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Chen L, Tian X, Zhang L, Wang W, Hu P, Ma Z, Li Y, Li S, Shen Z, Fan X, Ye L, Ke W, Wu Y, Shui G, Xiao M, He GJ, Yang Y, Fang W, Bai F, Liao G, Chen M, Lin X, Li C, Wang L. Brain glucose induces tolerance of Cryptococcus neoformans to amphotericin B during meningitis. Nat Microbiol 2024; 9:346-358. [PMID: 38225460 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01561-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotic tolerance is the ability of a susceptible population to survive high doses of cidal drugs and has been shown to compromise therapeutic outcomes in bacterial infections. In comparison, whether fungicide tolerance can be induced by host-derived factors during fungal diseases remains largely unknown. Here, through a systematic evaluation of metabolite-drug-fungal interactions in the leading fungal meningitis pathogen, Cryptococcus neoformans, we found that brain glucose induces fungal tolerance to amphotericin B (AmB) in mouse brain tissue and patient cerebrospinal fluid via the fungal glucose repression activator Mig1. Mig1-mediated tolerance limits treatment efficacy for cryptococcal meningitis in mice via inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, the target of AmB, and promoting the production of inositolphosphorylceramide, which competes with AmB for ergosterol. Furthermore, AmB combined with an inhibitor of fungal-specific inositolphosphorylceramide synthase, aureobasidin A, shows better efficacy against cryptococcal meningitis in mice than do clinically recommended therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuyun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lanyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pengjie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongyi Ma
- Medical Research Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yeqi Li
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Shibin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenghao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Leixin Ye
- Medical Research Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weixin Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Molecular Diagnosis Technologies for Infectious Disease, Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxia Fang
- Institute of Biological Science and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Fan Bai
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guojian Liao
- Medical Research Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaorong Lin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Chong Li
- Medical Research Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Linqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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2
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Ahmed G, Jamal F, Tiwari RK, Singh V, Rai SN, Chaturvedi SK, Pandey K, Singh SK, Kumar A, Narayan S, Vamanu E. Arsenic exposure to mouse visceral leishmaniasis model through their drinking water linked to the disease exacerbation via modulation in host protective immunity: a preclinical study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21461. [PMID: 38052913 PMCID: PMC10698031 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48642-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidence has shown a direct link between arsenic exposure and drug resistance to Leishmania parasites against antimonial preparations in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) hyper-endemic regions, especially in India and its sub-continent. However, the implicated roles of arsenic on the VL host, pathophysiological changes, and immune function have not yet been clarified, particularly at the reported concentration of arsenic in the VL hyper-endemic area of Bihar, India. Herein, we exposed the mouse VL model to arsenic (0.5 mg/L to 2 mg/L) through their drinking water and analyzed its effect on T cells proliferation, Th1/Th2-mediators, MAPK signaling cascade, and parasite load in preclinical models. Coherently, the parasite count in Giemsa stained spleen imprint has been investigated and found significant positive associations with levels of arsenic exposure. The liver and kidney function tests (AST, ALT, ALP, BUN, Creatinine, Urea, etc.) are apparent to hepatonephric toxicity in arsenic exposed VL mice compared to unexposed. This observation appears to be consistent with the up-regulated expression of immune regulatory Th2 mediators (IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β) and down-regulated expression of Th1 mediators (IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α) with a suppressed leishmanicidal function of macrophage (ROS, NO, iNOS). We also established that arsenic exposure modulated the host ERK-1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling cascade, limited T lymphocyte proliferation, and a lower IgG2a/IgG1 ratio to favor the Leishmania parasite survival inside the host. This study suggests that the contorted Th1-subtype and exacerbated Th2-subtype immune responses are involved in the increased susceptibility and pathogenesis of Leishmania parasite among subjects/individuals regularly exposed to arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghufran Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, 800007, India
| | - Fauzia Jamal
- Department of Microbiology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, 800007, India
| | - Ritesh K Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, 800007, India
| | - Veer Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, 800007, India
| | - Sachchida Nand Rai
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Sanjay K Chaturvedi
- Department of Microbiology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, 800007, India
| | - Krishna Pandey
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, 800007, India
| | - Santosh K Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, 800007, India
| | - Shyam Narayan
- Department of Microbiology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, 800007, India.
| | - Emanuel Vamanu
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 011464, Bucharest, Romania.
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3
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Khan H, Waqas M, Khurshid B, Ullah N, Khalid A, Abdalla AN, Alamri MA, Wadood A. Investigating the role of Sterol C24-Methyl transferase mutation on drug resistance in leishmaniasis and identifying potential inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37723868 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2256879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a fatal disease caused by the leishmania parasite. For the survival of the leishmania parasite, Sterol C24-Methyl Transferase (SMT) is essential which is an enzyme of the ergosterol pathway. SMT protein mutation is responsible for Amphotericin-B drug resistance in Leishmania, which is the main treatment for visceral leishmaniasis. Amphotericin-B resistance is caused by three mutated residues V131I, V321I and F72C. The underlying mechanisms and structural changes in SMT enzymes responsible for resistance due to mutation are still not well understood. In the current study, the potential mechanism of resistance due to these mutations and the structure variation of wild and mutant SMT proteins were investigated through molecular dynamics simulations and molecular docking analysis. The results showed that AmB established strong bonding interaction with wild SMT as compare to mutants SMT. The binding energy calculation showed that binding energy of AmB with mutants SMT increases as compare to the wild SMT. Further structural based virtual screening was carried out to design potential inhibitors for the mutant SMT. On the basis of structural-based virtual screening four inhibitors (SANC01057, SANC00882, SANC00414, SANC01047) were computationally identified as potential mutant SMT (F72C) inhibitors. This work provides valuable information for improved management of drug resistant Leishmaniasis.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huma Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al-Mouz Nizwa, Oman
| | - Beenish Khurshid
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Nazif Ullah
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf N Abdalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mubarak A Alamri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Wadood
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
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Nguyen AMT, Shalev-Benami M, Rosa-Teijeiro C, Ibarra-Meneses AV, Yonath A, Bashan A, Jaffe CL, Olivier M, Fernandez-Prada C, Lubell WD. Systematic Exploration of Functional Group Relevance for Anti-Leishmanial Activity of Anisomycin. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2541. [PMID: 37760981 PMCID: PMC10526209 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessment of structure-activity relationships for anti-protozoan activity revealed a strategy for preparing potent anisomycin derivatives with reduced host toxicity. Thirteen anisomycin analogs were synthesized by modifying the alcohol, amine, and aromatic functional groups. Examination of anti-protozoal activity against various strains of Leishmania and cytotoxicity against leucocytes with comparison against the parent natural product demonstrated typical losses of activity with modifications of the alcohol, amine, and aromatic meta-positions. On the other hand, the para-phenol moiety of anisomycin proved an effective location for introducing substituents without significant loss of anti-protozoan potency. An entry point for differentiating activity against Leishmania versus host has been uncovered by this systematic study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moran Shalev-Benami
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (M.S.-B.); (A.Y.); (A.B.)
| | - Chloé Rosa-Teijeiro
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (C.R.-T.); (A.V.I.-M.); (C.F.-P.)
- The Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Ana Victoria Ibarra-Meneses
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (C.R.-T.); (A.V.I.-M.); (C.F.-P.)
- The Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Ada Yonath
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (M.S.-B.); (A.Y.); (A.B.)
| | - Anat Bashan
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (M.S.-B.); (A.Y.); (A.B.)
| | - Charles L. Jaffe
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Kuvin Center for the Study of Tropical & Infectious Diseases, Institute for Medical Research (IMRIC), Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel;
| | - Martin Olivier
- Departments of Medicine, and of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada;
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Christopher Fernandez-Prada
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (C.R.-T.); (A.V.I.-M.); (C.F.-P.)
- The Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - William D. Lubell
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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Agallou M, Margaroni M, Karagouni E. Intramuscular Immunization with a Liposomal Multi-Epitope Chimeric Protein Induces Strong Cellular Immune Responses against Visceral Leishmaniasis. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1384. [PMID: 37631952 PMCID: PMC10459177 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of the intracellular parasite Leishmania (L.) requires the activation of strong type 1 cellular immune responses. Towards this goal, in the present study, a multiepitope chimeric protein named LiChimera was encapsulated into cationic liposomes and its protective efficacy against experimental visceral leishmaniasis was investigated. Liposomal LiChimera conferred significant protection against L. infantum as evidenced by the significantly reduced parasite loads in the spleen and liver. Protection detected in Lipo:LiChimera-immunized mice was dependent on the differentiation of long-lasting cellular immune responses and particularly the induction of antigen-specific multifunctional memory CD4+ TH1 and CD8+ T cells that persisted during infection, as evidenced by the persistent high production of IFN-γ and IL-2 and proliferation activity. Notably, protected mice were also characterized by significantly low numbers of non-regulatory CD4+ T cells able to co-produce IFN-γ and IL-10, an important population for disease establishment, as compared to non-immunized control group. Collectively, these results demonstrate that cationic liposomes containing LiChimera can be considered an effective candidate vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Evdokia Karagouni
- Immunology of Infection Group, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 115 21 Athens, Greece; (M.A.); (M.M.)
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Dobrescu I, Hammam E, Dziekan JM, Claës A, Halby L, Preiser P, Bozdech Z, Arimondo PB, Scherf A, Nardella F. Plasmodium falciparum Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 3 is Stabilized by Quinazoline-Quinoline Bisubstrate Inhibitors. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1257-1266. [PMID: 37216290 PMCID: PMC10262199 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Malaria drug resistance is hampering the fight against the deadliest parasitic disease affecting over 200 million people worldwide. We recently developed quinoline-quinazoline-based inhibitors (as compound 70) as promising new antimalarials. Here, we aimed to investigate their mode of action by using thermal proteome profiling (TPP). The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (EIF3i) subunit I was identified as the main target protein stabilized by compound 70 in Plasmodium falciparum. This protein has never been characterized in malaria parasites. P. falciparum parasite lines were generated expressing either a HA tag or an inducible knockdown of the PfEIF3i gene to further characterize the target protein. PfEIF3i was stabilized in the presence of compound 70 in a cellular thermal shift Western blot assay, pointing that PfEIF3i indeed interacts with quinoline-quinazoline-based inhibitors. In addition, PfEIF3i-inducible knockdown blocks intra-erythrocytic development in the trophozoite stage, indicating that it has a vital function. We show that PfEIF3i is mostly expressed in late intra-erythrocytic stages and localizes in the cytoplasm. Previous mass spectrometry reports show that PfEIF3i is expressed in all parasite life cycle stages. Further studies will explore the potential of PfEIF3i as a target for the design of new antimalarial drugs active all along the life cycle of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Dobrescu
- Unité
Biology of Host-Parasite Interactions, Department of Parasites and
Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Université
de Paris-Cité, CNRS EMR 9195, INSERM Unit U1201, 25-28 Rue Du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Elie Hammam
- Unité
Biology of Host-Parasite Interactions, Department of Parasites and
Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Université
de Paris-Cité, CNRS EMR 9195, INSERM Unit U1201, 25-28 Rue Du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Jerzy M. Dziekan
- School
of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Aurélie Claës
- Unité
Biology of Host-Parasite Interactions, Department of Parasites and
Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Université
de Paris-Cité, CNRS EMR 9195, INSERM Unit U1201, 25-28 Rue Du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Ludovic Halby
- Epigenetic
Chemical Biology, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry,
Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris-Cité,
UMR n3523 Chem4Life, CNRS, 28 Rue Du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Peter Preiser
- School
of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Zbynek Bozdech
- School
of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Paola B. Arimondo
- Epigenetic
Chemical Biology, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry,
Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris-Cité,
UMR n3523 Chem4Life, CNRS, 28 Rue Du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Artur Scherf
- Unité
Biology of Host-Parasite Interactions, Department of Parasites and
Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Université
de Paris-Cité, CNRS EMR 9195, INSERM Unit U1201, 25-28 Rue Du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Flore Nardella
- Unité
Biology of Host-Parasite Interactions, Department of Parasites and
Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Université
de Paris-Cité, CNRS EMR 9195, INSERM Unit U1201, 25-28 Rue Du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
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Bigot S, Leprohon P, Vasquez A, Bhadoria R, Skouta R, Ouellette M. Thiophene derivatives activity against the protozoan parasite Leishmania infantum. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2022; 21:13-20. [PMID: 36525934 PMCID: PMC9772499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Treatments against leishmaniasis are limited and the development of new molecules is crucial. One class of developmental drug that has shown activity against the parasite Leishmania are thiophene derivatives. Here we synthetized thirty-eight novel thiophene compounds and characterized their activity and potential for resistance against L. infantum. Half of the molecules had an EC50 in the low micromolar range, the piperidine derivatives being more potent than the tetramethylpyran derivatives. Resistance was challenging to select for, and resistant cells could only be raised against one (GC1-19) of the four most active compounds. Using chemogenomic screens we show that a gene conversion event at the ABCG2 locus as well as the overexpression of a tryparedoxin peroxidase are responsible for a weak but significant resistance to the GC1-19 drug candidate. Together, our results suggest that thiophene is a scaffold of interest for further drug development against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Bigot
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Canada,Department of Microbiology, Infectious Disease and Immunology, University Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe Leprohon
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Canada,Department of Microbiology, Infectious Disease and Immunology, University Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Abimael Vasquez
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Rohit Bhadoria
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Rachid Skouta
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA,Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA,Corresponding author. University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Marc Ouellette
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Canada,Department of Microbiology, Infectious Disease and Immunology, University Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada,Corresponding author. Centre de Recherche du CHU Québec, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 4G2, Canada.
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8
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Alpizar-Sosa EA, Ithnin NRB, Wei W, Pountain AW, Weidt SK, Donachie AM, Ritchie R, Dickie EA, Burchmore RJS, Denny PW, Barrett MP. Amphotericin B resistance in Leishmania mexicana: Alterations to sterol metabolism and oxidative stress response. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010779. [PMID: 36170238 PMCID: PMC9581426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphotericin B is increasingly used in treatment of leishmaniasis. Here, fourteen independent lines of Leishmania mexicana and one L. infantum line were selected for resistance to either amphotericin B or the related polyene antimicrobial, nystatin. Sterol profiling revealed that, in each resistant line, the predominant wild-type sterol, ergosta-5,7,24-trienol, was replaced by other sterol intermediates. Broadly, two different profiles emerged among the resistant lines. Whole genome sequencing then showed that these distinct profiles were due either to mutations in the sterol methyl transferase (C24SMT) gene locus or the sterol C5 desaturase (C5DS) gene. In three lines an additional deletion of the miltefosine transporter gene was found. Differences in sensitivity to amphotericin B were apparent, depending on whether cells were grown in HOMEM, supplemented with foetal bovine serum, or a serum free defined medium (DM). Metabolomic analysis after exposure to AmB showed that a large increase in glucose flux via the pentose phosphate pathway preceded cell death in cells sustained in HOMEM but not DM, indicating the oxidative stress was more significantly induced under HOMEM conditions. Several of the lines were tested for their ability to infect macrophages and replicate as amastigote forms, alongside their ability to establish infections in mice. While several AmB resistant lines showed reduced virulence, at least two lines displayed heightened virulence in mice whilst retaining their resistance phenotype, emphasising the risks of resistance emerging to this critical drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edubiel A. Alpizar-Sosa
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Nur Raihana Binti Ithnin
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wenbin Wei
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew W. Pountain
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute for Computational Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Stefan K. Weidt
- Glasgow Polyomics, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anne M. Donachie
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan Ritchie
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Emily A. Dickie
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Glasgow Polyomics, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. S. Burchmore
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Glasgow Polyomics, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Paul W. Denny
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P. Barrett
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Glasgow Polyomics, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Cheng P, Wang C, Zhang L, Fei C, Liu Y, Wang M, Zhang K, Wang X, Gu F, Xue F. Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis of ethanamizuril-resistant versus -sensitive strains of Eimeria tenella. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:319. [PMID: 36076292 PMCID: PMC9454127 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05412-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian coccidiosis is an important parasitic disease that has serious adverse effects on the global poultry industry. The extensive use of anticoccidial drugs has resulted in an increase in drug resistance. Ethanamizuril (EZL) is a novel triazine with high anticoccidial activity. Methods We compared oocyst production and sporulation between EZL-sensitive (S) and EZL-resistant Eimeria tenella strains (R10 and R200) and used label-free quantitative proteomics to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between these strains. Results We generated two EZL-resistant E. tenella strains: strain R10, which was induced using a constant dose of 10 mg EZL/kg poultry feed, and strain R200, which was generated by gradually increasing the EZL dosage to 200 mg EZL/kg poultry feed. With an increase in resistance, the total oocyst output decreased, but the percentage of sporulation did not change significantly. We identified a total of 7511 peptides and 1282 proteins, and found 152 DEPs in the R10 strain versus the S strain, 426 DEPs in the R200 strain versus the S strain and 494 DEPs in the R200 strain versus the R10 strain. When compared with the S strain, 86 DEPs were found to have consistent trends in both resistant strains. The DEPs were primarily involved in ATP and GTP binding, invasion, and membrane components. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses of the DEPs suggested that they are involved in transcription and translation processes. Protein–protein interaction network analysis of the 86 DEPs showed that 10 proteins were hubs in the functional interaction network (≥ 8 edges) and five of them were ribosomal proteins. Conclusions The results of the present study indicate that the resistance mechanisms of E. tenella against EZL might be related to the transcriptional and translational processes, especially in the factors that inhibit the growth of parasites. The DEPs found in this study provide new insights into the resistance mechanisms of E. tenella against EZL. Further research on these potential targets holds promise for new chemotherapeutic approaches for controlling E. tenella infections. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05412-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Chenzhong Fei
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yingchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Mi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Keyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Feng Gu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Feiqun Xue
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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Ibarra-Meneses AV, Corbeil A, Wagner V, Beaudry F, do Monte-Neto RL, Fernandez-Prada C. Exploring direct and indirect targets of current antileishmanial drugs using a novel thermal proteomics profiling approach. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:954144. [PMID: 35992178 PMCID: PMC9381709 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.954144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by Leishmania infantum, is an oft-fatal neglected tropical disease. In the absence of an effective vaccine, the control of leishmaniasis relies exclusively on chemotherapy. Due to the lack of established molecular/genetic markers denoting parasite resistance, clinical treatment failure is often used as an indicator. Antimony-based drugs have been the standard antileishmanial treatment for more than seven decades, leading to major drug resistance in certain regions. Likewise, drug resistance to miltefosine and amphotericin B continues to spread at alarming rates. In consequence, innovative approaches are needed to accelerate the identification of antimicrobial drug targets and resistance mechanisms. To this end, we have implemented a novel approach based on thermal proteome profiling (TPP) to further characterize the mode of action of antileishmanials antimony, miltefosine and amphotericin B, as well as to better understand the mechanisms of drug resistance deployed by Leishmania. Proteins become more resistant to heat-induced denaturation when complexed with a ligand. In this way, we used multiplexed quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics to monitor the melting profile of thousands of expressed soluble proteins in WT, antimony-resistant, miltefosine-resistant, and amphotericin B-resistant L. infantum parasites, in the presence (or absence) of the above-mentioned drugs. Bioinformatics analyses were performed, including data normalization, melting profile fitting, and identification of proteins that underwent changes (fold change > 4) caused by complexation with a drug. With this unique approach, we were able to narrow down the regions of the L. infantum proteome that interact with antimony, miltefosine, and amphotericin B; validating previously-identified and unveiling novel drug targets. Moreover, analyses revealed candidate proteins potentially involved in drug resistance. Interestingly, we detected thermal proximity coaggregation for several proteins belonging to the same metabolic pathway (i.e., tryparedoxin peroxidase and aspartate aminotransferase in proteins exposed to antimony), highlighting the importance of these pathways. Collectively, our results could serve as a jumping-off point for the future development of innovative diagnostic tools for the detection and evaluation of antimicrobial-resistant Leishmania populations, as well as open the door for new on-target therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Victoria Ibarra-Meneses
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- The Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Audrey Corbeil
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- The Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Victoria Wagner
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- The Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Francis Beaudry
- Département de Biomédecine, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cerveau et l’apprentissage (CIRCA), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Rubens L. do Monte-Neto
- Biotechnology Applied to Pathogens (BAP) - Instituto René Rachou – Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Christopher Fernandez-Prada
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- The Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Christopher Fernandez-Prada,
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11
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Douanne N, Dong G, Amin A, Bernardo L, Blanchette M, Langlais D, Olivier M, Fernandez-Prada C. Leishmania parasites exchange drug-resistance genes through extracellular vesicles. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111121. [PMID: 35858561 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania are eukaryotic parasites that have retained the ability to produce extracellular vesicles (EVs) through evolution. To date, it has been unclear if different DNA entities could be associated with Leishmania EVs and whether these could constitute a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Herein, we investigate the DNA content of EVs derived from drug-resistant parasites, as well as the EVs' potential to act as shuttles for DNA transfer. Next-generation sequencing and PCR assays confirm the enrichment of amplicons carrying drug-resistance genes associated with EVs. Transfer assays of drug-resistant EVs highlight a significant impact on the phenotype of recipient parasites induced by the expression of the transferred DNA. Recipient parasites display an enhanced growth and better control of oxidative stress. We provide evidence that eukaryotic EVs function as efficient mediators in HGT, thereby facilitating the transmission of drug-resistance genes and increasing the fitness of cells when encountering stressful environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noélie Douanne
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 626 CIMIA Sicotte Street, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; The Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - George Dong
- IDIGH, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 2155 Guy Street, Montreal, QC H3H 2L9, Canada
| | - Atia Amin
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Genome Centre, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Lorena Bernardo
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 626 CIMIA Sicotte Street, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; The Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Mathieu Blanchette
- School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - David Langlais
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Genome Centre, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Olivier
- IDIGH, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 2155 Guy Street, Montreal, QC H3H 2L9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Christopher Fernandez-Prada
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, 626 CIMIA Sicotte Street, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; The Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Transcriptome Analysis of Intracellular Amastigotes of Clinical Leishmania infantum Lines from Therapeutic Failure Patients after Infection of Human Macrophages. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071304. [PMID: 35889023 PMCID: PMC9324091 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is considered to be one of the most neglected tropical diseases affecting humans and animals around the world. Due to the absence of an effective vaccine, current treatment is based on chemotherapy. However, the continuous appearance of drug resistance and therapeutic failure (TF) lead to an early obsolescence of treatments. Identification of the factors that contribute to TF and drug resistance in leishmaniasis will constitute a useful tool for establishing future strategies to control this disease. In this manuscript, we evaluated the transcriptomic changes in the intracellular amastigotes of the Leishmania infantum parasites isolated from patients with leishmaniasis and TF at 96 h post-infection of THP-1 cells. The adaptation of the parasites to their new environment leads to expression alterations in the genes involved mainly in the transport through cell membranes, energy and redox metabolism, and detoxification. Specifically, the gene that codes for the prostaglandin f2α synthase seems to be relevant in the pathogenicity and TF since it appears substantially upregulated in all the L. infantum lines. Overall, our results show that at the late infection timepoint, the transcriptome of the parasites undergoes significant changes that probably improve the survival of the Leishmania lines in the host cells, contributing to the TF phenotype as well as drug therapy evasion.
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13
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Abstract
Import and oxidative folding of proteins in the mitochondrial intermembrane space differ among eukaryotic lineages. While opisthokonts such as yeast rely on the receptor and oxidoreductase Mia40 in combination with the Mia40:cytochrome c oxidoreductase Erv, kinetoplastid parasites and other Excavata/Discoba lack Mia40 but have a functional Erv homologue. Whether excavate Erv homologues rely on a Mia40 replacement or directly interact with imported protein substrates remains controversial. Here, we used the CRISPR-Cas9 system to generate a set of tagged and untagged homozygous mutants of LTERV from the kinetoplastid model parasite Leishmania tarentolae. Modifications of the shuttle cysteine motif of LtErv were lethal, whereas replacement of clamp residue Cys17 or removal of the kinetoplastida-specific second (KISS) domain had no impact on parasite viability under standard growth conditions. However, removal of the KISS domain rendered parasites sensitive to heat stress and led to the accumulation of homodimeric and mixed LtErv disulfides. We therefore determined and compared the redox interactomes of tagged wild-type LtErv and LtErvΔKISS using stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) and quantitative mass spectrometry. While the Mia40-replacement candidate Mic20 and all but one typical substrate with twin Cx3/9C-motifs were absent in both redox interactomes, we identified a small set of alternative potential interaction partners with putative redox-active cysteine residues. In summary, our study reveals parasite-specific intracellular structure-function relationships and redox interactomes of LtErv with implications for current hypotheses on mitochondrial protein import in nonopisthokonts. IMPORTANCE The discovery of the redox proteins Mia40/CHCHD4 and Erv1/ALR, as well as the elucidation of their relevance for oxidative protein folding in the mitochondrial intermembrane space of yeast and mammals, founded a new research topic in redox biology and mitochondrial protein import. The lack of Mia40/CHCHD4 in protist lineages raises fundamental and controversial questions regarding the conservation and evolution of this essential pathway. Do protist Erv homologues act alone, or do they use the candidate Mic20 or another protein as a Mia40 replacement? Furthermore, we previously showed that Erv homologues in L. tarentolae and the human pathogen L. infantum are not only essential but also differ structurally and mechanistically from yeast and human Erv1/ALR. Here, we analyzed the relevance of such structural differences in vivo and determined the first redox interactomes of a nonopisthokont Erv homologue. Our data challenge recent hypotheses on mitochondrial protein import in nonopisthokonts.
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14
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Applied Proteomics in 'One Health'. Proteomes 2021; 9:proteomes9030031. [PMID: 34208880 PMCID: PMC8293331 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes9030031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
‘One Health’ summarises the idea that human health and animal health are interdependent and bound to the health of ecosystems. The purpose of proteomics methodologies and studies is to determine proteins present in samples of interest and to quantify changes in protein expression during pathological conditions. The objectives of this paper are to review the application of proteomics technologies within the One Health concept and to appraise their role in the elucidation of diseases and situations relevant to One Health. The paper develops in three sections. Proteomics Applications in Zoonotic Infections part discusses proteomics applications in zoonotic infections and explores the use of proteomics for studying pathogenetic pathways, transmission dynamics, diagnostic biomarkers and novel vaccines in prion, viral, bacterial, protozoan and metazoan zoonotic infections. Proteomics Applications in Antibiotic Resistance part discusses proteomics applications in mechanisms of resistance development and discovery of novel treatments for antibiotic resistance. Proteomics Applications in Food Safety part discusses the detection of allergens, exposure of adulteration, identification of pathogens and toxins, study of product traits and characterisation of proteins in food safety. Sensitive analysis of proteins, including low-abundant ones in complex biological samples, will be achieved in the future, thus enabling implementation of targeted proteomics in clinical settings, shedding light on biomarker research and promoting the One Health concept.
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Influence of N-Methylation and Conformation on Almiramide Anti-Leishmanial Activity. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123606. [PMID: 34204673 PMCID: PMC8231256 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The almiramide N-methylated lipopeptides exhibit promising activity against trypanosomatid parasites. A structure–activity relationship study has been performed to examine the influences of N-methylation and conformation on activity against various strains of leishmaniasis protozoan and on cytotoxicity. The synthesis and biological analysis of twenty-five analogs demonstrated that derivatives with a single methyl group on either the first or fifth residue amide nitrogen exhibited greater activity than the permethylated peptides and relatively high potency against resistant strains. Replacement of amino amide residues in the peptide, by turn inducing α amino γ lactam (Agl) and N-aminoimidazalone (Nai) counterparts, reduced typically anti-parasitic activity; however, peptide amides possessing Agl residues at the second residue retained significant potency in the unmethylated and permethylated series. Systematic study of the effects of methylation and turn geometry on anti-parasitic activity indicated the relevance of an extended conformer about the central residues, and conformational mobility by tertiary amide isomerization and turn geometry at the extremities of the active peptides.
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Owens RA, Doyle S. Effects of antifungal agents on the fungal proteome: informing on mechanisms of sensitivity and resistance. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 18:185-199. [PMID: 33797307 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2021.1912601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antifungal agents are essential in the fight against serious fungal disease, however emerging resistance is threatening an already limited collection of therapeutics. Proteomic analyses of effects of antifungal agents can expand our understanding of multifactorial mechanisms of action and have also proven valuable to elucidate proteomic changes associated with antifungal resistance. AREAS COVERED This review covers the application of proteomic techniques to examine sensitivity and resistance to antifungals including commonly used therapeutics, amphotericin B, echinocandins and the azoles, based predominantly on studies involving Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans and Candida glabrata from the last 10 years. In addition, non-clinical antimicrobial agents are also discussed, which highlight the potential of proteomics to identify new antifungal targets. EXPERT COMMENTARY Fungal proteomics has evolved in the last decade with increased genome availability and developments in mass spectrometry. Collectively, these have led to the advancement of proteomic techniques, allowing increased coverage of the proteome. Gel-based proteomics laid the foundation for these types of studies, which has now shifted to the more powerful gel-free proteomics. This has resulted in the identification of key mediators and potential biomarkers of antifungal resistance, as well as elucidating the mechanisms of action of novel and established antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Owens
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.,The Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Sean Doyle
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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Heat Shock Proteins as the Druggable Targets in Leishmaniasis: Promises and Perils. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00559-20. [PMID: 33139381 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00559-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania, the causative agent of leishmaniasis, is an intracellular pathogen that thrives in the insect gut and mammalian macrophages to complete its life cycle. Apart from temperature difference (26 to 37°C), it encounters several harsh conditions, including oxidative stress, inflammatory reactions, and low pH. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) play essential roles in cell survival by strategically reprogramming cellular processes and signaling pathways. HSPs assist cells in multiple functions, including differentiation, adaptation, virulence, and persistence in the host cell. Due to cyclical epidemiological patterns, limited chemotherapeutic options, drug resistance, and the absence of a vaccine, control of leishmaniasis remains a far-fetched dream. The essential roles of HSPs in parasitic differentiation and virulence and increased expression in drug-resistant strains highlight their importance in combating the disease. In this review, we highlighted the diverse physiological importance of HSPs present in Leishmania, emphasizing their significance in disease pathogenesis. Subsequently, we assessed the potential of HSPs as a chemotherapeutic target and underlined the challenges associated with it. Furthermore, we have summarized a few ongoing drug discovery initiatives that need to be explored further to develop clinically successful chemotherapeutic agents in the future.
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Identification of immunodominant proteins of Leishmania infantum by immunoproteomics to evaluate a recombinant multi-epitope designed antigen for serodiagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis. Exp Parasitol 2021; 222:108065. [PMID: 33428893 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a protozoan disease caused by Leishmania infantum in the Mediterranean region including Iran. In 95% of cases, the disease can be fatal if not rapidly diagnosed and left untreated. We aimed to identify immunoreactive proteins of L. infantum (Iranian strain), and to design and evaluate a recombinant multi-epitope antigen for serodiagnosis of human VL. To detect the immunoreactive proteins of L. infantum promastigotes, 2DE immunoblotting technique was performed using different pooled sera of VL patients. The candidate immunoreactive proteins were identified using MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrophotometry. Among 125 immunoreactive spots detected in 2-DE gels, glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2, calreticulin, mitochondrial heat shock 70-related protein 1 (mtHSP70), heat shock protein 70-related protein, i/6 autoantigen-like protein, ATPase beta subunit, and proteasome alpha subunit 5 were identified. The potent epitopes from candidate immunodominant proteins including GRP78, mtHSP70 and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 were then selected to design a recombinant antigenic protein (GRP-UBI-HSP). The recombinant antigen was evaluated by ELISA and compared to direct agglutination test for detection of anti L. infantum human antibodies. We screened 34 sera of VL patients from endemic areas and 107 sera of individuals without L. infantum infection from non-endemic area of VL. The recombinant protein-based ELISA provided a sensitivity of 70.6% and a specificity of 84.1%. These results showed that GRP78, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2, and mtHSP70 proteins are potential immunodominant targets of the host immune system in response to the parasite and they can be considered as potential candidate markers for diagnosis purposes.
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Andrade JM, Gonçalves LO, Liarte DB, Lima DA, Guimarães FG, de Melo Resende D, Santi AMM, de Oliveira LM, Velloso JPL, Delfino RG, Pescher P, Späth GF, Ruiz JC, Murta SMF. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of antimony resistant and susceptible Leishmania infantum lines. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:600. [PMID: 33256787 PMCID: PMC7706067 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04486-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of the major challenges to leishmaniasis treatment is the emergence of parasites resistant to antimony. To study differentially expressed genes associated with drug resistance, we performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis between wild-type and potassium antimonyl tartrate (SbIII)-resistant Leishmania infantum lines using high-throughput RNA sequencing. Methods All the cDNA libraries were constructed from promastigote forms of each line, sequenced and analyzed using STAR for mapping the reads against the reference genome (L. infantum JPCM5) and DESeq2 for differential expression statistical analyses. All the genes were functionally annotated using sequence similarity search. Results The analytical pipeline considering an adjusted p-value < 0.05 and fold change > 2.0 identified 933 transcripts differentially expressed (DE) between wild-type and SbIII-resistant L. infantum lines. Out of 933 DE transcripts, 504 presented functional annotation and 429 were assigned as hypothetical proteins. A total of 837 transcripts were upregulated and 96 were downregulated in the SbIII-resistant L. infantum line. Using this DE dataset, the proteins were further grouped in functional classes according to the gene ontology database. The functional enrichment analysis for biological processes showed that the upregulated transcripts in the SbIII-resistant line are associated with protein phosphorylation, microtubule-based movement, ubiquitination, host–parasite interaction, cellular process and other categories. The downregulated transcripts in the SbIII-resistant line are assigned in the GO categories: ribonucleoprotein complex, ribosome biogenesis, rRNA processing, nucleosome assembly and translation. Conclusions The transcriptomic profile of L. infantum showed a robust set of genes from different metabolic pathways associated with the antimony resistance phenotype in this parasite. Our results address the complex and multifactorial antimony resistance mechanisms in Leishmania, identifying several candidate genes that may be further evaluated as molecular targets for chemotherapy of leishmaniasis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Juvana Moreira Andrade
- Genômica Funcional de Parasitos, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Leilane Oliveira Gonçalves
- Grupo Informática de Biossistemas, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Davi Alvarenga Lima
- Genômica Funcional de Parasitos, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Grupo Informática de Biossistemas, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela de Melo Resende
- Genômica Funcional de Parasitos, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Grupo Informática de Biossistemas, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Murta Santi
- Genômica Funcional de Parasitos, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luciana Marcia de Oliveira
- Unité Biologie des ARN des Pathogènes Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Renato Guimarães Delfino
- Grupo Informática de Biossistemas, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Pascale Pescher
- Unité de Parasitologie moléculaire et Signalisation, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Gerald F Späth
- Unité de Parasitologie moléculaire et Signalisation, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jeronimo Conceição Ruiz
- Grupo Informática de Biossistemas, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Investigating the Product Profiles and Structural Relationships of New Levansucrases with Conventional and Non-Conventional Substrates. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155402. [PMID: 32751348 PMCID: PMC7432509 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of complex oligosaccharides is desired for their potential as prebiotics, and their role in the pharmaceutical and food industry. Levansucrase (LS, EC 2.4.1.10), a fructosyl-transferase, can catalyze the synthesis of these compounds. LS acquires a fructosyl residue from a donor molecule and performs a non-Lenoir transfer to an acceptor molecule, via β-(2→6)-glycosidic linkages. Genome mining was used to uncover new LS enzymes with increased transfructosylating activity and wider acceptor promiscuity, with an initial screening revealing five LS enzymes. The product profiles and activities of these enzymes were examined after their incubation with sucrose. Alternate acceptor molecules were also incubated with the enzymes to study their consumption. LSs from Gluconobacter oxydans and Novosphingobium aromaticivorans synthesized fructooligosaccharides (FOSs) with up to 13 units in length. Alignment of their amino acid sequences and substrate docking with homology models identified structural elements causing differences in their product spectra. Raffinose, over sucrose, was the preferred donor molecule for the LS from Vibrio natriegens, N. aromaticivorans, and Paraburkolderia graminis. The LSs examined were found to have wide acceptor promiscuity, utilizing monosaccharides, disaccharides, and two alcohols to a high degree.
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Douanne N, Dong G, Douanne M, Olivier M, Fernandez-Prada C. Unravelling the proteomic signature of extracellular vesicles released by drug-resistant Leishmania infantum parasites. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008439. [PMID: 32628683 PMCID: PMC7365475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis constitutes the 9th largest disease burden among all infectious diseases. Control of this disease is based on a short list of chemotherapeutic agents headed by pentavalent antimonials, followed by miltefosine and amphotericin B; drugs that are far from ideal due to host toxicity, elevated cost, limited access, and high rates of drug resistance. Knowing that the composition of extracellular vesicles (EVs) can vary according to the state of their parental cell, we hypothesized that EVs released by drug-resistant Leishmania infantum parasites could contain unique and differently enriched proteins depending on the drug-resistance mechanisms involved in the survival of their parental cell line. To assess this possibility, we studied EV production, size, morphology, and protein content of three well-characterized drug-resistant L. infantum cell lines and a wild-type strain. Our results are the first to demonstrate that drug-resistance mechanisms can induce changes in the morphology, size, and distribution of L. infantum EVs. In addition, we identified L. infantum’s core EV proteome. This proteome is highly conserved among strains, with the exception of a handful of proteins that are enriched differently depending on the drug responsible for induction of antimicrobial resistance. Furthermore, we obtained the first snapshot of proteins enriched in EVs released by antimony-, miltefosine- and amphotericin-resistant parasites. These include several virulence factors, transcription factors, as well as proteins encoded by drug-resistance genes. This detailed study of L. infantum EVs sheds new light on the potential roles of EVs in Leishmania biology, particularly with respect to the parasite’s survival in stressful conditions. This work outlines a crucial first step towards the discovery of EV-based profiles capable of predicting response to antileishmanial agents. Visceral leishmaniasis is a life-threatening disease caused by Leishmania infantum parasites, which are transmitted by sand flies. In the absence of vaccines, current control of this disease is based on chemotherapy, which is comprised of a very limited arsenal threatened by the emergence and spread of drug-resistant strains. In the shadow of growing concern and treatment failure due to resistance, the characterization of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by drug-resistant L. infantum parasites could shed some light on the complex nature of drug resistance in Leishmania and increase our understanding of the biology of the parasite. EVs are vesicles secreted by all eukaryotic cells whose contents (proteins, DNA/RNAs, lipids) vary as a function of their cellular origin. Our results demonstrate for the first time that EVs released by drug-resistant parasites are enriched in unique protein markers that reflect the drug-resistance mechanisms involved in the survival of parental cells. These unique proteins included several virulence and transcription factors, as well as drug-resistance genes; this offers a potential benefit for drug-resistant parasites in terms of parasite-to-parasite communication and host-parasite interactions. Collectively, our initial results could serve as a jumping-off point for the future development of novel EV-based diagnostic tools for the detection and appraisal of antimicrobial-resistant Leishmania populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noélie Douanne
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- The Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - George Dong
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mélanie Douanne
- Department of Biology, Health and Ecology, “Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes”, Paris, France
| | - Martin Olivier
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- * E-mail: (MO); (CFP)
| | - Christopher Fernandez-Prada
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- The Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
- * E-mail: (MO); (CFP)
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Bar Routaray C, Bhor R, Bai S, Kadam NS, Jagtap S, Doshi PJ, Sundar S, Sawant S, Kulkarni MJ, Pai K. SWATH-MS based quantitative proteomics analysis to evaluate the antileishmanial effect of Commiphora wightii- Guggul and Amphotericin B on a clinical isolate of Leishmania donovani. J Proteomics 2020; 223:103800. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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A Canine-Directed Chimeric Multi-Epitope Vaccine Induced Protective Immune Responses in BALB/c Mice Infected with Leishmania infantum. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030350. [PMID: 32629975 PMCID: PMC7563305 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are complex vector-borne diseases caused by intracellular parasites of the genus Leishmania. The visceral form of the disease affects both humans and canids in tropical, subtropical, and Mediterranean regions. One health approach has suggested that controlling zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) could have an impact on the reduction of the human incidence of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Despite the fact that a preventive vaccination could help with leishmaniasis elimination, effective vaccines that are able to elicit protective immune responses are currently lacking. In the present study, we designed a chimeric multi-epitope protein composed of multiple CD8+ and CD4+ T cell epitopes which were obtained from six highly immunogenic proteins previously identified by an immunoproteomics approach, and the N-termini of the heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis served as an adjuvant. A preclinical evaluation of the candidate vaccine in BALB/c mice showed that when it was given along with the adjuvant Addavax it was able to induce strong immune responses. Cellular responses were dominated by the presence of central and effector multifunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T memory cells. Importantly, the vaccination reduced the parasite burden in both short-term and long-term vaccinated mice challenged with Leishmania infantum. Protection was characterized by the continuing presence of IFN-γ+TNFα+-producing CD8+ and CD4+ T cells and increased NO levels. The depletion of CD8+ T cells in short-term vaccinated mice conferred a significant loss of protection in both target organs of the parasite, indicating a significant involvement of this population in the protection against L. infantum challenge. Thus, the overall data could be considered to be a proof-of-concept that the design of efficacious T cell vaccines with the help of reverse vaccinology approaches is possible.
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Van den Kerkhof M, Sterckx YGJ, Leprohon P, Maes L, Caljon G. Experimental Strategies to Explore Drug Action and Resistance in Kinetoplastid Parasites. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E950. [PMID: 32599761 PMCID: PMC7356981 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetoplastids are the causative agents of leishmaniasis, human African trypanosomiasis, and American trypanosomiasis. They are responsible for high mortality and morbidity in (sub)tropical regions. Adequate treatment options are limited and have several drawbacks, such as toxicity, need for parenteral administration, and occurrence of treatment failure and drug resistance. Therefore, there is an urgency for the development of new drugs. Phenotypic screening already allowed the identification of promising new chemical entities with anti-kinetoplastid activity potential, but knowledge on their mode-of-action (MoA) is lacking due to the generally applied whole-cell based approach. However, identification of the drug target is essential to steer further drug discovery and development. Multiple complementary techniques have indeed been used for MoA elucidation. In this review, the different 'omics' approaches employed to define the MoA or mode-of-resistance of current reference drugs and some new anti-kinetoplastid compounds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Van den Kerkhof
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (M.V.d.K.); (L.M.)
| | - Yann G.-J. Sterckx
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry (LMB), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;
| | - Philippe Leprohon
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (M.V.d.K.); (L.M.)
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (M.V.d.K.); (L.M.)
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Horn CM, Aucamp J, Smit FJ, Seldon R, Jordaan A, Warner DF, N’Da DD. Synthesis and in vitro antimycobacterial and antileishmanial activities of hydroquinone-triazole hybrids. Med Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02553-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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26
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Comparative mitochondrial proteomics of Leishmania tropica clinical isolates resistant and sensitive to meglumine antimoniate. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1857-1871. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06671-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Pountain AW, Barrett MP. Untargeted metabolomics to understand the basis of phenotypic differences in amphotericin B-resistant Leishmania parasites. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 4:176. [PMID: 32133420 PMCID: PMC7041363 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15452.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Protozoan
Leishmania parasites are responsible for a range of clinical infections that represent a substantial challenge for global health. Amphotericin B (AmB) is increasingly used to treat
Leishmania infection, so understanding the potential for resistance to this drug is an important priority. Previously we described four independently-derived AmB-resistant
L. mexicana lines that exhibited resistance-associated genetic lesions resulting in altered sterol content. However, substantial phenotypic variation between these lines, including differences in virulence attributes, were not fully explained by these changes. Methods: To identify alterations in cellular metabolism potentially related to phenotypic differences between wild-type and AmB-resistant lines, we extracted metabolites and performed untargeted metabolomics by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: We observed substantial differences in metabolite abundance between lines, arising in an apparently stochastic manner. Concerted remodeling of central carbon metabolism was not observed; however, in three lines, decreased abundance of several oligohexoses was observed. Given that the oligomannose mannogen is an important virulence factor in
Leishmania, this could relate to loss of virulence in these lines. Increased abundance of the reduced forms of the oxidative stress-protective thiols trypanothione and glutathione was also observed in multiple lines. Conclusions: This dataset will provide a useful resource for understanding the molecular basis of drug resistance in
Leishmania, and suggests a role for metabolic changes separate from the primary mechanism of drug resistance in determining the phenotypic profile of parasite lines subjected to experimental selection of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Pountain
- Wellcome Center for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Michael P Barrett
- Wellcome Center for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.,Glasgow Polyomics, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
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Dar MJ, Khalid S, McElroy CA, Satoskar AR, Khan GM. Topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with novel amphotericin B-miltefosine co-incorporated second generation ultra-deformable liposomes. Int J Pharm 2020; 573:118900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Garg G, Ali V, Singh K, Gupta P, Ganguly A, Sahasrabuddhe AA, Das P. Quantitative secretome analysis unravels new secreted proteins in Amphotericin B resistant Leishmania donovani. J Proteomics 2019; 207:103464. [PMID: 31357030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is second most neglected disease after malaria and seems to be a worldwide concern because of increased drug resistance and non-availability of approved vaccine. The underlying molecular mechanism of drug resistance (Amp B) in Leishmania parasites still remains elusive. Herein, the present study investigated differentially expressed secreted proteins of Amphotericin B sensitive (S) and resistant (R) isolate of Leishmania donovani by using label free quantitative LC-MS/MS approach. A total of 406 differentially expressed secreted proteins were found between sensitive (S) and resistant (R) isolate. Among 406 proteins, 32 were significantly up regulated (>2.0 fold) while 22 were down regulated (<0.5 fold) in resistant isolate of L. donovani. Further, differentially expressed proteins were classified into 11 various biological processes. Interestingly, identified up regulated proteins in resistant parasites were dominated in carbohydrate metabolism, stress response, transporters and proteolysis. Western blot and enzymatic activity of identified proteins validate our proteomic findings. Finally, our study demonstrated some new secreted proteins associated with Amp B resistance which provides a basis for further investigations to understand the role of proteins in L. donovani. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Although great advances have been achieved in the diagnosis and treatment of leishmaniasis, still drug resistance is major hurdle in control of disease. Present study will enhance the deeper understanding of altered metabolic pathways involved in Amp B resistance mechanism and provide possible new proteins which can be potential candidate either for exploring as new drug target or vaccine. Protein-protein interactions highlighted the up-regulated metabolic pathways in resistant parasites which further unravel the adaptive mechanism of parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Garg
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, EPIP Complex, Hajipur 844102, India
| | - Vahab Ali
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, EPIP Complex, Hajipur 844102, India.
| | - Kuljit Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, EPIP Complex, Hajipur 844102, India
| | - Parool Gupta
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, India
| | - Ashish Ganguly
- CSIR- Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amogh A Sahasrabuddhe
- Molecular and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, India
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Chemogenomic Profiling of Antileishmanial Efficacy and Resistance in the Related Kinetoplastid Parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00795-19. [PMID: 31160283 PMCID: PMC6658743 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00795-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The arsenal of drugs used to treat leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania spp., is limited and beset by toxicity and emergent resistance. Furthermore, our understanding of drug mode of action and potential routes to resistance is limited. Forward genetic approaches have revolutionized our understanding of drug mode of action in the related kinetoplastid parasite Trypanosoma brucei. The arsenal of drugs used to treat leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania spp., is limited and beset by toxicity and emergent resistance. Furthermore, our understanding of drug mode of action and potential routes to resistance is limited. Forward genetic approaches have revolutionized our understanding of drug mode of action in the related kinetoplastid parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Therefore, we screened our genome-scale T. brucei RNA interference (RNAi) library against the current antileishmanial drugs sodium stibogluconate (antimonial), paromomycin, miltefosine, and amphotericin B. Identification of T. brucei orthologues of the known Leishmania antimonial and miltefosine plasma membrane transporters effectively validated our approach, while a cohort of 42 novel drug efficacy determinants provides new insights and serves as a resource. Follow-up analyses revealed the antimonial selectivity of the aquaglyceroporin TbAQP3. A lysosomal major facilitator superfamily transporter contributes to paromomycin-aminoglycoside efficacy. The vesicle-associated membrane protein TbVAMP7B and a flippase contribute to amphotericin B and miltefosine action and are potential cross-resistance determinants. Finally, multiple phospholipid-transporting flippases, including the T. brucei orthologue of the Leishmania miltefosine transporter, a putative β-subunit/CDC50 cofactor, and additional membrane-associated hits, affect amphotericin B efficacy, providing new insights into mechanisms of drug uptake and action. The findings from this orthology-based chemogenomic profiling approach substantially advance our understanding of antileishmanial drug action and potential resistance mechanisms and should facilitate the development of improved therapies as well as surveillance for drug-resistant parasites.
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Veronica J, Chandrasekaran S, Dayakar A, Devender M, Prajapati VK, Sundar S, Maurya R. Iron superoxide dismutase contributes to miltefosine resistance in
Leishmania donovani. FEBS J 2019; 286:3488-3503. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jalaja Veronica
- Department of Animal Biology School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad India
| | | | - Alti Dayakar
- Department of Animal Biology School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad India
| | - Moodu Devender
- Department of Animal Biology School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry School of Life Sciences Central University of Rajasthan Ajmer India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine IMS Banaras Hindu University Varanasi India
| | - Radheshyam Maurya
- Department of Animal Biology School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad India
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Vijayakumar S, Das P. Recent progress in drug targets and inhibitors towards combating leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2018; 181:95-104. [PMID: 29452111 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lesihmaniasis is one of the major neglected tropical disease caused by the parasite of the genus Leishmania. The disease has more than one clinical forms and the visceral form is considered fatal. With the lack of potential vaccine, chemotherapy is the major treatment source considered for the control of the disease in the infected people. Drugs including amphotericin B and miltefosine are widely used for the treatment, however, development of resistance by the parasite towards the administered drug and high-toxicity of the drug are of major concern. Hence, more attention has been shown on identifying new targets, effective inhibitors, and better drug delivery system against the disease. This review deals with recent studies on drug targets and exploring their essentiality for the survival of Leishmania. Further, new inhibitors for those targets, novel anti-leishmanial peptides and vaccines against leishmaniasis were discussed. We believe that this pool of information will ease the researchers to gain knowledge and help in choosing right targets and design of new inhibitors against Leishmaniasis.
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Sundar S, Singh B. Understanding Leishmania parasites through proteomics and implications for the clinic. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:371-390. [PMID: 29717934 PMCID: PMC5970101 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1468754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leishmania spp. are causative agents of leishmaniasis, a broad-spectrum neglected vector-borne disease. Genomic and transcriptional studies are not capable of solving intricate biological mysteries, leading to the emergence of proteomics, which can provide insights into the field of parasite biology and its interactions with the host. Areas covered: The combination of genomics and informatics with high throughput proteomics may improve our understanding of parasite biology and pathogenesis. This review analyses the roles of diverse proteomic technologies that facilitate our understanding of global protein profiles and definition of parasite development, survival, virulence and drug resistance mechanisms for disease intervention. Additionally, recent innovations in proteomics have provided insights concerning the drawbacks associated with conventional chemotherapeutic approaches and Leishmania biology, host-parasite interactions and the development of new therapeutic approaches. Expert commentary: With progressive breakthroughs in the foreseeable future, proteome profiles could provide target molecules for vaccine development and therapeutic intervention. Furthermore, proteomics, in combination with genomics and informatics, could facilitate the elimination of several diseases. Taken together, this review provides an outlook on developments in Leishmania proteomics and their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Sundar
- a Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences , Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India
| | - Bhawana Singh
- a Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences , Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India
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Vijayakumar S, Das P. Structural, molecular motions, and free-energy landscape of Leishmania sterol-14α-demethylase wild type and drug resistant mutant: a comparative molecular dynamics study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:1477-1493. [PMID: 29620481 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1461135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sterol-14α-demethylase (CYP51) is an ergosterol pathway enzyme crucial for the survival of infectious Leishmania parasite. Recent high-throughput metabolomics and whole genome sequencing study revealed amphotericin B resistance in Leishmania is indeed due to mutation in CYP51. The residue of mutation (asparagine 176) is conserved across the kinetoplastidae and not in yeast or humans, portraying its functional significance. In order to understand the possible cause for the resistance, knowledge of structural changes due to mutation is of high importance. To shed light on the structural changes of wild and mutant CYP51, we conducted comparative molecular dynamics simulation study. The active site, substrate biding cavity, substrate channel entrance (SCE), and cavity involving the mutated site were studied based on basic parameters and large concerted molecular motions derived from essential dynamics analyses of 100 ns simulation. Results indicated that mutant CYP51 is stable and less compact than the wild type. Correspondingly, the solvent accessible surface area (SASA) of the mutant was found to be increased, especially in active site and cavities not involving the mutation site. Free-energy landscape analysis disclosed mutant to have a rich conformational diversity than wild type, with various free-energy conformations of mutant having SASA greater than wild type with SCE open. More residues were found to interact with the mutant CYP51 upon docking of substrate to both the wild and mutant CYP51. These results indicate that, relative to wild type, the N176I mutation of CYP51 in Leishmania mexicana could possibly favor increased substrate binding efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Vijayakumar
- a Department of Statistics/Bioinformatics , Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Science, Indian Council for Medical Research , Agamkuan, Patna 800007 , Bihar , India
| | - Pradeep Das
- b Department of Molecular Biology/Bioinformatics Centre , Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Science, Indian Council for Medical Research , Agamkuan, Patna 800007 , Bihar , India
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Sheikhmoradi V, Saberi S, Saghaei L, Pestehchian N, Fassihi A. Synthesis and antileishmanial activity of antimony (V) complexes of hydroxypyranone and hydroxypyridinone ligands. Res Pharm Sci 2018; 13:111-120. [PMID: 29606965 PMCID: PMC5842482 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.223793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel series of antimony (V) complexes with the hydroxypyranone and hydroxypyridinone ligands were synthesized and characterized by 1HNMR, FT-IR and electron spin ionization mass spectroscopic (ESI-MS) techniques. The synthesis process involved protection of hydroxyl group followed by the reaction of the intermediate with primary amines and finally deprotection. All compounds were evaluated for in vitro activities against the amastigote and promastigote forms of Leishmania major. Most of the synthesized compounds exhibited good antileishmanial activity against both forms of L. major. IC50 values of the most active compounds; 9d, 9d and 9e, after 24, 48 and 72 h against amastigote model were 15, 12.5 and 5.5 μg/mL, respectively. 9e, 11 and 9e inhibited the promastigote form of parasite after 24, 48 and 72 h with IC50 values of 10, 2 and 1 μg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vafa Sheikhmoradi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Sedigheh Saberi
- Department of Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Lotfollah Saghaei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Nader Pestehchian
- Department of Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Afshin Fassihi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
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Using proteomics as a powerful tool to develop a vaccine against Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis. J Parasit Dis 2018; 42:162-170. [PMID: 29844618 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-018-0986-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a tropical infectious disease, which is called Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis (MVL) in the Mediterranean area. In spite of many attempts, no effective commercial vaccine exists for MVL. To find new targets for developing antileishmanial vaccines, knowing parasite antigens that provoke the immune system are on demand. Nowadays, proteomics methods are defined as approaches for analysis of protein profiling of different cells. Within this framework, detection of new antigens is becoming more facilitated. In this review, we aimed to introduce possible targets using proteomics so; they could be used as candidates for developing vaccines against MVL. It can shed new light in the near future on the development of promising vaccines for MVL.
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Singh N, Goel R, Jain E. Differential Metabolic Pathway Analysis of the Proteomes of Leishmania donovani and Leptomonas seymouri. Proteomics Clin Appl 2018; 12:e1600087. [PMID: 29469990 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201600087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although in trypanosomatids, monoxeny (Leptomonas) is ancestral to dixeny (Leishmania), however clinical cases of visceral leishmanisis with Leptomonas co-infection are increasingly being reported from India. Using a proteogenomic approach, a detailed proteome analysis of these two kinetoplastid parasites viz., Leishmania and its sister Leptomonas, to catalog the key proteins associated with and therefore possibly responsible for phenotype changes in Leptomonas evolution and domestication as co-infection with Leishmania is carried out. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN LC-MS/MS is utilized for this proteomic purpose. One Leishmania donovani WHO reference strain and two Leptomonas seymouri isolates, which are originally isolated from clinical cases of kala azar patients with different inherent drug sensitivity viz., responsive and unresponsive, are used in this study. RESULTS A network analysis, leveraging protein-protein interaction data helped to find the roles of the proteins in carbon metabolism and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites which is seen to be altered under stress conditions like drug resistance. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The information provided about the metabolic pathways modulated when contrasting these two phenotypes may lead to the development of new strategies to block parasite differentiation within the host and to also circumvent the problem of drug resistance. This proteomic study also offers new grounds for the investigation of novel hypothetical proteins potentially playing a role in evolutionary biology the knowledge of which is essential for treatment of patients co-infected with these two kinetoplastid parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeloo Singh
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Renu Goel
- Drug Discovery Research Centre (DDRC), Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Haryana, India
| | - Ekta Jain
- Consulting Bioinformatician, M.res Bioinformatics, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK, Affiliated with Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Ci T, Yuan L, Bao X, Hou Y, Wu H, Sun H, Cao D, Ke X. Development and anti-Candida evaluation of the vaginal delivery system of amphotericin B nanosuspension-loaded thermogel. J Drug Target 2018; 26:829-839. [PMID: 29378463 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2018.1434660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a typical kind of vaginal mucosal infection. Herein, we developed a novel vaginal delivery system of amphotericin B (AmB) nanosuspension-loaded thermogel (AmB NPs/thermogel) utilising pharmaceutical technique of high-pressure homogenisation and Poloxamer P407/P188 hydrogel. The stabiliser and hydrogel materials of the formulation were tested to maintain proper sol-gel transition as well as the relative stability of the particle size of AmB nanosuspension in the thermogel. The particle size of AmB nanosuspensions in the hydrogel was ∼247 nm. Transmission electron microscopy images confirmed the round-shape morphology of AmB nanoparticles in AmB NPs/thermogel, while that of irregular morphology of merely AmB nanosuspensions without stabiliser and hydrogel materials. AmB could be sustained release for ∼12 h in vitro. In vivo drug content in the vaginal tissue was also evaluated with 87, 47, 33 and 6.7% drug remaining after 1, 3, 6 and 12 h, respectively. The in vivo anti-Candida test was conducted on candidiasis-infected mice model. In the same drug dose of 2.5 mg/kg, AmB NPs/thermogel showed better anti-Candida efficiency compared with commercial AmB effervescent tablet. This delivery system might show some insights for the vaginal formulation development of other hydrophobic antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyuan Ci
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Luo Yuan
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Xiaoyan Bao
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yuting Hou
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Hao Wu
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Haifeng Sun
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Dinglingge Cao
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Xue Ke
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
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Ghorbani M, Farhoudi R. Leishmaniasis in humans: drug or vaccine therapy? DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 12:25-40. [PMID: 29317800 PMCID: PMC5743117 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s146521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania is an obligate intracellular pathogen that invades phagocytic host cells. Approximately 30 different species of Phlebotomine sand flies can transmit this parasite either anthroponotically or zoonotically through their bites. Leishmaniasis affects poor people living around the Mediterranean Basin, East Africa, the Americas, and Southeast Asia. Affected regions are often remote and unstable, with limited resources for treating this disease. Leishmaniasis has been reported as one of the most dangerous neglected tropical diseases, second only to malaria in parasitic causes of death. People can carry some species of Leishmania for long periods without becoming ill, and symptoms depend on the form of the disease. There are many drugs and candidate vaccines available to treat leishmaniasis. For instance, antiparasitic drugs, such as amphotericin B (AmBisome), are a treatment of choice for leishmaniasis depending on the type of the disease. Despite the availability of different treatment approaches to treat leishmaniasis, therapeutic tools are not adequate to eradicate this infection. In the meantime, drug therapy has been limited because of adverse side effects and unsuccessful vaccine preparation. However, it can immediately make infections inactive. According to other studies, vaccination cannot eradicate leishmaniasis. There is no perfect vaccine or suitable drug to eradicate leishmaniasis completely. So far, no vaccine or drug has been provided to induce long-term protection and ensure effective immunity against leishmaniasis. Therefore, it is necessary that intensive research should be performed in drug and vaccine fields to achieve certain results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Ghorbani
- Department of Viral Vaccine Production, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Research and Production Complex, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ramin Farhoudi
- Department of Viral Vaccine Production, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Research and Production Complex, Karaj, Iran
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Ponte-Sucre A, Gamarro F, Dujardin JC, Barrett MP, López-Vélez R, García-Hernández R, Pountain AW, Mwenechanya R, Papadopoulou B. Drug resistance and treatment failure in leishmaniasis: A 21st century challenge. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0006052. [PMID: 29240765 PMCID: PMC5730103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 513] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reevaluation of treatment guidelines for Old and New World leishmaniasis is urgently needed on a global basis because treatment failure is an increasing problem. Drug resistance is a fundamental determinant of treatment failure, although other factors also contribute to this phenomenon, including the global HIV/AIDS epidemic with its accompanying impact on the immune system. Pentavalent antimonials have been used successfully worldwide for the treatment of leishmaniasis since the first half of the 20th century, but the last 10 to 20 years have witnessed an increase in clinical resistance, e.g., in North Bihar in India. In this review, we discuss the meaning of “resistance” related to leishmaniasis and discuss its molecular epidemiology, particularly for Leishmania donovani that causes visceral leishmaniasis. We also discuss how resistance can affect drug combination therapies. Molecular mechanisms known to contribute to resistance to antimonials, amphotericin B, and miltefosine are also outlined. Chemotherapy is central to the control and management of leishmaniasis. Antimonials remain the primary drugs against different forms of leishmaniasis in several regions. However, resistance to antimony has necessitated the use of alternative medications, especially in the Indian subcontinent (ISC). Compounds, notably the orally available miltefosine (MIL), parenteral paromomycin, and amphotericin B (AmB), are increasingly used to treat leishmaniasis. Although treatment failure (TF) has been observed in patients treated with most anti-leishmanials, its frequency of appearance may be important in patients treated with MIL, which has replaced antimonials within the kala-azar elimination program in the ISC. AmB is highly efficacious, and the associated toxic effects—when administered in its free deoxycholate form—are somewhat ameliorated in its liposomal formulation. Regrettably, laboratory experimentation has demonstrated a risk of resistance towards AmB as well. The rise of drug resistance impacts treatment outcome, and understanding its causes, spread, and impact will help us manage the risks it imposes. Here, we review the problem of TF in leishmaniasis and the contribution of drug resistance to the problem. Molecular mechanisms causing resistance to anti-leishmanials are discussed along with the appropriate use of additional available drugs, as well as the urgent need to consolidate strategies to monitor drug efficacy, epidemiological surveillance, and local policies. Coordination of these activities in national and international programs against leishmaniasis might represent a successful guide to further research and prevention activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Ponte-Sucre
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Luis Razetti School of Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
- * E-mail: (BP); (APS)
| | - Francisco Gamarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Spanish National Research Council (IPBLN-CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Jean-Claude Dujardin
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Michael P. Barrett
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rogelio López-Vélez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Referral Unit for Tropical Diseases, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel García-Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Spanish National Research Council (IPBLN-CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Andrew W. Pountain
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Roy Mwenechanya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Barbara Papadopoulou
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases, CHU de Quebec Research Center and Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunology, University Laval, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail: (BP); (APS)
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Abstract
The eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3) is one of the most complex translation initiation factors in mammalian cells, consisting of several subunits (eIF3a to eIF3m). It is crucial in translation initiation and termination, and in ribosomal recycling. Accordingly, deregulated eIF3 expression is associated with different pathological conditions, including cancer. In this manuscript, we discuss the interactome and function of each subunit of the human eIF3 complex. Furthermore, we review how altered levels of eIF3 subunits correlate with neurodegenerative disorders and cancer onset and development; in addition, we evaluate how such misregulation may also trigger infection cascades. A deep understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying eIF3 role in human disease is essential to develop new eIF3-targeted therapeutic approaches and thus, overcome such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Gomes-Duarte
- a Department of Human Genetics , Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge , Lisbon , Portugal.,b Gene Expression and Regulation Group, Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Rafaela Lacerda
- a Department of Human Genetics , Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge , Lisbon , Portugal.,b Gene Expression and Regulation Group, Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Juliane Menezes
- a Department of Human Genetics , Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge , Lisbon , Portugal.,b Gene Expression and Regulation Group, Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Luísa Romão
- a Department of Human Genetics , Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge , Lisbon , Portugal.,b Gene Expression and Regulation Group, Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
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Singh J, Khan MI, Singh Yadav SP, Srivastava A, Sinha KK, Ashish, Das P, Kundu B. L-Asparaginase of Leishmania donovani: Metabolic target and its role in Amphotericin B resistance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2017; 7:337-349. [PMID: 28988014 PMCID: PMC5633258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Emergence of Amphotericin B (AmB) resistant Leishmania donovani has posed major therapeutic challenge against the parasite. Consequently, combination therapy aimed at multiple molecular targets, based on proteome wise network analysis has been recommended. In this regard we had earlier identified and proposed L-asparaginase of Leishmania donovani (LdAI) as a crucial metabolic target. Here we report that both LdAI overexpressing axenic amastigote and promastigote forms of L. donovani survives better when challenged with AmB as compared to wild type strain. Conversely, qRT-PCR analysis showed an upregulation of LdAI in both forms upon AmB treatment. Our data demonstrates the importance of LdAI in imparting immediate protective response to the parasite upon AmB treatment. In the absence of structural and functional information, we modeled LdAI and validated its solution structure through small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis. We identified its specific inhibitors through ligand and structure-based approach and characterized their effects on enzymatic properties (Km, Vmax, Kcat) of LdAI. We show that in presence of two of the inhibitors L1 and L2, the survival of L. donovani is compromised whereas overexpression of LdAI in these cells restores viability. Taken together, our results conclusively prove that LdAI is a crucial metabolic enzyme conferring early counter measure against AmB treatment by Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasdeep Singh
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Mohd Imran Khan
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, EPIP Complex, Hajipur, Vaishali 844102, India
| | - Shiv Pratap Singh Yadav
- The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ankit Srivastava
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Kislay K Sinha
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, EPIP Complex, Hajipur, Vaishali 844102, India
| | - Ashish
- The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India
| | - Bishwajit Kundu
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
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Mwenechanya R, Kovářová J, Dickens NJ, Mudaliar M, Herzyk P, Vincent IM, Weidt SK, Burgess KE, Burchmore RJS, Pountain AW, Smith TK, Creek DJ, Kim DH, Lepesheva GI, Barrett MP. Sterol 14α-demethylase mutation leads to amphotericin B resistance in Leishmania mexicana. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017. [PMID: 28622334 PMCID: PMC5498063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphotericin B has emerged as the therapy of choice for use against the leishmaniases. Administration of the drug in its liposomal formulation as a single injection is being promoted in a campaign to bring the leishmaniases under control. Understanding the risks and mechanisms of resistance is therefore of great importance. Here we select amphotericin B-resistant Leishmania mexicana parasites with relative ease. Metabolomic analysis demonstrated that ergosterol, the sterol known to bind the drug, is prevalent in wild-type cells, but diminished in the resistant line, where alternative sterols become prevalent. This indicates that the resistance phenotype is related to loss of drug binding. Comparing sequences of the parasites' genomes revealed a plethora of single nucleotide polymorphisms that distinguish wild-type and resistant cells, but only one of these was found to be homozygous and associated with a gene encoding an enzyme in the sterol biosynthetic pathway, sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51). The mutation, N176I, is found outside of the enzyme's active site, consistent with the fact that the resistant line continues to produce the enzyme's product. Expression of wild-type sterol 14α-demethylase in the resistant cells caused reversion to drug sensitivity and a restoration of ergosterol synthesis, showing that the mutation is indeed responsible for resistance. The amphotericin B resistant parasites become hypersensitive to pentamidine and also agents that induce oxidative stress. This work reveals the power of combining polyomics approaches, to discover the mechanism underlying drug resistance as well as offering novel insights into the selection of resistance to amphotericin B itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Mwenechanya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Kovářová
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Dickens
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Manikhandan Mudaliar
- Glasgow Polyomics, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Pawel Herzyk
- Glasgow Polyomics, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel M. Vincent
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan K. Weidt
- Glasgow Polyomics, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Karl E. Burgess
- Glasgow Polyomics, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. S. Burchmore
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Glasgow Polyomics, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew W. Pountain
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Terry K. Smith
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Darren J. Creek
- Drug Delivery, Disposition & Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Centre for Analytical Bioscience, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Galina I. Lepesheva
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Barrett
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Glasgow Polyomics, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Singh K, Ali V, Pratap Singh K, Gupta P, Suman SS, Ghosh AK, Bimal S, Pandey K, Das P. Deciphering the interplay between cysteine synthase and thiol cascade proteins in modulating Amphotericin B resistance and survival of Leishmania donovani under oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2017; 12:350-366. [PMID: 28288415 PMCID: PMC5349463 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania donovani is the causative organism of the neglected human disease known as visceral leishmaniasis which is often fatal, if left untreated. The cysteine biosynthesis pathway of Leishmania may serve as a potential drug target because it is different from human host and regulates downstream components of redox metabolism of the parasites; essential for their survival, pathogenicity and drug resistance. However, despite the apparent dependency of redox metabolism of cysteine biosynthesis pathway, the role of L. donovani cysteine synthase (LdCS) in drug resistance and redox homeostasis has been unexplored. Herein, we report that over-expression of LdCS in Amphotericin B (Amp B) sensitive strain (S1-OE) modulates resistance towards oxidative stress and drug pressure. We observed that antioxidant enzyme activities were up-regulated in S1-OE parasites and these parasites alleviate intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) efficiently by maintaining the reduced thiol pool. In contrast to S1-OE parasites, Amp B sensitive strain (S1) showed higher levels of ROS which was positively correlated with the protein carbonylation levels and negatively correlated with cell viability. Moreover, further investigations showed that LdCS over-expression also augments the ROS-primed induction of LdCS-GFP as well as endogenous LdCS and thiol pathway proteins (LdTryS, LdTryR and LdcTXN) in L. donovani parasites; which probably aids in stress tolerance and drug resistance. In addition, the expression of LdCS was found to be up-regulated in Amp B resistant isolates and during infective stationary stages of growth and consistent with these observations, our ex vivo infectivity studies confirmed that LdCS over-expression enhances the infectivity of L. donovani parasites. Our results reveal a novel crosstalk between LdCS and thiol metabolic pathway proteins and demonstrate the crucial role of LdCS in drug resistance and redox homeostasis of Leishmania. Over-expression of CS in L. donovani modulates oxidative stress & Amp B resistance. Over-expressing parasite possess higher thiol to counteract the oxidative stress. Over-expressing parasites showed increased activity of TXNPx, GST, SOD, and APx. Expression/activity of LdCS is up-regulated in Amp B resistant clinical isolates. Ex vivo results confirm that LdCS over-expression enhance the parasites infectivity. Over-expressing parasites survived long time under oxidative stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuljit Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, EPIP Complex, Hajipur 844102, India
| | - Vahab Ali
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, EPIP Complex, Hajipur 844102, India.
| | - Krishn Pratap Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, India
| | - Parool Gupta
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, India
| | - Shashi S Suman
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, India
| | - Ayan K Ghosh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, India
| | - Sanjiva Bimal
- Department of Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, India
| | - Krishna Pandey
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, India
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Singh N, Sundar S. Integrating genomics and proteomics permits identification of immunodominant antigens associated with drug resistance in human visceral leishmaniasis in India. Exp Parasitol 2017; 176:30-45. [PMID: 28263760 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Resistance of human pathogens like Leishmania to drugs is a growing concern where the multidrug-resistant phenotype renders chemotherapy ineffective. The acquired resistance of Leishmania to antimony has promoted intense research on the mechanisms involved but the question has not been resolved yet. In this study we have explored host-pathogen- drug interactions leading to identification of pharmacological determinants of host macrophages that resist the sodium antimony gluconate (SAG) mediated intracellular parasite killing. mRNA profiling of mammalian host stage amastigotes of sodium antimony gluconate (SAG) 'sensitive' and 'resistant' parasite lines was carried out using Affymetrix GeneChip® Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array. Patient sera was used to identify immunogenic proteins by two-dimensional gel analysis (2DE) and mass spectrometric analysis (LC-MS/MS). Immunofluorescence microscopy confirmed the identities on 'sensitive' and 'resistant' parasite lines. A total of nine immunogenic proteins whose intensities changed significantly and consistently in multiple experiments were detected, suggesting that a cohort of proteins are altered in expression levels in the 'resistant' parasites. Global expression profiling using microarrays revealed this regulation was not reflected by changes in the levels of the cognate mRNAs. Following identification of proteins by mass spectrometry, one such regulated protein, enolase, was chosen for more detailed analysis. Immunofluorescence microscopy employing antisera against this enzyme confirmed that its level was differentially regulated in the 'resistant' isolate. We show that high serum level of immunoreactive protein is associated with 'resistant' phenotype. Differentially expressed proteins with immunomodulatory activities were found to be associated with the 'resistant phenotype'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeloo Singh
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India.
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India.
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Magalhães S, Aroso M, Roxo I, Ferreira S, Cerveira F, Ramalheira E, Ferreira R, Vitorino R. Proteomic profile of susceptible and multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae using label-free and immunoproteomic strategies. Res Microbiol 2016; 168:222-233. [PMID: 28040467 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterobacteriaceae have exponentially increased in the past decade, and are a major concern in hospitals. In the first part of the work, we compared the proteome profile of MDR and susceptible clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in order to identify possible biological processes associated with drug resistance and susceptible phenotypes, using a label-free approach. In the second part, we used an immunoproteomics approach to identify immunoreactive proteins in the same isolates. A total of 388 and 377 proteins were identified in MDR and susceptible E. coli, respectively, evidencing that biological processes related to translation are upregulated in E. coli MDR, while there is an upregulation of processes related to catalytic activity in K. pneumoniae MDR. Both MDR strains show downregulation of processes related to amino acid activation and tRNA amino-acylation. Our data also suggest that MDR strains have higher immunoreactivity than the susceptible strains. The application of high-throughput mass spectrometry (MS) and bioinformatics to the study of modulation of biological processes might shed light on the characterization of multidrug resistance in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Magalhães
- QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; iBiMED - Institute for Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Miguel Aroso
- iBiMED - Institute for Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Inês Roxo
- Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga, Oliveira do Bairro, Portugal
| | - Sónia Ferreira
- Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga, Oliveira do Bairro, Portugal; Institute of Education and Citizenship, Oliveira do Bairro, Portugal
| | - Frederico Cerveira
- Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga, Oliveira do Bairro, Portugal
| | - Elmano Ramalheira
- Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga, Oliveira do Bairro, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui Vitorino
- iBiMED - Institute for Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Fernandez-Prada C, Vincent IM, Brotherton MC, Roberts M, Roy G, Rivas L, Leprohon P, Smith TK, Ouellette M. Different Mutations in a P-type ATPase Transporter in Leishmania Parasites are Associated with Cross-resistance to Two Leading Drugs by Distinct Mechanisms. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005171. [PMID: 27911896 PMCID: PMC5135041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infantum is an etiological agent of the life-threatening visceral form of leishmaniasis. Liposomal amphotericin B (AmB) followed by a short administration of miltefosine (MF) is a drug combination effective for treating visceral leishmaniasis in endemic regions of India. Resistance to MF can be due to point mutations in the miltefosine transporter (MT). Here we show that mutations in MT are also observed in Leishmania AmB-resistant mutants. The MF-induced MT mutations, but not the AmB induced mutations in MT, alter the translocation/uptake of MF. Moreover, mutations in the MT selected by AmB or MF have a major impact on lipid species that is linked to cross-resistance between both drugs. These alterations include changes of specific phospholipids, some of which are enriched with cyclopropanated fatty acids, as well as an increase in inositolphosphoceramide species. Collectively these results provide evidence of the risk of cross-resistance emergence derived from current AmB-MF sequential or co-treatments for visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Fernandez-Prada
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec and Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabel M. Vincent
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec and Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Christine Brotherton
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec and Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Mathew Roberts
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex (BSRC), Schools of Biology & Chemistry, The North Haugh, The University of St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Gaétan Roy
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec and Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Luis Rivas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Philippe Leprohon
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec and Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Terry K. Smith
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex (BSRC), Schools of Biology & Chemistry, The North Haugh, The University of St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Ouellette
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec and Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
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48
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Alcolea PJ, Tuñón GIL, Alonso A, García-Tabares F, Ciordia S, Mena MC, Campos RNS, Almeida RP, Larraga V. Differential protein abundance in promastigotes of nitric oxide-sensitive and resistantLeishmania chagasistrains. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 10:1132-1146. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201600054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J. Alcolea
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biology of Infections and Service of Proteomics and Genomics; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas); Madrid Spain
| | - Gabriel I. L. Tuñón
- Department of Morphology; Universidade Federal de Sergipe; São Cristóvão Sergipe Brazil
| | - Ana Alonso
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biology of Infections and Service of Proteomics and Genomics; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas); Madrid Spain
| | - Francisco García-Tabares
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biology of Infections and Service of Proteomics and Genomics; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas); Madrid Spain
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Proteomics Unit; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas); Madrid Spain
| | - María C. Mena
- Proteomics Unit; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas); Madrid Spain
| | - Roseane N. S. Campos
- Department of Morphology; Universidade Federal de Sergipe; São Cristóvão Sergipe Brazil
| | - Roque P. Almeida
- Department of Medicine; Universidade Federal de Sergipe; Aracaju Sergipe Brazil
| | - Vicente Larraga
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biology of Infections and Service of Proteomics and Genomics; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas); Madrid Spain
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49
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The Role of Signaling via Aqueous Pore Formation in Resistance Responses to Amphotericin B. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:5122-9. [PMID: 27381391 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00878-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance studies have played an important role in the validation of antibiotic targets. In the case of the polyene antibiotic amphotericin B (AmB), such studies have demonstrated the essential role that depletion of ergosterol plays in the development of AmB-resistant (AmB-R) organisms. However, AmB-R strains also occur in fungi and parasitic protozoa that maintain a normal level of ergosterol at the plasma membrane. Here, I review evidence that shows not only that there is increased protection against the deleterious consequences of AmB-induced ion leakage across the membrane in these resistant pathogens but also that a set of events are activated that block the cell signaling responses that trigger the oxidative damage produced by the antibiotic. Such signaling events appear to be the consequence of a membrane-thinning effect that is exerted upon lipid-anchored Ras proteins by the aqueous pores formed by AmB. A similar membrane disturbance effect may also explain the activity of AmB on mammalian cells containing Toll-like receptors. These resistance mechanisms expand our current understanding of the role that the formation of AmB aqueous pores plays in triggering signal transduction responses in both pathogens and host immune cells.
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50
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Kelley JM, Elliott TP, Beddoe T, Anderson G, Skuce P, Spithill TW. Current Threat of Triclabendazole Resistance in Fasciola hepatica. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:458-469. [PMID: 27049013 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Triclabendazole (TCBZ) is the only chemical that kills early immature and adult Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) but widespread resistance to the drug greatly compromises fluke control in livestock and humans. The mode of action of TCBZ and mechanism(s) underlying parasite resistance to the drug are not known. Due to the high prevalence of TCBZ resistance (TCBZ-R), effective management of drug resistance is now critical for sustainable livestock production. Here, we discuss the current status of TCBZ-R in F. hepatica, the global distribution of resistance observed in livestock, the possible mechanism(s) of drug action, the proposed mechanisms and genetic basis of resistance, and the prospects for future control of liver fluke infections using an integrated parasite management (IPM) approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Kelley
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Travis Beddoe
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Philip Skuce
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian, UK
| | - Terry W Spithill
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
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