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Das A, Banik BK. Microwave-induced biocatalytic reactions toward medicinally important compounds. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2021-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Microwaves in the presence of enzymes are used to execute a number of reactions for the preparation of biologically active compounds. The success of microwave-induced enzymatic reactions depends on frequencies, field strength, waveform, duration, and modulation of the exposure. Enzymes under microwave irradiation become activated and this activation is sufficient to investigate simple to complex reactions that were not reported under these reaction conditions before. Enzymatic catalysis together with microwave technology and solvent-free chemical reaction is a nature-friendly procedure. The most interesting reactions that are performed by enzymes in the microwave are documented here with reference to examples that are related to medicinally active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Das
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences , College of Sciences and Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University , Al Khobar 31952 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Bimal Krishna Banik
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences , College of Sciences and Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University , Al Khobar 31952 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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2
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Baek S, Park H, Park Y, Kang H, Lee D. Development of a Lidocaine-Loaded Alginate/CMC/PEO Electrospun Nanofiber Film and Application as an Anti-Adhesion Barrier. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E618. [PMID: 32182717 PMCID: PMC7182823 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Surgery, particularly open surgery, is known to cause tissue/organ adhesion during healing. These adhesions occur through contact between the surgical treatment site and other organ, bone, or abdominal sites. Fibrous bands can form in unnecessary contact areas and cause various complications. Consequently, film- and gel-type anti-adhesion agents have been developed. The development of sustained drug delivery systems is very important for disease treatment and prevention. In this study, the drug release behavior was controlled by crosslinking lidocaine-loaded alginate/carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/polyethylene oxide (PEO) nanofiber films prepared by electrospinning. Lidocaine is mainly used as an anesthetic and is known to have anti-adhesion effects. Our results show that drug release is regulated by the crosslinking degree of the lidocaine-loaded alginate/CMC/PEO film. The drug release behavior was confirmed by HPLC, and, as a result, an excellent anti-adhesion barrier was developed that can be applied to treat patients in the medical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungho Baek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 156-756, Korea; (S.B.); (H.P.); (Y.P.)
| | - Heekyung Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 156-756, Korea; (S.B.); (H.P.); (Y.P.)
| | - Youngah Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 156-756, Korea; (S.B.); (H.P.); (Y.P.)
| | - Hyun Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Seoul 06973, Korea
| | - Donghyun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 156-756, Korea; (S.B.); (H.P.); (Y.P.)
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3
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Response Surface Methodology as a Useful Tool for Development and Optimization of Sustained Release Ketorolac Tromethamine Niosomal Organogels. J Pharm Innov 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-019-09421-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Sharma A, Sharma D, Baldi A, Jyoti K, Chandra R, Madan J. Imiquimod-oleic acid prodrug-loaded cream reduced drug crystallinity and induced indistinguishable cytotoxicity and apoptosis in mice melanoma tumour. J Microencapsul 2019; 36:759-774. [DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2019.1677796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | | | - Ashish Baldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Kiran Jyoti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Dr. B.R Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Jitender Madan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Mohali, Punjab, India
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Kaewchingduang R, Paradee N, Sirivat A, Niamlang S. Effects of conductive polyazulene and plasticizer embedded in deproteinized natural rubber transdermal patch on electrically controlled naproxen release-permeation. Int J Pharm 2019; 561:296-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Transdermal Delivery of Ketorolac Tromethamine Using Microemulsion Vehicles. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/jjnpp.69056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Peesa JP, Yalavarthi PR, Rasheed A, Mandava VBR. A perspective review on role of novel NSAID prodrugs in the management of acute inflammation. JOURNAL OF ACUTE DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joad.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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8
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Abstract
Prodrugs continue to attract significant interest in the transdermal drug delivery field. These moieties can confer favorable physicochemical properties on transdermal drug delivery candidates. Alkyl chain lengthening, pegylation are some of the strategies used for prodrug synthesis. It is usually important to optimize partition coefficient, water and oil solubilities of drugs. In this review, progress made in the field of prodrugs for percutaneous penetration is highlighted and the challenges discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Ita
- a Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, Touro University California , Vallejo , CA , USA
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Gouda AM, Abdelazeem AH. An integrated overview on pyrrolizines as potential anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 114:257-92. [PMID: 26994693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite the existence of huge number of NSAIDs, the quest for safer drugs is still in the focus of several drug discovery programs. Pyrrolizine heterocyclic system is among the privileged scaffolds utilized in this regard. At least one of these pyrrolizines, ketorolac, has reached the market. The current review represents a collective effort to highlight the reported pyrrolizines with anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential and categorize them into eight different classes. Furthermore, the various synthetic approaches, structure-activity relationship as well as metabolic pathways have been discussed. Taken together, this review sets a base for researchers to design and synthesize novel pyrrolizine-based libraries for further development into safer and efficient anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Gouda
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed H Abdelazeem
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia
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Saha NR, Sarkar G, Roy I, Rana D, Bhattacharyya A, Adhikari A, Mukhopadhyay A, Chattopadhyay D. Studies on methylcellulose/pectin/montmorillonite nanocomposite films and their application possibilities. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 136:1218-27. [PMID: 26572465 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Films based on methylcellulose (MC) and pectin (PEC) of different ratios were prepared. MC/PEC (90:10) (MP10) gave the best results in terms of mechanical properties. Sodium montmorillonite (MMT) (1, 3 and 5 wt%) was incorporated in the MP10 matrix. The resulting films were characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, and it was found that nanocomposites were intercalated in nature. Mechanical studies established that addition of 3 wt% MMT gave best results in terms of mechanical properties. However, thermo-gravimetric and dynamic mechanical analysis proved that decomposition and glass transition temperature increased with increasing MMT concentration from 1 to 5 wt%. It was also observed that moisture absorption and water vapor permeability studies gave best result in the case of 3 wt% MMT. Optical clarity of the nanocomposite films was not much affected with loading of MMT. In vitro drug release studies showed that MC/PEC/MMT based films can be used for controlled transdermal drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayan Ranjan Saha
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Gunjan Sarkar
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Indranil Roy
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Dipak Rana
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Industrial Membrane Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur St. , Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Amartya Bhattacharyya
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Arpita Adhikari
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Asis Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Jute and Fiber Technology, Institute of Jute Technology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Dipankar Chattopadhyay
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India.
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Alonso C, Lucas R, Barba C, Marti M, Rubio L, Comelles F, Morales JC, Coderch L, Parra JL. Skin delivery of antioxidant surfactants based on gallic acid and hydroxytyrosol. J Pharm Pharmacol 2015; 67:900-8. [PMID: 25645286 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study has been to investigate the dermal absorption profile of the antioxidant compounds gallic acid and hydroxytyrosol as well as their derivatives, hexanoate (hexyl gallate and hydroxytyrosol hexanoate) and octanoate (octyl gallate and octanoate derivative) alkyl esters (antioxidant surfactants). Previously, the scavenging capacity of these compounds, expressed as efficient dose ED50, has also determined. METHODS The percutaneous absorption of these compounds was obtained by an in vitro methodology using porcine skin biopsies on Franz static diffusion cells. The antiradical activity of compounds was determined using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical method. KEY FINDINGS The percutaneous penetration results show the presence of antioxidants in all layers of the skin. The content of the cutaneously absorbed compound is higher for the antioxidant surfactants (ester derivatives). This particular behaviour could be due to the higher hydrophobicity of these compounds and the presence of surface activity in the antioxidant surfactants. CONCLUSIONS These new antioxidant surfactants display optimum properties, which may be useful in the preparation of emulsified systems in cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations because of their suitable surface activity and because they can protect the skin from oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Alonso
- Department of Chemical and Surfactants Technology, Advanced Chemical Institute of Catalonia IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricardo Lucas
- Chemical Research Institute CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Clara Barba
- Department of Chemical and Surfactants Technology, Advanced Chemical Institute of Catalonia IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Marti
- Department of Chemical and Surfactants Technology, Advanced Chemical Institute of Catalonia IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Rubio
- Department of Chemical and Surfactants Technology, Advanced Chemical Institute of Catalonia IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Comelles
- Department of Chemical and Surfactants Technology, Advanced Chemical Institute of Catalonia IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Luisa Coderch
- Department of Chemical and Surfactants Technology, Advanced Chemical Institute of Catalonia IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luís Parra
- Department of Chemical and Surfactants Technology, Advanced Chemical Institute of Catalonia IQAC-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Insight into microwave assisted immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B catalyzed kinetic resolution of RS-(±)-ketorolac. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Pawar V, Naik P, Giridhar R, Yadav MR. Enhancing Skin Permeation of Biphenylacetic Acid (BPA) Using Salt Formation with Organic and Alkali Metal Bases. Sci Pharm 2014; 83:191-205. [PMID: 26839810 PMCID: PMC4727820 DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.1406-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a series of organic and alkali metal salts of biphenylacetic acid (BPA) have been prepared and evaluated in vitro for percutaneous drug delivery. The physicochemical properties of BPA salts were determined using solubility measurements, DSC, and IR. The DSC thermogram and FTIR spectra confirmed the salt formation with organic and alkali metal bases. Among the series, salts with organic amines (ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, and diethylamine) had lowered melting points while the alkali metal salt (sodium) had a higher melting point than BPA. The in vitro study showed that salt formation improves the physicochemical properties of BPA, leading to improved permeability through the skin. Amongst all the prepared salts, ethanolamine salt (1b) showed 7.2- and 5.4-fold higher skin permeation than the parent drug at pH 7.4 and 5.0, respectively, using rat skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Pawar
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara-390001, India
| | - Prashant Naik
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara-390001, India
| | - Rajani Giridhar
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara-390001, India
| | - Mange Ram Yadav
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara-390001, India
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Aggarwal N, Goindi S, Khurana R. Formulation, characterization and evaluation of an optimized microemulsion formulation of griseofulvin for topical application. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 105:158-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hirsch S, Corradini L, Just S, Arndt K, Doods H. The CGRP receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS peripherally alleviates inflammatory pain in rats. Pain 2013; 154:700-707. [PMID: 23473785 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is known to play a major role in the pathogenesis of pain syndromes, in particular migraine pain. Here we focus on its implication in a rat pain model of inflammation, induced by injection of complete Freund adjuvant (CFA). The nonpeptide CGRP receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS reduces migraine pain and trigeminal neuronal activity. Here we demonstrate that the compound reduces inflammatory pain and spinal neuronal activity. Behavioural experiments reveal a reversal of the CFA-induced mechanical hypersensitivity and monoiodoacetate (MIA)-induced weight-bearing deficit in rats after systemic drug administration. To further investigate the mechanism of action of the CGRP antagonist in inflammatory pain, in vivo electrophysiological studies were performed in CFA-injected rats. Recordings from wide dynamic range neurons in deep dorsal horn layers of the lumbar spinal cord confirmed a reduction of neuronal activity after systemic drug application. The same amount of reduction occurred after topical administration onto the paw, with resulting systemic plasma concentrations in the low nanomolar range. However, spinal administration of BIBN4096BS did not modify the neuronal activity in the CFA model. Peripheral blockade of CGRP receptors by BIBN4096BS significantly alleviates inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Hirsch
- Department of CNS Diseases Research, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, 88397 Biberach, Germany
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Yan Y, Chen JM, Lu TB. Simultaneously enhancing the solubility and permeability of acyclovir by crystal engineering approach. CrystEngComm 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce41017j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tashtoush BM, Bennamani AN, AL-Taani BM. Preparation and characterization of microemulsion formulations of nicotinic acid and its prodrugs for transdermal delivery. Pharm Dev Technol 2012; 18:834-43. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2012.727003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Qandil AM, Jamhawi NM, Tashtoush BM, Al-Ajlouni AM, Idkaidek NM, Obaidat AA. The hydrolysis kinetics of monobasic and dibasic aminoalkyl esters of ketorolac. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2012; 39:1346-56. [PMID: 22995063 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2012.712535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Six aminoethyl and aminobutyl esters of ketorolac containing 1-methylpiperazine (MPE and MPB), N-acetylpiperazine (APE and APB) or morpholine (ME and MB), were synthesized and their hydrolysis kinetics were studied. The hydrolysis was studied at pH 1 to 9 (for MPE, APE and ME) and pH 1 to 8 (for MPB, APB and MB) in aqueous phosphate buffer (0.16 M) with ionic strength (0.5 M) at 37°C. Calculation of k(obs), construction of the pH-rate profiles and determination of the rate equations were performed using KaleidaGraph® 4.1. The hydrolysis displays pseudo-first order kinetics and the pH-rate profiles shows that the aminobutyl esters, MPE, APB and MB, are the most stable. The hydrolysis of the ethyl esters MPE, APE and ME, depending on the pH, is either fast and catalyzed by the hydroxide anion or slow and uncatalyzed for the diprotonated, monoprotonated and nonprotonated forms. The hydrolysis of the butyl esters showed a similar profile, albeit it was also catalyzed by hydronium cation. In addition, the hydroxide anion is 105 more effective in catalyzing the hydrolysis than the hydronium cation. The hydrolysis pattern of the aminoethyl esters is affected by the number and pKa of its basic nitrogen atoms. The monobasic APE and ME, show a similar hydrolysis pattern that is different than the dibasic MPE. The length of the side chain and the pKa of the basic nitrogen atoms in the aminoethyl moiety affect the mechanism of hydrolysis as the extent of protonation at a given pH is directly related to the pKa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad M Qandil
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
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Preparation and evaluation of antifungal efficacy of griseofulvin loaded deformable membrane vesicles in optimized guinea pig model of Microsporum canis--dermatophytosis. Int J Pharm 2012; 437:277-87. [PMID: 22939964 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study is aimed at the encapsulation of griseofulvin in the deformable membrane vesicles (DMVs) for dermal delivery. Presently, griseofulvin is available only in conventional oral dosage forms that suffer from the issues of poor and highly variable bioavailability, numerous systemic side effects and long duration of treatment. Multi-lamellar drug-loaded DMVs of griseofulvin (Indian Patent Application 208/DEL/2009) were prepared by thin-film hydration method and were optimized for type and concentration of edge activator (EA). The optimized formulation was evaluated for vesicular shape, size, drug entrapment efficiency, drug content, pH, stability, spreadability, ex vivo skin permeation, dermatokinetics, skin sensitivity, in vitro antifungal assay and in vivo antifungal activity against Microsporum canis using guinea pig model for dermatophytosis. The optimized DMVs illustrated remarkably higher drug permeation and skin retention when compared with liposomes. A complete clinical and mycological cure was observed in animals treated with topical griseofulvin formulation in 10 days. The formulation was observed to be non-sensitizing, histopathologically safe, and stable at 5±3 °C, 25±2 °C and 40±2 °C for a period of six months. The results indicated that the topical formulation of DMVs of griseofulvin could be utilized as an alternative to reduce the encumbrance of conventional oral formulations.
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Formulation and in Vitro, ex Vivo and in Vivo Evaluation of Elastic Liposomes for Transdermal Delivery of Ketorolac Tromethamine. Pharmaceutics 2011; 3:954-70. [PMID: 24309316 PMCID: PMC3857066 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics3040954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 12/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to formulate ketorolac tromethamine-loaded elastic liposomes and evaluate their in vitro drug release and their ex vivo and in vivo transdermal delivery. Ketorolac tromethamine (KT), which is a potent analgesic, was formulated in elastic liposomes using Tween 80 as an edge activator. The elastic vesicles were prepared by film hydration after optimizing the sonication time and number of extrusions. The vesicles exhibited an entrapment efficiency of 73 ± 11%, vesicle size of 127.8 ± 3.4 nm and a zeta potential of −12 mV. In vitro drug release was analyzed from liposomes and an aqueous solution, using Franz diffusion cells and a cellophane dialysis membrane with molecular weight cut-off of 8000 Da. Ex vivo permeation of KT across pig ear skin was studied using a Franz diffusion cell, with phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at 32 °C as receptor solution. An in vivo drug permeation study was conducted on healthy human volunteers using a tape-stripping technique. The in vitro results showed (i) a delayed release when KT was included in elastic liposomes, compared to an aqueous solution of the drug; (ii) a flux of 0.278 μg/cm2h and a lag time of about 10 h for ex vivo permeation studies, which may indicate that KT remains in the skin (with the possibility of exerting a local effect) before reaching the receptor medium; (iii) a good correlation between the total amount permeated, the penetration distance (both determined by tape stripping) and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measured during the in vivo permeation studies. Elastic liposomes have the potential to transport the drug through the skin, keep their size and drug charge, and release the drug into deep skin layers. Therefore, elastic liposomes hold promise for the effective topical delivery of KT.
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Evaluation of physicochemical properties, skin permeation and accumulation profiles of salicylic acid amide prodrugs as sunscreen agent. Int J Pharm 2011; 419:154-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Qandil AM, El Mohtadi FH, Tashtoush BM. Chemical and in vitro enzymatic stability of newly synthesized celecoxib lipophilic and hydrophilic amides. Int J Pharm 2011; 416:85-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Enhancement of transdermal apomorphine delivery with a diester prodrug strategy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 78:422-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Im JS, Balakrishnan P, Oh DH, Kim JS, Jeon EM, Kim DD, Yong CS, Choi HG. Evaluation of salicylic acid fatty ester prodrugs for UV protection. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 37:841-8. [PMID: 21244220 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2010.545417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties and in vitro evaluation of fatty ester prodrugs of salicylic acid for ultraviolet (UV) protection. The physicochemical properties such as lipophilicity, chemical stability and enzymatic hydrolysis were investigated with the following fatty ester prodrugs of salicylic acid: octanoyl (C8SA), nonanoyl (C9SA), decanoyl (C10SA), lauroyl (C12SA), myristoyl (C14SA) and palmitoyl oxysalicylate (C16SA). Furthermore, their skin permeation and accumulation were evaluated using a combination of common permeation enhancing techniques such as the use of a lipophilic receptor solution, removal of stratum corneum and delipidization of skin. Their k' values were proportional to the degree of carbon-carbon saturation in the side chain. All these fatty esters were highly stable in 2-propanol, acetonitrile and glycerin, but unstable in methanol and ethanol. They were relatively unstable in liver and skin homogenates. In particular, C16SA was mostly hydrolyzed to its parent compound in hairless mouse liver and skin homogenates, suggesting that it might be converted to salicylic acid after its topical administration. In the skin permeation and accumulation study, C16SA showed the poorest permeation in all skins, suggesting that it could not be permeated in the skin. Furthermore, C14SA and C16SA were less accumulated in delipidized skin compared with normal skin or stripped skin, suggesting that these esters had relatively strong affinities for lipids compared with the other prodrugs in the skin. C16SA showed significantly higher dermal accumulation in all skins compared with its parent salicylic acid. Thus, the palmitoyl oxysalicylate (C16SA) might be a potential candidate for UV protection due to its absence of skin permeation, smaller uptake in the lipid phase and relatively lower skin accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Seob Im
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Dae-Dong, Gyongsan, South Korea
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Israel B, Garner ST, Thakare M, Elder D, Abney T, Azadi P, Beach JW, Price JC, Ahmed H, Capomacchia AC. Transdermal permeation of novel n-acetyl-glucosamine/NSAIDs mutual prodrugs. Pharm Dev Technol 2010; 17:48-54. [PMID: 20858066 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2010.513987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The current investigation reports skin permeation of three novel mutual prodrugs (MP) which couple n-acetyl-glucosamine with an NSAID, either ketoprofen or ibuprofen. They were evaluated for transdermal permeation using shed snakeskin, and to our knowledge represent the first MPs synthesized for this purpose, although they also could be used for subcutaneous delivery. MPs are defined as two active drug compounds usually connected by an ester linkage. Glucosamine administration has been linked to damaged cartilage repair, and pain relief in joints afflicted with osteoarthritis. NSAIDs are commonly used orally in transdermal creams or gels for joint pain relief. Two novel compounds we report (MP1 and MP2) covalently link ibuprofen and ketoprofen directly to the amide nitrogen of n-acetyl-glucosamine (NAG); the other compound (MP3) covalently links ibuprofen to the amide nitrogen, using a short chain acetyl linker. Permeability studies show that the ketoprofen mutual prodrug (MP2) permeates shed snakeskin more than three times greater than either ibuprofen derivative, while ethanol markedly increases the permeation for all three. The ketoprofen mutual prodrug appears the most likely candidate for transdermal administration; all three mutual prodrugs may be candidates for subcutaneous injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridg'ette Israel
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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Wu XM, Branford-White CJ, Zhu LM, Chatterton NP, Yu DG. Ester prodrug-loaded electrospun cellulose acetate fiber mats as transdermal drug delivery systems. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2010; 21:2403-2411. [PMID: 20499138 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-010-4100-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose acetate (CA) fibers loaded with the ester prodrugs of naproxen, including methyl ester, ethyl ester and isopropyl ester, were prepared through electrospinning using acetone/N,N-dimethylacetamide(DMAc)/ethanol (4:1:1, v/v/v) as solvent. The chemical and morphological characterizations of the medicated fibers were investigated by means of SEM, DSC, XRD and FTIR, as well as the studies of the drug release properties. The results indicated that the morphology and diameter of the fibers were influenced by the concentration of spinning solution, applied voltage, electrospun solvent and the surfactants. The average diameters of the fibers ranged between 100 and 500 nm for three prodrugs. There was good compatibility between CA and three prodrugs in the blended fibers, respectively. In vitro release indicated that constant drug release from the fiber was observed over 6 days. The prodrugs were successfully encapsulated into the fibers, and this system was stable in terms of effectiveness in release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-mei Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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El-Setouhy DA, Ahmed El-Ashmony SM. Ketorolac trometamol topical formulations: release behaviour, physical characterization, skin permeation, efficacy and gastric safety. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 62:25-34. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.62.01.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The objective of this study was to improve systemic delivery of the highly analgesic ketorolac trometamol (ketorolac tromethamine) via the transdermal route, through cost-effective topical formulations, to avoid most of the problems associated with ketorolac trometamol therapy.
Methods
In-vitro release behaviour of the drug from different microemulsion and emulgel formulations was evaluated. E2 emulgel (based on isopropyl myristate as penetration enhancer) and E7 emulgel (based on Brij 92 as penetration enhancer) were evaluated for their physical properties, rat skin permeation, in-vivo analgesic effect (hot-plate test and the paw pressure test), acute and chronic anti-inflammatory activity and gastric safety.
Key findings
Isopropyl myristate and the synergistic effect of the two known penetration enhancers (propylene glycol and Brij 92) significantly modulated drug permeation and may be a promising approach for the transdermal delivery of ketorolac trometamol and other drugs. Selected in-vivo tested formulae (E2 and E7) caused significantly less ulcer score and less gastric erosion compared with oral ketorolac trometamol. E7 showed significantly higher analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity compared with E2 with no significant difference compared with oral ketorolac trometamol.
Conclusions
The developed ketorolac trometamol E7 emulgel appeared promising for dermal and transdermal delivery of ketorolac trometamol, which would circumvent most of the problems associated with drug therapy.
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Gullick DR, Ingram MJ, Pugh WJ, Cox PA, Gard P, Smart JD, Moss GP. Metabolism of captopril carboxyl ester derivatives for percutaneous absorption. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.61.02.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
To determine the metabolism of captopril n-carboxyl derivatives and how this may impact on their use as transdermal prodrugs. The pharmacological activity of the ester derivatives was also characterised in order to compare the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory potency of the derivatives compared with the parent drug, captopril.
Methods
The metabolism rates of the ester derivatives were determined in vitro (using porcine liver esterase and porcine ear skin) and in silico (using molecular modelling to investigate the potential to predict metabolism).
Key findings
Relatively slow pseudo first-order metabolism of the prodrugs was observed, with the ethyl ester displaying the highest rate of metabolism. A strong relationship was established between in-vitro methods, while in-silico methods support the use of in-vitro methods and highlight the potential of in-silico techniques to predict metabolism. All the prodrugs behaved as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, with the methyl ester displaying optimum inhibition.
Conclusions
In-vitro porcine liver esterase metabolism rates inform in-vitro skin rates well, and in-silico interaction energies relate well to both. Thus, in-silico methods may be developed that include interaction energies to predict metabolism rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren R Gullick
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Matthew J Ingram
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Lewes Road, Brighton, UK
| | - W John Pugh
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Paul A Cox
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Paul Gard
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Lewes Road, Brighton, UK
| | - John D Smart
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Gary P Moss
- School of Pharmacy, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Herts, UK
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Abstract
A reservoir type transdermal patch for delivery of ketorolac, a potent analgesic agent was studied. The low permeability of skin is the rate-limiting step for delivery of most of the drugs. Studies were carried out to investigate the effect of permeation enhancers on the in vitro permeation of ketorolac across rat skin. The reservoir type transdermal patch was fabricated and the core was filled with gel system of a non ionic polymer HPMC (hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose) formulated in PBS (phosphate buffer saline) solution of pH of 5.4 along with isopropyl alcohol at 25% w/w concentration. Various permeation enhancers' viz. dimethyl sulphoxide, d-limonene, eucalyptus oil and transcutol (diethylene glycol monoethyl ether) were incorporated into the gel system. Permeation enhancement of ketorolac with different enhancers followed the order eucalyptus oil> transcutol> DMSO> d-limonene. Cyclic terpene containing eucalyptus oil was found to be the most promising chemical permeation enhancer for transdermal delivery of ketorolac. The increase in concentration of eucalyptus oil further enhanced drug permeation with maximum flux being achieved at 10% w/w of 66.38 microg/cm(2)/h. Further enhancement of permeation rate of ketorolac across skin was attained by application of abrading gel containing crushed apricot seed onto the skin. There was 5.16 times enhancement and flux of 93.10 microg/cm(2)/h was attained. A reservoir type transdermal patch for delivery of ketorolac thus appears to be feasible of delivering ketorolac across skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Amrish
- Institute of Pharmacy, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, India.
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Martín del Valle EM, Galán MA, Carbonell RG. Drug Delivery Technologies: The Way Forward in the New Decade. Ind Eng Chem Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ie800886m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva M. Martín del Valle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Salamanca, Pl. de los Caídos s/n, 37008 Salamanca, Spain, and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Miguel A. Galán
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Salamanca, Pl. de los Caídos s/n, 37008 Salamanca, Spain, and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Ruben G. Carbonell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Salamanca, Pl. de los Caídos s/n, 37008 Salamanca, Spain, and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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Nagarsenker MS, Amin L, Date AA. Potential of cyclodextrin complexation and liposomes in topical delivery of ketorolac: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2008; 9:1165-70. [PMID: 19016331 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-008-9157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of delivery strategies such as cyclodextrin complexation and liposomes on the topical delivery of ketorolac acid (KTRA) and ketorolac tromethamine. Ketorolac acid-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin solid dispersions (KTRA-CD) were prepared by kneading method. The liposomes containing ketorolac tromethamine (KTRM) and KTRA-CD were prepared. The in vitro permeation of KTRM solution, KTRA solution, KTRA-CD, and liposomes containing KTRM or KTRA-CD through guinea pig skin was evaluated. The anti-inflammatory activity of the topically applied KTRA-CD gel (containing 1% w/w KTRA) was compared to that of orally delivered KTRM solution. The KTRA-CD demonstrated significantly higher transdermal transport of ketorolac as compared to all other systems whereas liposomes significantly reduced the transport of ketorolac. The anti-inflammatory activity of the topically applied KTRA-CD gel was similar to that of the orally administered KTRM. Thus, cyclodextrin complexation enabled effective transdermal delivery of the ketorolac.
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Qandil A, Al-Nabulsi S, Al-Taani B, Tashtoush B. Synthesis of piperazinylalkyl ester prodrugs of ketorolac and their in vitro evaluation for transdermal delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 34:1054-63. [PMID: 18608464 DOI: 10.1080/03639040801946681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ketorolac, an NSAID, has low intrinsic permeation capacity through the skin. In this work, seven piperazinylalkyl ester prodrugs of ketorolac were synthesized to enhance its skin permeation. The chemical hydrolysis and the stability in human serum at 37 degrees C were investigated in buffer solutions (pH 5.0 and 7.4) and in 80% human serum (pH 7.4), respectively. The prodrugs were chemically more stable at pH 5.0 than at pH 7.4 with prodrug 8 being the most stable (t(1/2) = 119.75 h and 11.97 h at pH 5 and 7.4, respectively). The prodrugs' t(1/2) in human serum ranged from 0.79 to 3.92 min. The prodrugs' aqueous solubility was measured in buffer solution at pH 5.0 and 7.4 and Log P(app) was measured by partitioning between buffer solution (pH 5.0 and 7.4) and n-octanol. The prodrugs were more lipophilic than ketorolac at pH 7.4. Skin permeation of ketorolac and prodrug 8, the most stable chemically, through rat skin was studied at pH 5.0 and 7.4. Prodrug 8 enhanced permeation by 1.56- and 11.39-fold at pH 5 and 7.4, respectively. This is attributed to higher lipophilicity at pH 7.4 and higher aqueous solubility at pH 5 compared to ketorolac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Qandil
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
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Bhandari KH, Lee DX, Newa M, Yoon SI, Kim JS, Kim DD, Kim JA, Yoo BK, Woo JS, Lyoo WS, Lee JH, Choi HG, Yong CS. Evaluation of skin permeation and accumulation profiles of a highly lipophilic fatty ester. Arch Pharm Res 2008; 31:242-9. [PMID: 18365697 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-001-1148-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to evaluate the skin permeation and accumulation profiles of a highly lipophilic fatty ester using the combination of various permeation enhancing techniques to study the potential of highly lipophilic fatty esters as local topical agents. Permeation and accumulation profiles of ketorolac stearate (C18:0) were studied using solubility improved formulation, supersaturated solution of permeant in enhancer vehicle, lipophilic receptor solution, enhancer pretreatment, and the removal of stratum corneum and delipidization of skins. Impermeability and minimal skin accumulation of ketorolac stearate could delineate a preliminary possibility for designing safer topical agents without systemic absorption.
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Qandil AM, Tashtoush BM, Al-Taani BM, Al-Nabulsi SM, Al-Zogoul F. Simultaneous RP-LC Determination of Ketorolac and its Piperazinylalkyl Ester Prodrugs. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0482-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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35
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Bhandari KH, Newa M, Yoon SII, Kim JS, Jang KY, Kim JA, Yoo BK, Woo JS, Lee JH, Kim DD, Choi HG, Yong CS. Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties, Skin Permeation and Accumulation Profiles of Ketorolac Fatty Ester Prodrugs. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:2211-6. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.2211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jae Hwi Lee
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chung-Ang University
| | - Dae Duk Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University
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36
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Puglia C, Filosa R, Peduto A, de Caprariis P, Rizza L, Bonina F, Blasi P. Evaluation of alternative strategies to optimize ketorolac transdermal delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech 2006; 7:64. [PMID: 17025245 PMCID: PMC2750506 DOI: 10.1208/pt070364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, 2 alternative strategies to optimize ketorolac transdermal delivery, namely, prodrugs (polyoxyethylene glycol ester derivatives, I-IV) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) were investigated. The synthesized prodrugs were chemically stable and easily degraded to the parent drug in human plasma. Ketorolac-loaded NLC with high drug content could be successfully prepared. The obtained products formulated into gels showed a different trend of drug permeation through human stratum corneum and epidermis. Particularly, skin permeation of ester prodrugs was significantly enhanced, apart from ester IV, compared with ketorolac, while the results of drug release from NLC outlined that these carriers were ineffective in increasing ketorolac percutaneous absorption owing to a high degree of mutual interaction between the drug and carrier lipid matrix. Polyoxyethylene glycol esterification confirmed to be a suitable approach to enhance ketorolac transdermal delivery, while NLC seemed more appropriate for sustained release owing to the possible formation of a drug reservoir into the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Puglia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Catania, viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Rosanna Filosa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Antonella Peduto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Paolo de Caprariis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Luisa Rizza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Catania, viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Catania, viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Paolo Blasi
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, School of Pharmacy, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Pergia, Italy
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Batheja P, Priya B, Thakur R, Rashmi T, Michniak B, Bozena M. Transdermal iontophoresis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2006; 3:127-38. [PMID: 16370945 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.3.1.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Iontophoresis is a technique used to enhance the transdermal delivery of compounds through the skin via the application of a small electric current. By the process of electromigration and electro-osmosis, iontophoresis increases the permeation of charged and neutral compounds, and offers the option for programmed drug delivery. Interest in this field of research has led to the successful delivery of both low (lidocaine) and high molecular drugs, such as peptides (e.g., luteinising hormone releasing hormone, nafarelin and insulin). Combinations of iontophoresis with chemical enhancers, electroporation and sonophoresis have been tested in order to further increase transdermal drug permeation and decrease possible side effects. In addition, rapid progress in the fields of microelectronics, nanotechnology and miniaturisation of devices is leading the way to more sophisticated iontophoretic devices, allowing improved designs with better control of drug delivery. Recent successful designing of the fentanyl E-TRANS iontophoretic system have provided encouraging results. This review will discuss basic concepts, principles and applications of this delivery technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Batheja
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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