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Tohidi E, Ghaemi M, Golvajouei MS. A review on camelid nanobodies with potential application in veterinary medicine. Vet Res Commun 2024:10.1007/s11259-024-10432-x. [PMID: 38869749 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10432-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The single variable domains of camelid heavy-chain only antibodies, known as nanobodies, have taken a long journey since their discovery in 1989 until the first nanobody-based drug's entrance to the market in 2022. On account of their unique properties, nanobodies have been successfully used for diagnosis and therapy against various diseases or conditions. Although research on the application of recombinant antibodies has focused on human medicine, the development of nanobodies has paved the way for incorporating recombinant antibody production in favour of veterinary medicine. Currently, despite many efforts in developing these biomolecules with diversified applications, significant opportunities exist for exploiting these highly versatile and cost-effective antibodies in veterinary medicine. The present study attempts to identify existing gaps and shed light on paths for future research by presenting an updated review on camelid nanobodies with potential applications in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emadodin Tohidi
- Biotechnology Division, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mehran Ghaemi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Golvajouei
- Biotechnology Division, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Yu H, Mao G, Pei Z, Cen J, Meng W, Wang Y, Zhang S, Li S, Xu Q, Sun M, Xiao K. In Vitro Affinity Maturation of Nanobodies against Mpox Virus A29 Protein Based on Computer-Aided Design. Molecules 2023; 28:6838. [PMID: 37836685 PMCID: PMC10574621 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mpox virus (MPXV), the most pathogenic zoonotic orthopoxvirus, caused worldwide concern during the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. Growing evidence suggests that the MPXV surface protein A29 could be a specific diagnostic marker for immunological detection. In this study, a fully synthetic phage display library was screened, revealing two nanobodies (A1 and H8) that specifically recognize A29. Subsequently, an in vitro affinity maturation strategy based on computer-aided design was proposed by building and docking the A29 and A1 three-dimensional structures. Ligand-receptor binding and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to predict binding modes and key residues. Three mutant antibodies were predicted using the platform, increasing the affinity by approximately 10-fold compared with the parental form. These results will facilitate the application of computers in antibody optimization and reduce the cost of antibody development; moreover, the predicted antibodies provide a reference for establishing an immunological response against MPXV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Yu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China;
- Lab of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (G.M.); (Z.P.); (J.C.); (W.M.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Guanchao Mao
- Lab of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (G.M.); (Z.P.); (J.C.); (W.M.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Zhipeng Pei
- Lab of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (G.M.); (Z.P.); (J.C.); (W.M.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Jinfeng Cen
- Lab of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (G.M.); (Z.P.); (J.C.); (W.M.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Wenqi Meng
- Lab of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (G.M.); (Z.P.); (J.C.); (W.M.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Yunqin Wang
- Lab of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (G.M.); (Z.P.); (J.C.); (W.M.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Lab of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (G.M.); (Z.P.); (J.C.); (W.M.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Songling Li
- Lab of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (G.M.); (Z.P.); (J.C.); (W.M.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Qingqiang Xu
- Lab of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (G.M.); (Z.P.); (J.C.); (W.M.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Mingxue Sun
- Lab of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (G.M.); (Z.P.); (J.C.); (W.M.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Kai Xiao
- Lab of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (G.M.); (Z.P.); (J.C.); (W.M.); (Y.W.); (S.Z.); (S.L.)
- Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lingang Special Area, Shanghai 201306, China
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Cawez F, Mercuri PS, Morales-Yãnez FJ, Maalouf R, Vandevenne M, Kerff F, Guérin V, Mainil J, Thiry D, Saulmont M, Vanderplasschen A, Lafaye P, Aymé G, Bogaerts P, Dumoulin M, Galleni M. Development of Nanobodies as Theranostic Agents against CMY-2-Like Class C β-Lactamases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0149922. [PMID: 36892280 PMCID: PMC10112224 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01499-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Three soluble single-domain fragments derived from the unique variable region of camelid heavy-chain antibodies (VHHs) against the CMY-2 β-lactamase behaved as inhibitors. The structure of the complex VHH cAbCMY-2(254)/CMY-2 showed that the epitope is close to the active site and that the CDR3 of the VHH protrudes into the catalytic site. The β-lactamase inhibition pattern followed a mixed profile with a predominant noncompetitive component. The three isolated VHHs recognized overlapping epitopes since they behaved as competitive binders. Our study identified a binding site that can be targeted by a new class of β-lactamase inhibitors designed on the sequence of the paratope. Furthermore, the use of mono- or bivalent VHH and rabbit polyclonal anti-CMY-2 antibodies enables the development of the first generation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of CMY-2 produced by CMY-2-expressing bacteria, irrespective of resistotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Cawez
- InBioS, Center for Protein Engineering, Biological Macromolecules, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Paola Sandra Mercuri
- InBioS, Center for Protein Engineering, Biological Macromolecules, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Francisco Javier Morales-Yãnez
- InBioS, Center for Protein Engineering, NEPTUNS, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- ALPANANO, Center for Protein Engineering & FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Rita Maalouf
- InBioS, Center for Protein Engineering, NEPTUNS, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marylène Vandevenne
- InBios, Center for Protein Engineering, ROBOTEIN, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Frederic Kerff
- InBioS, Center for Protein Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Virginie Guérin
- Bacteriology, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jacques Mainil
- Bacteriology, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Damien Thiry
- Bacteriology, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marc Saulmont
- Regional Animal Health and Identification Association (ARSIA), Ciney, Belgium
| | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- ALPANANO, Center for Protein Engineering & FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Immunology-Vaccinology, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Lafaye
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 328, Paris, France
| | - Gabriel Aymé
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 328, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Bogaerts
- National Reference Center for Antibiotic-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli, Department of Clinical Microbiology, CHU UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Mireille Dumoulin
- InBioS, Center for Protein Engineering, NEPTUNS, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- ALPANANO, Center for Protein Engineering & FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Moreno Galleni
- InBioS, Center for Protein Engineering, Biological Macromolecules, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Bahadory S, Sadraei J, Zibaei M, Pirestani M, Dalimi A. In vitro anti-gastrointestinal cancer activity of Toxocara canis-derived peptide: Analyzing the expression level of factors related to cell proliferation and tumor growth. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:878724. [PMID: 36204226 PMCID: PMC9530354 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.878724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recently, a hypothesis about the negative relationship between cancers and parasites has been proposed and investigated; some parasitic worms and their products can affect the cancer cell proliferation. Due to the potential anti-cancer effect of helminthic parasites, in the present study, the excretory–secretory protein of Toxocara canis (T. canis) parasite was used to evaluate the possible anti-cancer properties and their effect on gastrointestinal and liver cancer cell proliferation-related genes in laboratory conditions. Methods and materials: The selected synthesized peptide fraction from the T. canis excretory–secretory Troponin protein peptide (ES TPP) was exposed at 32, 64, 128, and 256 μg/ml concentrations to three gastrointestinal cancer cell lines AGS, HT-29, and Caco 2, as well as HDF cells as normal cell lines. We used the MTT assay to evaluate cellular changes and cell viability (CV). Variations in gene (Bcl-2, APAF1, ZEB1, VEGF, cyclin-D1, and caspase-3) expression were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. Results: After 24 h of exposure to pept1ides and cell lines, a decrease in CV was observed at a concentration of 64 μg/ml and compared to the control group. Then, after 48 h, a significant decrease in the CV of Caco 2 cells was observed at a concentration of 32 μg/ml; in the other cancer cell lines, concentrations above 32 μg/ml were effective. The peptide was able to significantly alter the expression of the studied genes at a concentration of 100 μg/ml. Conclusion: Although the studied peptide at high concentrations could have a statistically significant effect on cancer cells, it is still far from the standard drug and can be optimized and promising in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Bahadory
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javid Sadraei
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Javid Sadraei,
| | - Mohammad Zibaei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- Evidence-Based Phytotherapy and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Majid Pirestani
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolhossein Dalimi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Wang J, Kang G, Yuan H, Cao X, Huang H, de Marco A. Research Progress and Applications of Multivalent, Multispecific and Modified Nanobodies for Disease Treatment. Front Immunol 2022; 12:838082. [PMID: 35116045 PMCID: PMC8804282 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.838082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant antibodies such as nanobodies are progressively demonstrating to be a valid alternative to conventional monoclonal antibodies also for clinical applications. Furthermore, they do not solely represent a substitute for monoclonal antibodies but their unique features allow expanding the applications of biotherapeutics and changes the pattern of disease treatment. Nanobodies possess the double advantage of being small and simple to engineer. This combination has promoted extremely diversified approaches to design nanobody-based constructs suitable for particular applications. Both the format geometry possibilities and the functionalization strategies have been widely explored to provide macromolecules with better efficacy with respect to single nanobodies or their combination. Nanobody multimers and nanobody-derived reagents were developed to image and contrast several cancer diseases and have shown their effectiveness in animal models. Their capacity to block more independent signaling pathways simultaneously is considered a critical advantage to avoid tumor resistance, whereas the mass of these multimeric compounds still remains significantly smaller than that of an IgG, enabling deeper penetration in solid tumors. When applied to CAR-T cell therapy, nanobodies can effectively improve the specificity by targeting multiple epitopes and consequently reduce the side effects. This represents a great potential in treating malignant lymphomas, acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, multiple myeloma and solid tumors. Apart from cancer treatment, multispecific drugs and imaging reagents built with nanobody blocks have demonstrated their value also for detecting and tackling neurodegenerative, autoimmune, metabolic, and infectious diseases and as antidotes for toxins. In particular, multi-paratopic nanobody-based constructs have been developed recently as drugs for passive immunization against SARS-CoV-2 with the goal of impairing variant survival due to resistance to antibodies targeting single epitopes. Given the enormous research activity in the field, it can be expected that more and more multimeric nanobody molecules will undergo late clinical trials in the next future. Systematic Review Registration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiewen Wang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Shaoxing, Tianjin University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guangbo Kang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Shaoxing, Tianjin University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haibin Yuan
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Shaoxing, Tianjin University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaocang Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Shaoxing, Tianjin University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ario de Marco
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
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Pillay TS, Muyldermans S. Application of Single-Domain Antibodies ("Nanobodies") to Laboratory Diagnosis. Ann Lab Med 2021; 41:549-558. [PMID: 34108282 PMCID: PMC8203438 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2021.41.6.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies have proven to be central in the development of diagnostic methods over decades, moving from polyclonal antibodies to the milestone development of monoclonal antibodies. Although monoclonal antibodies play a valuable role in diagnosis, their production is technically demanding and can be expensive. The large size of monoclonal antibodies (150 kDa) makes their re-engineering using recombinant methods a challenge. Single-domain antibodies, such as “nanobodies,” are a relatively new class of diagnostic probes that originated serendipitously during the assay of camel serum. The immune system of the camelid family (camels, llamas, and alpacas) has evolved uniquely to produce heavy-chain antibodies that contain a single monomeric variable antibody domain in a smaller functional unit of 12–15 kDa. Interestingly, the same biological phenomenon is observed in sharks. Since a single-domain antibody molecule is smaller than a conventional mammalian antibody, recombinant engineering and protein expression in vitro using bacterial production systems are much simpler. The entire gene encoding such an antibody can be cloned and expressed in vitro. Single-domain antibodies are very stable and heat-resistant, and hence do not require cold storage, especially when incorporated into a diagnostic kit. Their simple genetic structure allows easy re-engineering of the protein to introduce new antigen-binding characteristics or attach labels. Here, we review the applications of single-domain antibodies in laboratory diagnosis and discuss the future potential in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir S Pillay
- Department of Chemical Pathology and NHLS- Tshwane Academic Division, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Division of Chemical Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Pretoria, Prinshof Campus, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Imaging, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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Trashin S, Morales-Yánez F, Thiruvottriyur Shanmugam S, Paredis L, Carrión EN, Sariego I, Muyldermans S, Polman K, Gorun SM, De Wael K. Nanobody-Based Immunosensor Detection Enhanced by Photocatalytic-Electrochemical Redox Cycling. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13606-13614. [PMID: 34585567 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Detection of antigenic biomarkers present in trace amounts is of crucial importance for medical diagnosis. A parasitic disease, human toxocariasis, lacks an adequate diagnostic method despite its worldwide occurrence. The currently used serology tests may stay positive even years after a possibly unnoticed infection, whereas the direct detection of a re-infection or a still active infection remains a diagnostic challenge due to the low concentration of circulating parasitic antigens. We report a time-efficient sandwich immunosensor using small recombinant single-domain antibodies (nanobodies) derived from camelid heavy-chain antibodies specific to Toxocara canis antigens. An enhanced sensitivity to pg/mL levels is achieved by using a redox cycle consisting of a photocatalytic oxidation and electrochemical reduction steps. The photocatalytic oxidation is achieved by a photosensitizer generating singlet oxygen (1O2) that, in turn, readily reacts with p-nitrophenol enzymatically produced under alkaline conditions. The photooxidation produces benzoquinone that is electrochemically reduced to hydroquinone, generating an amperometric response. The light-driven process could be easily separated from the background, thus making amperometric detection more reliable. The proposed method for detection of the toxocariasis antigen marker shows superior performances compared to other detection schemes with the same nanobodies and outperforms by at least two orders of magnitude the assays based on regular antibodies, thus suggesting new opportunities for electrochemical immunoassays of challenging low levels of antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Morales-Yánez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Linda Paredis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Erik N Carrión
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for Functional Materials, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey 07079, United States
| | - Idalia Sariego
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kouri, 17100 Havana, Cuba
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katja Polman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sergiu M Gorun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for Functional Materials, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey 07079, United States
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Development of Nanobodies against Mal de Río Cuarto virus major viroplasm protein P9-1 for diagnostic sandwich ELISA and immunodetection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20013. [PMID: 34625580 PMCID: PMC8501053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99275-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mal de Río Cuarto virus (MRCV) is a member of the genus Fijivirus of the family Reoviridae that causes a devastating disease in maize and is persistently and propagatively transmitted by planthopper vectors. Virus replication and assembly occur within viroplasms formed by viral and host proteins. This work describes the isolation and characterization of llama-derived Nanobodies (Nbs) recognizing the major viral viroplasm component, P9-1. Specific Nbs were selected against recombinant P9-1, with affinities in the nanomolar range as measured by surface plasmon resonance. Three selected Nbs were fused to alkaline phosphatase and eGFP to develop a sandwich ELISA test which showed a high diagnostic sensitivity (99.12%, 95% CI 95.21-99.98) and specificity (100%, 95% CI 96.31-100) and a detection limit of 0.236 ng/ml. Interestingly, these Nanobodies recognized different P9-1 conformations and were successfully employed to detect P9-1 in pull-down assays of infected maize extracts. Finally, we demonstrated that fusions of the Nbs to eGFP and RFP allowed the immunodetection of virus present in phloem cells of leaf thin sections. The Nbs developed in this work will aid the study of MRCV epidemiology, assist maize breeding programs, and be valuable tools to boost fundamental research on viroplasm structure and maturation.
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Kinimi E, Muyldermans S, Vincke C, Odongo S, Kock R, Parida S, Mahapatra M, Misinzo G. Development of Nanobodies Targeting Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus: The Prospect in Disease Diagnosis and Therapy. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082206. [PMID: 34438664 PMCID: PMC8388416 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes a highly devastating disease, peste des petits ruminants (PPR) of sheep and goats, that threatens food security, small ruminant production, and the conservation of wild small ruminants. Current efforts are directed towards the global control and eradication of PPRV, an initiative of the World Organisation for Animal Health and Food and the Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. A plethora of diagnostic tools for PPR were primarily developed for livestock. New innovative diagnostic tools are needed to detect PPRV in atypical hosts (e.g., Camelidae, Suidae, and Bovinae), in wildlife ecosystems, and in complex field situations. Recent studies confirmed that single-domain antigen binding fragments (nanobodies) derived from heavy-chain-only camelid antibodies have proven to be a powerful tool in diagnostics and therapeutics due to their unique properties, such as small size and strong antigen-binding affinity. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to generate PPRV-reactive nanobodies in order to set a pace for the development of diagnostic and possibly therapeutic nanobodies in the future. Initially, a strategy was developed whereby an alpaca was immunized with PPRV in order to raise an affinity-matured immune response, from which an immune nanobody library was constructed. Following phage display, nine nanobodies that specifically recognise PPRV were identified on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This study has generated PPRV-reactive nanobodies and have significant implications in the development of cost-effective diagnostic tools in context with the planned eradication of PPR in the world. Abstract Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes a highly devastating disease, peste des petits ruminants (PPR) of sheep and goats, that threatens food security, small ruminant production, and the conservation of wild small ruminants in many developing countries, especially in Africa. Robust serological and molecular diagnostic tools are available to detect PPRV infection, but they were mainly developed for domestic sheep and goats. The presence of a wide host range for PPRV does present serological diagnostic challenges. New innovative diagnostic tools are needed to detect PPRV in atypical hosts (e.g., Camelidae, Suidae, and Bovinae), in wildlife ecosystems and in complex field situations. Interestingly, single-domain antigen binding fragments (nanobodies) derived from heavy-chain-only camelid antibodies have emerged as a new hope in the development of accurate, rapid, and cost-effective diagnostic tools in veterinary and biomedical fields that are suitable for low-income countries. The main objective of this study was to construct an immune nanobody library to retrieve PPRV-reactive nanobodies that enable the development of diagnostic and therapeutic nanobodies in the future. Here, a strategy was developed whereby an alpaca (Vicugna pacos) was immunized with a live attenuated vaccine strain (PPRV/N/75/1) to raise an affinity-matured immune response in the heavy-chain-only antibody classes. The nanobody gene repertoire was engineered in pMECS-GG phagemid, whereby a ccdB gene (encoding a lethal protein) was substituted by the nanobody gene. An immune nanobody library with approximately sixty-four million independent transformants was constructed, of which 100% contained an insert with the proper size of nanobody gene. Following phage display and biopanning, nine nanobodies that specifically recognise completely inactivated PPRV were identified on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. They showed superb potency in rapidly identifying PPRV, which is likely to open a new perspective in the diagnosis and possible treatment of PPR infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson Kinimi
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro 25523, Tanzania;
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3017, Morogoro 25523, Tanzania
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3019, Morogoro 25523, Tanzania
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (G.M.)
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (S.M.); (C.V.)
| | - Cécile Vincke
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (S.M.); (C.V.)
| | - Steven Odongo
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda;
| | - Richard Kock
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK;
| | - Satya Parida
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro 25523, Tanzania;
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK;
| | - Mana Mahapatra
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK;
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro 25523, Tanzania;
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3019, Morogoro 25523, Tanzania
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (G.M.)
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10
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Modernization of Control of Pathogenic Micro-Organisms in the Food-Chain Requires a Durable Role for Immunoaffinity-Based Detection Methodology-A Review. Foods 2021; 10:foods10040832. [PMID: 33920486 PMCID: PMC8069916 DOI: 10.3390/foods10040832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Food microbiology is deluged by a vastly growing plethora of analytical methods. This review endeavors to color the context into which methodology has to fit and underlines the importance of sampling and sample treatment. The context is that the highest risk of food contamination is through the animal and human fecal route with a majority of foodborne infections originating from sources in mass and domestic kitchens at the end of the food-chain. Containment requires easy-to-use, failsafe, single-use tests giving an overall risk score in situ. Conversely, progressive food-safety systems are relying increasingly on early assessment of batches and groups involving risk-based sampling, monitoring environment and herd/flock health status, and (historic) food-chain information. Accordingly, responsible field laboratories prefer specificity, multi-analyte, and high-throughput procedures. Under certain etiological and epidemiological circumstances, indirect antigen immunoaffinity assays outperform the diagnostic sensitivity and diagnostic specificity of e.g., nucleic acid sequence-based assays. The current bulk of testing involves therefore ante- and post-mortem probing of humoral response to several pathogens. In this review, the inclusion of immunoglobulins against additional invasive micro-organisms indicating the level of hygiene and ergo public health risks in tests is advocated. Immunomagnetic separation, immunochromatography, immunosensor, microsphere array, lab-on-a-chip/disc platforms increasingly in combination with nanotechnologies, are discussed. The heuristic development of portable and ambulant microfluidic devices is intriguing and promising. Tant pis, many new platforms seem unattainable as the industry standard. Comparability of results with those of reference methods hinders the implementation of new technologies. Whatever the scientific and technological excellence and incentives, the decision-maker determines this implementation after weighing mainly costs and business risks.
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11
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Abstract
Unique, functional, homodimeric heavy chain-only antibodies, devoid of light chains, are circulating in the blood of Camelidae. These antibodies recognize their cognate antigen via one single domain, known as VHH or Nanobody. This serendipitous discovery made three decades ago has stimulated a growing number of researchers to generate highly specific Nanobodies against a myriad of targets. The small size, strict monomeric state, robustness, and easy tailoring of these Nanobodies have inspired many groups to design innovative Nanobody-based multi-domain constructs to explore novel applications. As such, Nanobodies have been employed as an exquisite research tool in structural, cell, and developmental biology. Furthermore, Nanobodies have demonstrated their benefit for more sensitive diagnostic tests. Finally, several Nanobody-based constructs have been designed to develop new therapeutic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Muyldermans
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; .,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Imaging, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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12
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Morales-Yánez F, Trashin S, Sariego I, Roucher C, Paredis L, Chico M, De Wael K, Muyldermans S, Cooper P, Polman K. Electrochemical detection of Toxocara canis excretory-secretory antigens in children from rural communities in Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador: association between active infection and high eosinophilia. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:245. [PMID: 32398157 PMCID: PMC7216625 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The diagnosis of active Toxocara canis infections in humans is challenging. Larval stages of T. canis do not replicate in human tissues and disease may result from infection with a single T. canis larva. Recently, we developed a nanobody-based electrochemical magnetosensor assay with superior sensitivity to detect T. canis excretory-secretory (TES) antigens. Here, we evaluate the performance of the assay in children from an Ecuadorian birth cohort that followed children to five years of age. Methods Samples were selected based on the presence of peripheral blood eosinophilia and relative eosinophil counts. The samples were analyzed by the nanobody-based electrochemical magnetosensor assay, which utilizes a bivalent biotinylated nanobody as capturing agent on the surface of streptavidin pre-coated paramagnetic beads. Detection was performed by a different nanobody chemically labelled with horseradish peroxidase. Results Of 87 samples tested, 33 (38%) scored positive for TES antigen recognition by the electrochemical magnetosensor assay. The average concentration of TES antigen in serum was 2.1 ng/ml (SD = 1.1). The positive result in the electrochemical assay was associated with eosinophilia > 19% (P = 0.001). Parasitological data were available for 57 samples. There was no significant association between positivity by the electrochemical assay and the presence of other soil-transmitted helminth infections. Conclusions Our nanobody-based electrochemical assay provides highly sensitive quantification of TES antigens in serum and has potential as a valuable tool for the diagnosis of active human toxocariasis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Morales-Yánez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Medical Helminthology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Stanislav Trashin
- AXES Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Idalia Sariego
- Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kourí", Havana, Cuba
| | - Clémentine Roucher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Medical Helminthology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Linda Paredis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Medical Helminthology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Martha Chico
- Fundación Ecuatoriana Para Investigación en Salud, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Karolien De Wael
- AXES Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philip Cooper
- Fundación Ecuatoriana Para Investigación en Salud, Quito, Ecuador.,Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, de la Salud y la Vida, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Katja Polman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Medical Helminthology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Health Sciences, Section Infectious Diseases, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Noordin R, Yunus MH, Tan Farrizam SN, Arifin N. Serodiagnostic methods for diagnosing larval toxocariasis. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2020; 109:131-152. [PMID: 32381194 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Toxocariasis is a human infection primarily caused by larvae of Toxocara canis from dogs, and also by T. cati from cats. Children have a more significant risk of acquiring the infection due to their closer contact with pets, and greater chances of ingesting soil. Diagnosis of toxocariasis is based on clinical, epidemiological, and serological data. Indirect IgG ELISA is a widely used serodiagnostic method for toxocariasis, with native T. canis TES most commonly used as the antigen. Western blots, using the same antigen, can be used to confirm positive ELISA findings to reduce false-positive results. Improvements in Toxocara serodiagnosis include the use of recombinant TES antigens, simpler and more rapid assay formats, and IgG4 subclass detection. Also, incorporation of recombinant T. cati TES protein increases the diagnostic sensitivity. Development of antigen detection tests using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, nanobodies, or aptamers can complement the antibody detection assays, and enhance the effectiveness of the serodiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmah Noordin
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
| | - Muhammad Hafiznur Yunus
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Siti Naqiuyah Tan Farrizam
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Norsyahida Arifin
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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14
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Morales-Yánez F, Trashin S, Hermy M, Sariego I, Polman K, Muyldermans S, De Wael K. Fast One-Step Ultrasensitive Detection of Toxocara canis Antigens by a Nanobody-Based Electrochemical Magnetosensor. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11582-11588. [PMID: 31429269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human toxocariasis (HT) is a cosmopolitan zoonotic disease caused by the migration of the larval stage of the roundworm Toxocara canis. Current HT diagnostic methods do not discriminate between active and past infections. Here, we present a method to quantify Toxocara excretory/secretory antigen, aiming to identify active cases of HT. High specificity is achieved by employing nanobodies (Nbs), single domain antigen binding fragments from camelid heavy chain-only antibodies. High sensitivity is obtained by the design of an electrochemical magnetosensor with an amperometric read-out. Reliable detection of TES antigen at 10 and 30 pg/mL level was demonstrated in phosphate buffered saline and serum, respectively. Moreover, the assay showed no cross-reactivity with other nematode antigens. To our knowledge, this is the most sensitive method to quantify the TES antigen so far. It also has great potential to develop point of care diagnostic systems in other conditions where high sensitivity and specificity are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Morales-Yánez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology , Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences , Institute of Tropical Medicine , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Stanislav Trashin
- AXES Research Group, Department of Chemistry , University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Marie Hermy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences , Institute of Tropical Medicine , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Idalia Sariego
- Department of Parasitology , Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kourí , Havana , Cuba
| | - Katja Polman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences , Institute of Tropical Medicine , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology , Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Karolien De Wael
- AXES Research Group, Department of Chemistry , University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
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