercosis. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00347-19. [PMID: 31570557 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00347-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis is caused by the establishment of Taenia solium cysts in the central nervous system. Murine cysticercosis by Taenia crassiceps is a useful model of cysticercosis in which the complement component 5 (C5) has been linked to infection resistance/permissiveness. This work aimed to study the possible relevance for human neurocysticercosis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the C5-TRAF1 region (rs17611 C/T, rs992670 G/A, rs25681 G/A, rs10818488 A/G, and rs3761847 G/A) in a Mexican population and associated with clinical and radiological traits related to neurocysticercosis severity (cell count in the cerebrospinal fluid [CSF cellularity], parasite location and parasite load in the brain, parasite degenerating stage, and epilepsy). The AG genotype of the rs3761847 SNP showed a tendency to associate with multiple brain parasites, while the CT and GG genotypes of the rs17611 and rs3761847 SNPs, respectively, showed a tendency to associate with low CSF cellularity. The rs3761847 SNP was associated with epilepsy under a dominant model, whereas rs10818488 was associated with CSF cellularity and parasite load under dominant and recessive models, respectively. For haplotypes, C5- and the TRAF1-associated SNPs were, respectively, in strong linkage disequilibrium with each other; thus, these haplotypes were studied independently. For C5 SNPs, carrying the CAA haplotype increases the risk of showing high CSF cellularity 3-fold and the risk of having extraparenchymal parasites 4-fold, two conditions that are related to severe disease. For TRAF1 SNPs, the GA and AG haplotypes were associated with CSF cellularity, and the AG haplotype was associated with epilepsy. Overall, these findings support the clear participation of C5 and TRAF1 in the risk of developing severe neurocysticercosis in the Mexican population.
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15
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Mejia Maza A, Carmen-Orozco RP, Carter ES, Dávila-Villacorta DG, Castillo G, Morales JD, Mamani J, Gavídia CM, Alroy J, Sterling CR, Gonzalez AE, García HH, Woltjer RL, Verástegui MR, Gilman RH. Axonal swellings and spheroids: a new insight into the pathology of neurocysticercosis. Brain Pathol 2018; 29:425-436. [PMID: 30368965 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis is a parasitic brain disease caused by the larval form (Cysticercus cellulosae) of Taenia solium and is the leading cause of preventable epilepsy worldwide. However, the pathophysiology and relation to the wide range of clinical features remains poorly understood. Axonal swelling is emerging as an important early pathological finding in multiple neurodegenerative diseases and as a cause of brain injury, but has not been well described in neurocysticercosis. Histological analysis was performed on human, rat and porcine NCC brain specimens to identify axonal pathology. Rat infection was successfully carried out via two routes of inoculation: direct intracranial injection and oral feeding. Extensive axonal swellings, in the form of spheroids, were observed in both humans and rats and to a lesser extent in pigs with NCC. Spheroids demonstrated increased immunoreactivity to amyloid precursor protein and neurofilament indicating probable impairment of axonal transport. These novel findings demonstrate that spheroids are present in NCC which is conserved across species. Not only is this an important contribution toward understanding the pathogenesis of NCC, but it also provides a model to analyze the association of spheroids with specific clinical features and to investigate the reversibility of spheroid formation with antihelminthic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Mejia Maza
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory Research-LID, Faculty of Science and Philosophy, Alberto Cazorla Talleri, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Rogger P Carmen-Orozco
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory Research-LID, Faculty of Science and Philosophy, Alberto Cazorla Talleri, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Emma S Carter
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory Research-LID, Faculty of Science and Philosophy, Alberto Cazorla Talleri, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Danitza G Dávila-Villacorta
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory Research-LID, Faculty of Science and Philosophy, Alberto Cazorla Talleri, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Gino Castillo
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory Research-LID, Faculty of Science and Philosophy, Alberto Cazorla Talleri, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Jemina D Morales
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory Research-LID, Faculty of Science and Philosophy, Alberto Cazorla Talleri, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Javier Mamani
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Cesar M Gavídia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú
| | - Joseph Alroy
- Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Charles R Sterling
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Armando E Gonzalez
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú
| | - Héctor H García
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory Research-LID, Faculty of Science and Philosophy, Alberto Cazorla Talleri, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú.,Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Randy L Woltjer
- Department of Pathology, Layton Aging & Alzheimer's Disease Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Manuela R Verástegui
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory Research-LID, Faculty of Science and Philosophy, Alberto Cazorla Talleri, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory Research-LID, Faculty of Science and Philosophy, Alberto Cazorla Talleri, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú.,The Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.,Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Perú
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16
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Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC) occurs following brain infection by larvae of the cestode Taenia solium. It is the leading cause of preventable epilepsy worldwide and therefore constitutes a critical health challenge with significant global relevance. Despite this, much is still unknown about many key pathogenic aspects of the disease, including how cerebral infection with T. solium results in the development of seizures. Over the past century, valuable mechanistic insights have been generated using both clinical studies and animal models. In this review, we critically assess model systems for investigating disease processes in NCC. We explore the respective strengths and weaknesses of each model and summarize how they have contributed to current knowledge of the disease. We call for the continued development of animal models of NCC, with a focus on novel strategies for understanding this debilitating but often neglected disorder.
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17
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Ayón-Núñez DA, Fragoso G, Espitia C, García-Varela M, Soberón X, Rosas G, Laclette JP, Bobes RJ. Identification and characterization of Taenia solium enolase as a plasminogen-binding protein. Acta Trop 2018; 182:69-79. [PMID: 29466706 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The larval stage of Taenia solium (cysticerci) is the causal agent of human and swine cysticercosis. When ingested by the host, T. solium eggs are activated and hatch in the intestine, releasing oncospheres that migrate to various tissues and evolve into cysticerci. Plasminogen (Plg) receptor proteins have been reported to play a role in migration processes for several pathogens. This work is aimed to identify Plg-binding proteins in T. solium cysticerci and determine whether T. solium recombinant enolase (rTsEnoA) is capable of specifically binding and activating human Plg. To identify Plg-binding proteins, a 2D-SDS-PAGE ligand blotting was performed, and recognized spots were identified by MS/MS. Seven proteins from T. solium cysticerci were found capable of binding Plg: fascicilin-1, fasciclin-2, enolase, MAPK, annexin, actin, and cytosolic malate dehydrogenase. To determine whether rTsEnoA binds human Plg, a ligand blotting was performed and the results were confirmed by ELISA both in the presence and absence of εACA, a competitive Plg inhibitor. Finally, rTsEnoA-bound Plg was activated to plasmin in the presence of tPA. To better understand the evolution of enolase isoforms in T. solium, a phylogenetic inference analysis including 75 enolase amino acid sequences was conducted. The origin of flatworm enolase isoforms, except for Eno4, is independent of their vertebrate counterparts. Therefore, herein we propose to designate tapeworm protein isoforms as A, B, C, and 4. In conclusion, recombinant enolase showed a strong plasminogen binding and activating activity in vitro. T. solium enolase could play a role in parasite invasion along with other plasminogen-binding proteins.
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18
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Díaz Á, Sagasti C, Casaravilla C. Granulomatous responses in larval taeniid infections. Parasite Immunol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Á. Díaz
- Área/Cátedra de Inmunología; Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) e Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias); Universidad de la República; Montevideo Uruguay
| | - C. Sagasti
- Área/Cátedra de Inmunología; Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) e Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias); Universidad de la República; Montevideo Uruguay
| | - C. Casaravilla
- Área/Cátedra de Inmunología; Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) e Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias); Universidad de la República; Montevideo Uruguay
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19
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Arora N, Tripathi S, Kumar P, Mondal P, Mishra A, Prasad A. Recent advancements and new perspectives in animal models for Neurocysticercosis immunopathogenesis. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [PMID: 28467600 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC), one of the most common parasitic diseases of the central nervous system, is caused by Taenia solium. This parasite involves two hosts, intermediate hosts (pig and human) and a definitive host (human) and has various stages in its complex life cycle (eggs, oncosphere, cysticerci and adult tapeworm). Hence, developing an animal model for T. solium that mimics its natural course of infection is quite challenging. We have reviewed here the animal models frequently used to study immunopathogenesis of cysticercosis and also discussed their usefulness for NCC studies. We found that researchers have used mice, rats, guinea pigs, dogs, cats and pigs as models for this disease with varying degrees of success. Mice and rats models have been utilized extensively for immunopathogenesis studies due to their relative ease of handling and abundance of commercially available reagents to study these small animal models. These models have provided some very exciting results for in-depth understanding of the disease. Of late, the experimentally/naturally infected swine model is turning out to be the best animal model as the disease progression closely resembles human infection in pigs. However, handling large experimental animals has its own challenges and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Arora
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | - S Tripathi
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India.,Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P Kumar
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | - P Mondal
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | - A Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
| | - A Prasad
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
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20
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Singh SK, Prasad KN, Singh AK, Gupta KK, Singh A, Tripathi M, Gupta RK. Adhesion molecules, chemokines and matrix metallo-proteinases response after albendazole and albendazole plus steroid therapy in swine neurocysticercosis. Exp Parasitol 2017; 182:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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21
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Molecular Neuro-Pathomechanism of Neurocysticercosis: How Host Genetic Factors Influence Disease Susceptibility. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1019-1025. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0373-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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22
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Fleury A, Cardenas G, Adalid-Peralta L, Fragoso G, Sciutto E. Immunopathology in Taenia solium neurocysticercosis. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:147-57. [PMID: 26667781 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis is a clinically and radiologically heterogeneous disease, ranging from asymptomatic infection to a severe, potentially fatal clinical picture. The intensity and extension of the parasite-elicited inflammatory reaction is a key factor for such variability. The main features of the inflammatory process found in the brain and in the peripheral blood of neurocysticercosis patients will be discussed in this review, and the factors involved in its modulation will be herein presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fleury
- Unidad Periférica de Neuroinflamación Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas/Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México City, México
| | - G Cardenas
- Unidad Periférica de Neuroinflamación Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas/Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México City, México
| | - L Adalid-Peralta
- Unidad Periférica de Neuroinflamación Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas/Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México City, México
| | - G Fragoso
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - E Sciutto
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
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23
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Singh AK, Singh SK, Singh A, Gupta KK, Khatoon J, Prasad A, Rai RP, Gupta RK, Tripathi M, Husain N, Prasad KN. Immune response to Taenia solium cysticerci after anti-parasitic therapy. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:749-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Expression of adhesion molecules, chemokines and matrix metallo- proteinases (MMPs) in viable and degenerating stage of Taenia solium metacestode in swine neurocysticercosis. Vet Parasitol 2015; 214:59-66. [PMID: 26412140 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is a parasitic infection of central nervous system (CNS). Expression of adhesion molecules, chemokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were investigated on brain tissues surrounding viable (n=15) and degenerating cysticerci (n=15) of Taenia solium in swine by real-time RT-PCR and ELISA. Gelatin gel zymography was performed for MMPs activity. ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1), E-selectin, MIP-1α (macrophage inflammatory protein-1α), Eotaxin-1 and RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) were associated with degenerating cysticerci (cysts). However, VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1), MCP-1 (monocyte chemotactic protein-1), MMP-2 and MMP-9 were associated with both viable and degenerating cysts. In conclusion, viable and degenerating cysticerci have different immune molecule profiles and role of these molecules in disease pathogenesis needs to be investigated.
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25
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Fleury A, Trejo A, Cisneros H, García-Navarrete R, Villalobos N, Hernández M, Villeda Hernández J, Hernández B, Rosas G, Bobes RJ, S. de Aluja A, Sciutto E, Fragoso G. Taenia solium: Development of an Experimental Model of Porcine Neurocysticercosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003980. [PMID: 26252878 PMCID: PMC4529300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human neurocysticercosis (NC) is caused by the establishment of Taenia solium larvae in the central nervous system. NC is a severe disease still affecting the population in developing countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. While great improvements have been made on NC diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, the management of patients affected by extraparenchymal parasites remains a challenge. The development of a T. solium NC experimental model in pigs that will allow the evaluation of new therapeutic alternatives is herein presented. Activated oncospheres (either 500 or 1000) were surgically implanted in the cerebral subarachnoid space of piglets. The clinical status and the level of serum antibodies in the animals were evaluated for a 4-month period after implantation. The animals were sacrificed, cysticerci were counted during necropsy, and both the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of cysts were described. Based on the number of established cysticerci, infection efficiency ranged from 3.6% (1000 oncospheres) to 5.4% (500 oncospheres). Most parasites were caseous or calcified (38/63, 60.3%) and were surrounded by an exacerbated inflammatory response with lymphocyte infiltration and increased inflammatory markers. The infection elicited specific antibodies but no neurological signs. This novel experimental model of NC provides a useful tool to evaluate new cysticidal and anti-inflammatory approaches and it should improve the management of severe NC patients, refractory to the current treatments. Neurocysticercosis (NC) is caused by the implantation of the larval stage of Taenia solium in the human central nervous system. Although NC diagnosis, treatment, and prevention have clearly improved in the last 40 years, the disease still causes significant morbidity and mortality in endemic regions of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. In industrialized countries, the number of diagnosed cases has increased in recent years due to immigration. In this paper, we introduce a new experimental model of T. solium neurocysticercosis in pigs. Activated oncospheres were surgically implanted in the subarachnoid space of the cerebral convexity in piglets. Then, the animals were observed during 4 months. An increase in anti-cysticercal antibodies was detected, along with an inflammatory reaction surrounding the established parasites. This experimental model of T. solium NC will improve our knowledge on the pathogenesis of the disease; additionally, it will let us evaluate new promising treatments for inflammation and improve the effectiveness of cysticidal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Fleury
- Unidad Periférica del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., México
- Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Secretaría de Salud, México D.F., México
- * E-mail:
| | - Armando Trejo
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., México
| | - Humberto Cisneros
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., México
| | - Roberto García-Navarrete
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, México D.F., México
- Hospital General Naval de Alta Especialidad, Secretaría de Marina (SEMAR), México D.F., México
| | - Nelly Villalobos
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., México
| | - Marisela Hernández
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., México
| | | | - Beatriz Hernández
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., México
| | - Gabriela Rosas
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Morelos, México
| | - Raul J. Bobes
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., México
| | - Aline S. de Aluja
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., México
| | - Edda Sciutto
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., México
| | - Gladis Fragoso
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., México
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26
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Mahanty S, Orrego MA, Mayta H, Marzal M, Cangalaya C, Paredes A, Gonzales-Gustavson E, Arroyo G, Gonzalez AE, Guerra-Giraldez C, García HH, Nash TE. Post-treatment vascular leakage and inflammatory responses around brain cysts in porcine neurocysticercosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003577. [PMID: 25774662 PMCID: PMC4361613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysticidal treatment of neurocysticercosis, an infection of humans and pig brains with Taenia solium, results in an early inflammatory response directed to cysts causing seizures and focal neurological manifestations. Treatment-induced pericystic inflammation and its association with blood brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, as determined by Evans blue (EB) extravasation, was studied in infected untreated and anthelmintic-treated pigs. We compared the magnitude and extent of the pericystic inflammation, presence of EB-stained capsules, the level of damage to the parasite, expression of genes for proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines, chemokines, and tissue remodeling by quantitative PCR assays between treated and untreated infected pigs and between EB-stained (blue) and non stained (clear) cysts. Inflammatory scores were higher in pericystic tissues from EB-stained cysts compared to clear cysts from untreated pigs and also from anthelmintic-treated pigs 48 hr and 120 hr after treatment. The degree of inflammation correlated with the severity of cyst wall damage and both increased significantly at 120 hours. Expression levels of the proinflammatory genes for IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α were higher in EB-stained cysts compared to clear cysts and unaffected brain tissues, and were generally highest at 120 hr. Additionally, expression of some markers of immunoregulatory activity (IL-10, IL-2Rα) were decreased in EB-stained capsules. An increase in other markers for regulatory T cells (CTLA4, FoxP3) was found, as well as significant increases in expression of two metalloproteases, MMP1 and MMP2 at 48 hr and 120 hr post-treatment. We conclude that the increase in severity of the inflammation caused by treatment is accompanied by both a proinflammatory and a complex regulatory response, largely limited to pericystic tissues with compromised vascular integrity. Because treatment induced inflammation occurs in porcine NCC similar to that in human cases, this model can be used to investigate mechanisms involved in host damaging inflammatory responses and agents or modalities that may control damaging post treatment inflammation. Neurocysticercosis is caused by infection of the brain with the larval (cyst) stage of the tape worm Taenia solium in humans and pigs. Antiparasitic drug treatment is compromised by worsening of neurological symptoms during therapy due to reactive inflammation triggered by the dying parasite. The immune mechanisms that cause this inflammation are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the nature of inflammation after treatment in pigs naturally infected with T. solium cysts. Evans blue dye injected into infected pigs marks areas in the brain where the normally impermeable capillaries have become more permeable, allowing damaging cells and molecules to leak out into the brain. By microscopy and measurement of gene expression for inflammation-inducing immune mediators, we show that inflammation in the brain tissues around cysts is more severe with increased vessel leakage. Furthermore, the levels of these mediators increased after antiparasitic drug treatment. A significant implication of these findings is that it may be possible to inhibit the inflammation around parasites using drugs or biologics that inhibit these inflammatory pathways and, thereby, reduce local brain damage during treatment. These observations may also be applicable to other inflammatory conditions that affect the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Mahanty
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- * E-mail:
| | - Miguel Angel Orrego
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Holger Mayta
- Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Miguel Marzal
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Carla Cangalaya
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Adriana Paredes
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Gianfranco Arroyo
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Armando E. Gonzalez
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Cristina Guerra-Giraldez
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Hector H. García
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Theodore E. Nash
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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27
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Ito A. Basic and applied problems in developmental biology and immunobiology of cestode infections:Hymenolepis,TaeniaandEchinococcus. Parasite Immunol 2015; 37:53-69. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Ito
- Department of Parasitology and NTD Research Laboratory; Asahikawa Medical University; Asahikawa Japan
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28
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Gerner W, Talker SC, Koinig HC, Sedlak C, Mair KH, Saalmüller A. Phenotypic and functional differentiation of porcine αβ T cells: current knowledge and available tools. Mol Immunol 2014; 66:3-13. [PMID: 25466616 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Domestic pigs are considered as a valuable large animal model because of their close relation to humans in regard to anatomy, genetics and physiology. This includes their potential use as organ donors in xenotransplantation but also studies on various zoonotic infections affecting pigs and humans. Such work also requires a thorough understanding of the porcine immune system which was partially hampered in the past by restrictions on available immunological tools compared to rodent models. However, progress has been made during recent years in the study of both, the innate and the adaptive immune system of pigs. In this review we will summarize the current knowledge on porcine αβ T cells, which comprise two major lymphocyte subsets of the adaptive immune system: CD4(+) T cells with important immunoregulatory functions and CD8(+) T cells, also designated as cytolytic T cells. Aspects on their functional and phenotypic differentiation are presented. In addition, we summarize currently available tools to study these subsets which may support a more widespread use of swine as a large animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Gerner
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Stephanie C Talker
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hanna C Koinig
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Corinna Sedlak
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kerstin H Mair
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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